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Influence of reinforcement and its omission on trial‐by‐trial changes of response bias in perceptual decision making J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Maik C. Stüttgen, Andrea Dietl, Vanya V. Stoilova Eckert, Luis de la Cuesta‐Ferrer, Jan‐Hendrik Blanke, Christina Koß, Frank Jäkel
Discrimination performance in perceptual choice tasks is known to reflect both sensory discriminability and nonsensory response bias. In the framework of signal detection theory, these aspects of discrimination performance are quantified through separate measures, sensitivity (d') for sensory discriminability and decision criterion (c) for response bias. However, it is unknown how response bias (i
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Analyses of relational coherence and rule following: Consistent liars are preferred over occasional truth tellers J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Jesús Alonso‐Vega, Colin Harte, Dermot Barnes‐Holmes
The current study explored the influence of different levels of speaker coherence on rule following and speaker preference. In Experiment 1, rules provided by three different speakers were either 100% accurate, 0% accurate, or 50% accurate/inaccurate. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the speaker's coherence was adjusted to 80% accurate, 20% accurate, and 50% accurate/inaccurate
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Editorial: Process and progress J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Suzanne H. Mitchell
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Use of preexposure prophylaxis and condom purchasing decisions J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-14 Nioud Mulugeta Gebru, Justin C. Strickland, Derek D. Reed, Christopher W. Kahler, Robert F. Leeman
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prevents human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but not other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Men who have sex with men (MSM) who take PrEP tend to report reduced condom use, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. For this study, MSM who take PrEP (i.e., PrEP experienced; n = 88) and MSM who do not (i.e., PrEP naïve; n = 113) completed an online study
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The effects of a training package to teach note taking on the formation of equivalence classes J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-11 Sarah E. Frampton, Emily Linehan
Effective note taking may enhance learning outcomes for students and serve as a directly observable form of mediation within a test context. Frampton et al. (2023) used stimulus fading to teach note taking in the form of a graphic organizer (GO) during matching-to-sample baseline relations training (MTS-BRT). Moderately high yields were observed with young adults despite the use of linear series training
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Resurgence Following Higher or Lower Quality Alternative Reinforcement J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Timothy A. Shahan, Gabrielle M. Sutton, Jack Van Allsburg, Matias Avellaneda, Brian D. Greer
Resurgence is a temporary increase in a previously suppressed target behavior following a worsening in reinforcement conditions. Previous studies have examined how higher rates or magnitudes of alternative reinforcement affect suppression of the target behavior and subsequent resurgence. However, there has been no investigation of the effects of higher versus lower qualities of alternative reinforcement
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A systematic review of enhanced resurgence paradigms J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Hunter King, Lauren Martone, Brianna Laureano, John Michael Falligant
Following successful treatment in which problem behavior is reduced, it may reemerge as a function of changes in contextual stimuli or the worsening of reinforcement conditions for an alternative response. Although understudied, preliminary research suggests that simultaneous changes in contextual stimuli and reinforcement conditions may represent particularly exigent treatment challenges that create
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An analysis of coordinated responding of pigeons J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 Brian R. Katz, Kennon A. Lattal
Experimental analyses of coordinated responding (i.e., cooperation) have been derived from a procedure described by Skinner (1962) in which reinforcers were delivered to a pair of subjects (a dyad) if both responded within a short interval, thus satisfying a coordination contingency. Although it has been suggested that this contingency enhances rates of temporally coordinated responding, limitations
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A molar view of goal direction and habit J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-03 William M. Baum
When we treat behavior within an evolutionary framework and as temporally extended flow, two fundamental questions arise: (a) What is an organism? and (b) What is behavior? An organism is a process that stays intact by constantly exchanging energy with the environment. It takes in resources and puts out waste. The behavior of an organism consists of those process parts of the organism process that
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Habit and persistence J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Mark E. Bouton
Voluntary behaviors (operants) can come in two varieties: Goal-directed actions, which are emitted based on the remembered value of the reinforcer, and habits, which are evoked by antecedent cues and performed without the reinforcer's value in active memory. The two are perhaps most clearly distinguished with the reinforcer-devaluation test: Goal-directed actions are suppressed when the reinforcer
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A neural autopilot theory of habit: Evidence from consumer purchases and social media use J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Colin Camerer, Yi Xin, Clarice Zhao
This article applies a two-process “neural autopilot” model to field data. The autopilot model hypothesizes that habitual choice occurs when the reward from a behavior has low numerical “doubt” (i.e., reward prediction errors are small). The model toggles between repeating a previous choice (habit) when doubt is low and making a goal-directed choice when doubt is high. The model has ingredients established
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Problematic mobile phone use as impulsive choice: Development and empirical verification of a reinforcer-pathology model J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-26 Yusuke Hayashi
Problematic mobile phone use is characterized by its “impulsive” nature; users engage in it despite their negative attitude toward it. From a behavioral-economic perspective, this attitude–behavior discrepancy is generated by competing contingencies that involve smaller-sooner social reinforcers associated with mobile phone use and larger-later prosocial reinforcers potentially compromised by phone
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The temporal structure of goal-directed and habitual operant behavior J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Eric A. Thrailkill, Carter W. Daniels
Operant behavior can reflect the influence of goal-directed and habitual processes. These can be distinguished by changes to response rate following devaluation of the reinforcing outcome. Whether a response is goal directed or habitual depends on whether devaluation affects response rate. Response rate can be decomposed into frequencies of bouts and pauses by analyzing the distribution of interresponse
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Positive correlation between measures of habitual responding and motivated responding in mice J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-17 Kathleen G. Bryant, Jacqueline M. Barker
Habit and motivation are thought to be separate processes, with motivated behavior often considered to be goal directed, whereas habits are defined by the absence of goal-directed control over behavior. However, there has been increasing interrogation of the binary nature of habitual versus goal-directed behavior. Furthermore, although drug and alcohol exposure can promote the formation of habits,
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Stimulus control of habits: Evidence for both stimulus specificity and devaluation insensitivity in a dual-response task J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 K. M. Turner, B. W. Balleine
Goal-directed and habitual actions are clearly defined by their associative relations. Whereas goal-directed control can be confirmed via tests of outcome devaluation and contingency-degradation sensitivity, a comparable criterion for positively detecting habits has not been established. To confirm habitual responding, a test of control by the stimulus–response association is required while also ruling
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Measuring context–response associations that drive habits J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-04 Jennifer S. Labrecque, Kristen M. Lee, Wendy Wood
People achieve important life outcomes of health, financial security, and productivity by repeating operant behavior. To identify whether such operants reflect goal pursuit or habit, the present research introduces a new paradigm that yields objective measures of learning and controls for the motivations of goal pursuit. In two experiments, participants practiced a sequential task of making sushi and
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The behavioral origins of phylogenic responses and ontogenic habits J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 W. David Stahlman, Kenneth J. Leising
An examination of innate behavior and its possible origins suggests parallels with the formation of habitual behavior. Inflexible but adaptive responses—innate reflexive behavior, Pavlovian conditioned responses, and operant habits—may have evolved from variable behavior in phylogeny and ontogeny. This form of “plasticity-first” scientific narrative was unpopular post-Darwin but has recently gained
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Making and breaking habits: Revisiting the definitions and behavioral factors that influence habits in animals J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Sophia N. Handel, Rachel J. Smith
Habits have garnered significant interest in studies of associative learning and maladaptive behavior. However, habit research has faced scrutiny and challenges related to the definitions and methods. Differences in the conceptualizations of habits between animal and human studies create difficulties for translational research. Here, we review the definitions and commonly used methods for studying
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Expanding on cross-price elasticity: Understanding tobacco product demand and substitution from the cross-price purchase task J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Rose S. Bono, Augustus M. White, Cosima Hoetger, Thokozeni Lipato, Warren K. Bickel, Caroline O. Cobb, Andrew J. Barnes
We examine whether cigarettes serve as substitutes for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among ENDS users and demonstrate methodological extensions of data from a cross-price purchase task to inform policies and interventions. During a clinical laboratory study, n = 19 exclusive ENDS users and n = 17 dual cigarette/ENDS users completed a cross-price purchase task with cigarettes available
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From data through discount rates to the area under the curve J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Peter R. Killeen
The rate of discounting future goods is a crucial factor in intertemporal trade-offs, upon which depends not only individual well-being but also that of our planet: How much privation now for a temperate future for our grandchildren? What is the best way to measure how the value of future goods decreases with its delay? The most accurate discount functions involve several covarying parameters, making
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Relating different perspectives on how outcomes of behavior influence behavior J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-25 Jan De Houwer, Martin Finn, Yannick Boddez, Sean Hughes, Jamie Cummins
Many researchers have tackled the question of how behavior is influenced by its outcomes. Some have adopted a nonmechanistic (functional) perspective that attempts to describe the influence of outcomes on behavior. Others have adopted a mechanistic (cognitive) perspective that attempts to explain the influence of outcomes on behavior. Orthogonal to this distinction, some have focused on the influence
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Evidence of precurrent responses expanding equivalence classes in a delayed matching-to-sample task J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Giovan W. Ribeiro, Deisy G. de Souza
Delayed matching to sample (DMTS) increases the probability of equivalence class formation. Precurrent responses can mediate the retention interval in DMTS trials and control the selection of comparisons. In human participants, precurrent responses usually consist of naming the experimental stimuli based on their similarities to meaningful stimuli with preexperimental history. We tested whether precurrents
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Response-dependent point loss and response force as disrupting operations on behavioral resistance to change in humans J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Carlos Eduardo Costa, André Connor de Méo Luiz, Lucas Franco Carmona, Guilherme Dutra Ponce, Roberto Alves Banaco, Kennon A. Lattal
Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) provides a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding how differentially maintained operant responding resists disruption. A common way to test operant resistance involves contingencies with suppressive effects, such as extinction or prefeeding. Other contingencies with known suppressive effects, such as response-cost procedures arranged as point-loss
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Stimulus control of a social operant J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Kennon A. Lattal, Hiroto Okouchi
Three pigeon dyads were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule comprised of two tandem variable-interval 30-s interresponse time (IRT) > 3-s schedules in the presence of different stimuli. Pecks to keys by both pigeons of a dyad occurring within 500 ms of one another were required for reinforcement under one tandem schedule (the coordination component), and such coordinated responses were not
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Emergence of a three-sample conditional discrimination as foundation for reasoning capabilities J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-20 Luis Antonio Pérez-González, Héctor Martínez, Marlon Palomino
We hypothesized that a three-sample conditional discrimination can emerge as a result of learning conditional discriminations with relational stimuli. After learning three first-order conditional discriminations AB, PQ, and CD, we taught a second-order conditional discrimination XAB in which X1 indicated selection of related stimuli (e.g., A1 and B1) and X2 of unrelated stimuli (e.g., A1 and B2). Then
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Transfer of functions based on equivalence class formation using musical stimuli J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Thiago H. S. Martins, Raone M. Rodrigues, Felipe C. O. Araújo, Átila M. Cedro, Renato Bortoloti, André A. B. Varella, Edson M. Huziwara
Empirical evidence has supported that musical excerpts written in major and minor modes are responsible for evoking happiness and sadness, respectively. In this study, we evaluated whether the emotional content evoked by musical stimuli would transfer to abstract figures when they became members of the same equivalence class. Participants assigned to the experimental group were submitted to a training
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Resurgence of goal-directed actions and habits J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Shun Fujimaki, Ting Hu, Yutaka Kosaki
This study investigated how goal-directed and habitual behaviors recover after extinction within the context of the resurgence effect, a form of relapse induced by the removal or worsening of alternative reinforcement. Rats were trained to press a target lever with one reinforcer (O1) for either minimal (4) or extended (16) sessions. An extinction test after the completion of O1 devaluation confirmed
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Theory of reinforcement schedules J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Peter R. Killeen
The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the “contingencies of reinforcement.” Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised
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Reduced access to reinforcement drives delay discounting during experienced delays J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-11 Anne C. Macaskill, Kendra Thompson-Davies, Maree J. Hunt
Rewards lose value as a function of delay. Previous studies suggest that delays have a bigger effect on reward value when people must wait during the delay. However, whether delays involve waiting or postponing has often been confounded with whether choices are about hypothetical or real rewards. The current study characterized the effects of waiting and postponing in hypothetical and experiential
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Real, potentially real, and hypothetical monetary rewards in probability discounting J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-11 Hiroto Okouchi
Although hypothetical rewards have been used almost exclusively in human discounting studies, investigations of their validity are limited. The present experiment compared the discounting of monetary reward value by probability across conditions in which the rewards were real, potentially real, and hypothetical. Twenty-four undergraduates choose between an uncertain large reward and a certain small
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Translational evaluation of on/off alternative reinforcement cycling J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-07 Sean W. Smith, Brian D. Greer
Cycling between the availability and unavailability of reinforcement for alternative responding has successfully reduced resurgence in basic laboratory evaluations, but this approach represents a marked departure from current standards of care when treating problem behavior, warranting careful translation before its use clinically. Therefore, with extinction arranged for target responding across groups
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Divided stimulus control depends on differential and nondifferential reinforcement: Testing a quantitative model J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-15 Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe
We investigated the effects of differential and nondifferential reinforcers on divided control by compound-stimulus dimensions. Six pigeons responded in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which a blue or yellow sample stimulus flashed on/off at a fast or slow rate, and subjects reported its color or alternation frequency. The dimension to report was unsignaled (Phase 1) or signaled (Phase 2)
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Resistance to change, of behavior and of theory J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Andrew R. Craig
The persistence of operant behavior when disrupted tends to be positively related to how often reinforcers were delivered in the past. Behavioral momentum theory describes this finding as the outcome of Pavlovian processes. That is, the relation between discriminative stimuli and reinforcers that were delivered in their presence strengthens behavior, thereby making it more likely to persist. If only
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Prisoner's dilemma and the free operant: John Nash, I'd like you to meet Fred Skinner J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 John V. Keller
In separate chambers, responding by two pairs of pigeons was reinforced under concurrent random-ratio schedules of reinforcement. For each pair, the birds' schedules were coupled in such a manner that left- and right-key reinforcement probabilities were determined by the key being pecked by the other pigeon of the pair. In this way, a reinforcement matrix, like that of the popular Prisoner's Dilemma
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Expanding a laboratory model for evaluating relapse of caregiver nonadherence J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 Catherine L. Williams, Kyleigh L. Montague, Alec M. Bernstein, Nathan A. Call, Sarah K. Slocum
Caregiver adherence to treatment plans is likely maintained by negative reinforcement and can contact extinction when child responding relapses. When caregiver adherence contacts extinction, caregiver nonadherence, such as reinforcing their child's challenging behavior, relapses, threatening treatment efficacy. Previous laboratory models demonstrating the relapse of caregiver nonadherence only evaluated
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Experimental analysis of canine behavior and cognition: Introduction to the special issue J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-23 Nathaniel J. Hall, Lucia Lazarowski, Timothy L. Edwards
Over the last 3 decades, the use and popularity of canid models for basic and applied behavioral research has grown dramatically, and for good reasons. Dogs are uniquely among the human world, living and working in our homes and places of employment while an even greater population lives on the outskirts of human life, scavenging and navigating the city life. This provides a rich continuum of environmental
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Examining resurgence in rats following expanded-operant treatments J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Anthony N. Nist, Timothy A. Shahan
Resurgence of previously reinforced behavior represents a challenge to otherwise successful interventions based on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA). Expanded-operant treatments seek to increase the number of functional alternative behaviors through DRA, thereby potentially mitigating resurgence. However, the few studies that have directly examined these methods as a tool for
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Valuing the future at different temporal points: The role of time framing on discounting J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-16 Hugo E. Reyes-Huerta, Elias Robles, Cristiano V. dos Santos
The rate of delay discounting exhibited by individuals has been experimentally altered by manipulating the way in which time is described, a specific application of the framing effect. Previous research suggests that using specific dates to describe delays tends to lower temporal discounting and change the shape of the discounting function. The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence
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Multilevel analysis of matching behavior: A comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-16 Michael John Ilagan, Pier-Olivier Caron, Milica Miočević
While trying to infer laws of behavior, accounting for both within-subjects and between-subjects variance is often overlooked. It has been advocated recently to use multilevel modeling to analyze matching behavior. Using multilevel modeling within behavior analysis has its own challenges though. Adequate sample sizes are required (at both levels) for unbiased parameter estimates. The purpose of the
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Effects of economic context and reward amount on delay and probability discounting J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-06-13 Molly A. B. Anderson, David J. Cox, Jesse Dallery
Steep delay and shallow probability discounting are associated with myriad problem behaviors; thus, it is important to understand factors that influence the degree of discounting. The present study evaluated the effects of economic context and reward amount on delay and probability discounting. Two hundred thirteen undergraduate psychology students completed four delay- or probability-discounting tasks
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Reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures: A review and synthesis of discounting and demand J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-29 Brandon P. Miller, Derek D. Reed, Michael Amlung
This review sought to synthesize the literature on the reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures of demand and discounting in human research, introduce behavioral-economic research methodologies for studying addictive behaviors, discuss gaps in the current literature, and review areas for future research. A total of 34 studies was included in this review. The discounting literature showed
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Cultural differences in intertemporal decision making: A comparison between Chile and China J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-18 Andrés Raineri, Edgar Kausel, Zhang Jin, Natalia Chamorro
A cross-cultural comparison is made of delay discounting in samples of participants from Chile and China. Comparisons are made based on previous literature that suggests that individuals from an Asian culture should be willing to postpone delayed rewards more than are individuals from a Latin American culture. To test the cross-cultural validity of a hyperbolic discounting model, the model was fitted
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A preliminary examination of the contextual interference effect on trained trick retention in domestic dogs J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 Maddie G. Messina, Gal Ziv, Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere
This study sought to enhance current dog training practices by determining whether a finding from human motor skill learning research, the contextual interference (CI) effect, could be replicated in a trick-training paradigm with companion dogs. In humans, research shows that practicing skills in random order, as compared with blocked order, improves learning of those skills. To test this question
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Early life adversity in dogs produces altered physiological and behavioral responses during a social stress-buffering paradigm J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-21 Alicia P. Buttner, Samantha L. Awalt, Rosemary Strasser
Although owners can act as stress buffers for their dogs, whether dogs with poor early life histories with humans will respond similarly is unknown. We tested 45 dogs, 23 of which were rescued from adverse conditions, in a social paradigm in which a threatening stranger confronted them with either their owner or an unfamiliar human present. Salivary cortisol levels were assessed at three points, and
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A comparison of paired- and multiple-stimulus-without-replacement preference assessments to identify reinforcers for dog behavior J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-18 Steven W. Payne, Cintya Toledo Fulgencio, Reynafe N. Aniga
Dogs may be relinquished to shelters and are unlikely to be adopted if they engage in problem behavior. A successful way to eliminate problem behavior is through training techniques based on behavioral principles. Obedience training with the use of positive reinforcement has been successful in treating problematic behavior by dogs. In order for this method to work, it is essential that the stimuli
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Is superstitious responding a matter of detectability? A replication of Killeen (1978) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe
Organisms may sometimes behave as if a contingency exists between behavior and consequences, even if this is not actually the case. Killeen (1978) suggested that such superstition occurs because of factors that bias subjects to behave “superstitiously” rather than because of failures of discrimination. We systematically replicated Killeen's experiment and compared contingency discrimination between
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Relating relational networks: An initial experimental analysis J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-12 Cainã T. Gomes, William F. Perez, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Colin Harte
Studying relating of relational networks is a complex and challenging task. The main objective of the present study was to demonstrate relating within and across relational networks based on same/opposite and bigger/smaller contextual cues and establish antecedent control. After nonarbitrary pretraining of the contextual cues, two nonsense stimulus classes were established based on comparative relations
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Do contingency-conflicting elements drop out of equivalence classes? Retesting Sidman's (2000) theory J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-12 Russell Silguero, Manish Vaidya
Sidman's (2000) theory of stimulus equivalence states that all positive elements in a reinforcement contingency enter an equivalence class. The theory also states that if an element from an equivalence class conflicts with a reinforcement contingency, the conflicting element will “drop out” of the class. Minster et al. (2006) found evidence that a conflicting reinforcer does not drop out of an equivalence
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Evaluation of an automated response-independent schedule on the behavioral welfare of shelter dogs J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-05-04 Eduardo J. Fernandez, Wes Anderson, Amanda Kowalski
Response-independent schedules involve the delivery of an item independent of a response requirement. Often described in the applied behavior analytic literature as “noncontingent reinforcement,” they have also frequently been used to reduce undesired or problematic behaviors. The current study examined the use of an automated response-independent food schedule on the behaviors and sound levels of
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More complex incidental bidirectional naming results from exposure alone J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Kelly Kleinert-Ventresca, R. Douglas Greer, Lauren Baldonado
Incidental bidirectional naming (Inc-BiN) has been defined as a verbal developmental cusp whereby children demonstrate learning the names of things as listener and speaker as a function of observation alone. Stimulus characteristics have been found to affect performance in tests for Inc-BiN. To further explore this effect, Experiment 1 compared untaught listener and speaker responses for novel familiar-type
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A preliminary investigation to establish conceptual behavior in gray wolves (Canis lupus) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Andrew J. Bulla, Madisen Duke, Oscar Turcios, Khaz Brooks, Ryan Talbot, Christopher Lile, Karen Davis
Conceptual behavior represents a type of complex stimulus control where an organism differentially responds to examples and nonexamples of instances within a stimulus class. Different species have demonstrated conceptual behavior both in their natural environments and through experimental investigations. The current paper investigates preliminary methods to teach conceptual behavior to gray wolves
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Revaluation of overselected stimuli: Emergence of control by underselected stimuli depends on degree of overselectivity J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Peter B. C. Kim, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe
Stimulus overselectivity describes strong control by one stimulus element at the expense of other equally relevant elements. Research suggests that control by underselected stimuli emerges following extinction of the overselected stimulus (“revaluation”) and the emergence is larger when overselectivity is greater. We compared such revaluation effects with a control compound or condition in two experiments
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Part, III: Increasing odor detection performance after training with progressively leaner schedules of odor prevalence J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-04-04 Mallory T. DeChant, Edgar Aviles-Rosa, Paola Prada-Tiedemann, Nathaniel J. Hall
Prior work has demonstrated canine search behavior and performance declines when challenged with infrequent target odors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether performance could be maintained in a low target odor prevalence context by explicitly training dogs through progressively leaner target odor schedules. In Experiment 1, nine control dogs were trained at 90% target prevalence rate
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The effects of note taking as a visual mediation strategy on the formation of equivalence classes J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Sarah E. Frampton, Judah B. Axe, Caio F. Miguel
A graphic organizer (GO) is a note-taking device with concepts and fill-in spaces that may enhance equivalence yields under suboptimal training and testing parameters (e.g., linear training, simultaneous testing, five-member all-abstract classes). We used a nonconcurrent multiple-probe design across eight adult participants to evaluate the effects of a treatment package consisting of abstract matching-to-sample
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Owner-implemented paired-stimulus food preference assessments for companion dogs J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-28 Mindy R. Waite, Tiffany M. Kodak
Behavioral interventions for animals typically require the inclusion of programmed reinforcers. Although pet owners and human caregivers can often identify items that the animal will consume, preference assessments can more accurately determine relative preference rankings between various stimuli, which is important given that higher preferred items tend to function as more effective reinforcers than
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Interpretation(s) of essential value in operant demand J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-28 Shawn P. Gilroy
The operant demand framework has achieved high levels of adoption as an approach to quantify how various ecological factors influence choice. A central goal of the framework proposed by Hursh and Silberburg (2008) was to isolate the “essential value” of reinforcers—namely, their effects on behavior given various contextual factors. The effect of reinforcers on behavior is a phenomenon that is expected
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Generalized contextual control based on nonarbitrary and arbitrary transfer of stimulus functions J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-22 William F. Perez, Colin Harte, Dermot Barnes-Holmes, Cainã T. Gomes, Bárbara Mohor, Júlio C. de Rose
Two experiments with human adults investigated the extent to which the transfer of function in accordance with nonarbitrary versus arbitrary stimulus relations may be brought under contextual control. Experiment 1 comprised four phases. Phase 1 consisted of multiple-exemplar training to establish discriminative functions for solid, dashed, or dotted lines. Phase 2 trained and tested two equivalence
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Social interaction can function as a reinforcer for dogs: Effects of stimulus duration and session parameters J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-22 Erica N. Feuerbacher, Caitlin Togher, Jonathan E. Friedel
Prior research has produced mixed results on whether human social interaction can function as a reinforcer for dog behavior. However, that research used either short durations of social interaction or rapid, repeated trials such that satiation could have been a factor. We investigated whether two durations of social interaction (30 s or 4 s petting plus vocal praise) would maintain more responding
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Operant ABA renewal during dense and lean schedules of differential reinforcement J. Exp. Anal. Behav. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-03-22 Ryan T. Kimball, Emily L. Salvetti, Lindsay E. Day, Rebecca Karis, John Silveira, Michael P. Kranak
Renewal is a type of relapse that occurs due to a change in context. Previous research has demonstrated that renewal of target responding may occur despite the availability of differential reinforcement for an alternative response (DRA). Nevertheless, the current literature on renewal presents mixed findings regarding the effects of dense and lean schedules of DRA on the magnitude of renewal. We used