Abstract The striction magnetoelectric effect in hybrid systems consisting of a magnetic film applied on the surface of a ferroelectric has been investigated. Films with planar (galfenol, nickel) and perpendicular (Co/Pt multilayer structures) magnetic anisotropy have been used. A PMN–PT crystal has served as ferroelectric. The hysteresis loops of magnetic films have been studied as a function of voltage

Abstract The quality of surface treatment of different laser materials has been studied aimed at designing composite elements. We have shown that flatness of samples should be no worse than λ/10 and roughness no more than 1.0 nm. Characteristics of ion-beam etching were found that cause no roughness degradation: Ar ions, Eion = 800 eV, and grazing angle θ = 5°. Ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet

Abstract We describe the method for increasing the efficiency of holographic diffraction gratings (HDGs) intended for operation in the X-ray wavelength range. We describe the procedure of processing of HDG surface for reducing the amplitude and roughness of grooves. For reducing the groove amplitude, we have used Xe ions with an energy of 600 eV, while ion polishing was performed with Ar ions having

Abstract Theoretical and experimental data are reported for the distribution of hydrogen in silicon in SiO2–Si structures after the implantation of hydrogen. Hydrogen is implanted under conditions used in preparing silicon-on-insulator structures by the hydrogen transfer technology. A technique for quantitative estimation of implanted hydrogen high concentrations in silicon using secondary-ion mass

Abstract Recent significant progress in the development of multilayer normal-incidence EUV mirrors is primarily related to an increase in the reflection coefficient at the working wavelength, a decrease in the spectral width of the reflection curve, and application of high-efficiency multilayer coatings for short-wavelength (3–9 nm) and long wavelength (greater than 50 nm) spectral ranges. Such mirrors

Abstract Forced oscillations of magnetization of NiFe circular disk in the presence of external longitudinal magnetic field are studied with the aid of micromagnetic simulation and experiments using magnetic resonance force spectroscopy. Main attention is paid to low-frequency resonance related to gyrotropic motion of the core of magnetic vortex. The resonance frequency of the gyromode is significantly

Abstract The influence of integrated resistors formed under irradiation in a nanowire on its superconducting transitions has been investigated. Niobium nitride nanowires with widths of 75–20 000 nm fabricated from a 5-nm-thick NbN film on single-crystal silicon substrates coated with a 0.3-μm-thick thermal silicon oxide layer and on sapphire substrates have been considered. The influence of a built-in

Abstract Local resistive switching in a contact between the probe of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and ZrO2(Y) films (including with a Ta2O5 sublayer) on conducting substrates has been studied. Switching has been initiated by triangular voltage pulses on which an rf sine-wave signal was imposed. The dependence of the difference between currents through the AFM probe in low- and high-ohmic states

Abstract The problem of X-ray plane wave passage through a homogeneous polymeric film with a through hole with a submicron radius—which is part of a standard track membrane with cylindrical pores—is considered. The intensity of the transient wave is estimated using the scalar Leontovich–Fock parabolic equation. Its numerical solution yields the spatial distribution of the field amplitude and wavefront

Abstract Methods for high-precision processing of surface of optical elements using beams of accelerated ions are considered. Characteristics and parameters of the equipment and problems that can be solved are presented. It is shown that final correction of local shape errors is possible with the aid of small-size ion beam and axisymmetric correction/aspherization is possible using wide-aperture ion

Abstract The previously proposed technique of microwave volt–impedance spectroscopy of semiconductors has been experimentally verified. The technique allows one to determine the local values of electrical parameters of a semiconductor. The investigations have been carried out on a homogeneous single-crystal GaAs wafer with a system of concentric antennas formed on the top of it. The resolution is determined

Abstract We propose a method for improving accuracy of nanomechanical measurements by an atomic force microscope. We describe the contact interaction of the cantilever with the sample using an analytic model taking into account different mechanisms of the cantilever probe operation (it can be clamped or can slide over the sample surface), the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the sample

Abstract Within the 2D theory of dissipative tunneling in the semiclassical approximation (a rarefied gas of instanton–anti-instanton pairs) at a finite temperature in the presence of an external electric field, the features of tunneling transport in the planar structures with the quantum dots made of colloidal gold—which, presumably, possess the properties of a metamaterial—are investigated. It is

Abstract We have analyzed the surface and electron-transport properties of thin molybdenum epitaxial films. Experimental results are compared with available quantum models of the influence of the film surface relief on their resistance.

Abstract The use of field emission cathodes in X-ray tubes requires the placement of the cathode assembly with a small gap from the anode, and this hampers the output of radiation. The greatest difficulties arise in the generation of a relatively soft spectrum with wavelengths of 1–10 nm: in this case, the accelerating voltage does not exceed several kilovolts and the interelectrode gap does not exceed

Abstract In this paper, we propose a method for optimizing the design and composition of the anode membrane with a transmission-type target as part of a system of soft X-ray sources based on field-emission triodes for performing tasks in the field of X-ray nanolithography. It allows to prevent the degradation of the operating characteristics of the system when significant electrostatic deformation

Abstract An investigation of new superprotonic crystals—namely, acid salts of potassium–ammonium sulfate (K1 – x(NH4)x)3H(SO4)2, x ≥ 0.57—is carried out. The surface morphology, domain structure, and conductivity of the samples are studied using atomic force microscopy. The stability and degradation of the surface of superprotonic crystals is first studied at the nanoscale. The data of piezoelectric

Abstract We have prepared the anode cell of an X-ray lithograph in the form of a PolySi/Si3N4/SiO2 membrane structure using group technology. The design of the stand for determining mechanical properties of membranes has been modernized. The critical pressure of a membrane structure with a diameter 250 μm varies in the range from 0.484 to 0.56 MPa for 15 samples. The mechanical strength of the PolySi*/Si3N4/SiO2

Abstract The smoothing effect of thin silicon films used as buffer layers in multilayer Be/Al mirrors optimized for wavelengths longer than 17.1 nm has been investigated. The objects of investigation have been near-normal incidence (an angle of incidence of 88°) and grazing incidence (33.5°) mirrors. This effect has been observed in multilayer Be/Si/Al mirrors with periods of up to at least 29 nm.

Abstract Elastically strained supermultiperiod (100–1000 periods) AlGaAs/GaAs superlattices with different doping levels and slightly differing period thicknesses have been investigated. The proposed technique of characterization consisting of combined application of deep X-ray reflectometry based on a rigorous calculation method, as well as the well-known method of high-resolution X-ray reflectometry

Abstract This paper reports a case study in the field of thermometry on living organisms conducted at the Institute of the Physico-Technical Problems of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Center for Studies of Cold-Related Injuries at the Yakutia Scientific Center. The case describes an experiment on temperature measurement in extreme swimmers during

Abstract Effect of products of surface discharge on seeds of soft winter wheat in electrode configurations consisting of parallel strips with interstrip distances of 5 and 10 mm is experimentally studied. In each system, the seeds are exposed for 10, 60, 120, or 180 s at voltages of 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, or 2.7 kV using sine-shaped supply voltage of electrodes with a frequency of 4.4 kHz. The seeds are placed

Abstract We have considered a converter of thermal energy into electric energy based on the thermovoltaic effect. As the working material, we have used samarium sulfide samples obtained by high-temperature fritting. We have determined the main electrical characteristic (current–voltage characteristic, maximal power, and internal resistance) of a thermovoltaic cell based on the thermovoltaic effect

Abstract Wet chemical processing of single-crystal silicon wafers, including their texturing, is a key process step in the fabrication of high-efficiency solar cells. Methods of texturing single-crystal silicon wafers used in solar cell technology have been studied. Optimal texturing parameters have been determined for test samples, and the most effective etchant for texturing, a KOH–isopropanol solution

Abstract In contrast to traditional methods for obtaining planar superconducting structures based on YBCO films, in which the topology is formed by etching or ion implantation, the topology in the master mask (MM) method is set at the initial stage of structure preparation, during the MM formation, and the YBCO deposition is the final stage. The superconducting elements of the structure are formed

Abstract We consider a high-efficiency photovoltaic module optimized for conversion of monochromatic radiation with a wavelength of 809–850 nm. The module includes four photovoltaic converters with a total area of 16 cm2, which operate with laser radiation of a power higher than 1 W and ensure a working voltage higher than 4 V. In the development and obtaining AlGaAs/GaAs structures for receiver-converters

Abstract A technology for millimetric moisture-content measurement has been proposed for implementation in plant breeding by the method of background traits, which requires selecting plants with medium or low moisture. This technology, which is based on radiophysical methods, allows nondestructive lifetime measurements to be made over short and long periods of time, up to continuous ones. Preliminary

Abstract A previously developed contactless method to measure the resistivity of metals at high temperatures has been extended for metal sheets. The theoretical basis of the method has been augmented by solving the problem of power input to a sample in the form of a thin-walled cylinder under inductive heating. Essentially, the method consists in measuring electromotive forces (EMFs) induced by a high-frequency

Abstract The results of experiments on laser initiation of explosive transformations in energy-saturated composites based on nanoporous silicon have been presented. Calcium perchlorate has been used as an oxidizer. It has been shown that the additive of graphene-like powder material (20–30) wt % in the energy-saturated composite increases its sensitivity to infrared laser radiation and excites rapid

Abstract It is shown that self-forming GeSi nanoislands built into the dielectric–semiconductor interface in the Si(001)-based metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures with the SiOx and ZrO2(Y) dielectric layers obtained by magnetron sputtering initiate bipolar resistive switching without preliminary electroforming. The I–V characteristics and electrical parameters of the MOS structures in the high-

Abstract During the period from 1984 to 2014, our scientific school (consisting of 35 candidates and 12 doctors of science by 2018) developed a new theory of the ecological genetic organization of quantitative traits (TEGOQT). The theory is based on the discovery of a new epigenetic phenomenon, a change in the gene product profiles under a quantitative trait with the change of limiting environmental

Abstract Formation of macrolocalized deformation bands under conditions of serrated creep is studied by methods of acoustic emission (AE) and high-speed video recording. It is established that the fastest stages of the deformation band formation, which are related to the emergence of a band on the surface with subsequent accelerated expansion, are accompanied by generating a burst of an AE signal in

Abstract Over the past 30 years, there has been a great deal of interest in the use of terahertz (THz) radiation in various fields, such as security systems, communications, and spectroscopy. In addition, THz radiation is increasingly being used in practical medicine; in particular, the potential of THz irradiation for influencing metabolic reactions together with controlling the most important biochemical

Abstract Systematic data on the amorphous–crystalline transition in Ni have been obtained by high-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis. It is established that the amorphous structure of Ni nanoparticles is stable up to 200°C. Ni nanocrystals, which have coherent-scattering regions (CSRs) 5–15 nm in size (depending on the isothermal annealing temperature) are formed in the temperature range of 300–600°C

Abstract Inertial stretching of a metal shaped-charge jet in the presence of magnetic field of elongated solenoid is analyzed. Effect of the magnetic field on the shaped-charge jet is aimed at inhibition of the development of plastic instability of the jet with an increase in its ultimate elongation and penetration capability. Several simplifying assumptions are used to obtain analytical description

Abstract The oscillations of a nonlinear electromechanical oscillator with elastic collisions have been studied. A theoretical model has been built around the equation of motion including an elastic force that is calculated in terms of the Hertz contact theory. It has been shown that an oscillator with collisions may exhibit bifurcations and stable-focus and limit-cycle attractors. Fourier filtration

Abstract The physical and technological characteristic features of the installation of dies onto a temporary foundation in the internal wiring technology are studied. The justified selection of the material for the fixation of silicon dies active side down onto a temporary foundation from various solutions of polyamic acids (PAAs) is performed. The experimental dependence of the adhesion strength of

Abstract The scientific and technical fundamentals of physical modeling of “ideal agroecosystems” characterized by a high degree of controllability of the matter and energy flows between the environment and plants with accompanying biota are presented. In these systems, it becomes possible to maximize the genetically determined potential of any agricultural crop, creating ecologically harmonious optimized

Abstract The adhesive contact between a spherical steel indenter and a fragment of a transparent soft rubber sheet fixed on a glass substrate has been studied experimentally. Comparison of experimental data with the results of analytic theory and numerical simulation has revealed quantitative agreement of the results of these three approaches. We have also studied the effect of the duration of the

Abstract Phase transformations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) are investigated using the Brilluoin light scattering in the temperature range from 300 to 380 K in solutions with concentrations of 50 and 5 mg/mL. As the reference sequence, the sequence of phase transformations in a concentrated (100 mg/mL) BSA solution are used for analyzing the results. It is shown that the sequence of BSA phase transformations

Abstract Mathematical models are described in which the circulatory system of an organism is considered as a multifractal object. The solution to two problems is given. The first one is associated with the normal state of the body’s life support system, namely, to heat transfer in human skin. The equations of hydrodynamics and heat transfer are the basis of the model. Quantitative results of calculating

Abstract Elevated expression of the col2a1 gene responsible for synthesis of type II collagen, a major extracellular matrix protein of hyaline cartilage, was observed in multipotent stem cells of rat bone marrow exposed to low-power laser radiation with a wavelength of 0.63 μm and power of 1.7 mW. The result suggests that this procedure may be employed in treatment of diseases associated with damage

Abstract A spectrometer based on silicon nanosandwiches (SNSs) is proposed for problems of personalized medicine. SNS structures exhibit properties of terahertz (THz) emitter and receiver of the THz response of biological tissue. Measurements of the I–V characteristics of the SNS structure make it possible to analyze the spectral composition of the THz response of biological tissue and determine relative

Abstract We consider the effect of various radio frequency (rf) pulse sequences on the contrast of magnetic resonance (MR) images. We have developed a program for simulating magnetic resonance tomograms and for determining optimal values of parameters of rf pulse sequences for obtaining the best contrast of MR images. This program has been tested for MRI experiments with negative contrast agents based

Abstract The results of an investigation intended to develop a mathematical model representation of the left ventricular myocardium in the polar bull’s eye map mode are presented. Comparison of images obtained using the numerical simulation and the cases in clinical practice allows evaluating possible errors and discrepancies of reconstruction in the single-photon emission computed tomography.

Abstract A novel technological approach based on ion implantation for obtaining nanostructured substrates for the visual characterization of ultrasmall biological objects and microorganisms has been described. By means of argon-ion implantation of silicate glasses through surface masks made of copper wire mesh, periodic microstructures in the form of gratings with mesh sizes of 50 × 50 μm were formed

Abstract To characterize the effect of oxidative stress (OS) on the ability of erythrocytes to pass through microvessels and capillaries, we studied the dynamics of the movement of human erythrocytes in vitro, in the channels of a microfluidic device, under the action of an OS inducer, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH), and compared it with a cytological assessment of the transformation of cell membranes

Abstract The method of scanning electron microscopy in complex with energy dispersive spectrometric analysis is applied for the first time for studying the composition of materials used or medical purposes. Cartilage implants have been formed based on polyacrylamide hydrogels reinforced by bacterial and plant celluloses, and the dynamics of variation of compositions of implant and the boundary osteal

Abstract The results of a numerical study of heating and destruction of a biological tissue under the action of a series of focused ultrasound pulses generated by a multielement array (tumor treatment programs) are presented. Irradiation programs are considered that differ in the locations of focal points within a tissue (the Archimedean and “square” spirals), the number of pulses in the series, and

Abstract A number of models of the polymerase chain reaction have been suggested to date with the aim of gaining exact quantitative estimates for reaction products. These models usually identify the reaction product kinetics with a kinetics of fluorescence reporter. Here, a model of polymerase chain reaction is suggested in which the results of the reaction are detected using an intercalating dye.

Abstract A model of a Frenkel gas–solid system that consists of H2O molecules and H3O+ and OH– ions and has the same density and particle concentration as liquid water has been considered. Particles execute thermal vibrational–diffusion motion, in the course of which they collide, exchange protons, and interconvert. Under the assumption that the medium persists owing to ion–dipole forces, it has been

Abstract Using the method for distinguishing the principal components associated with the correlation coefficients of the Pearson matrix, a possible relationship has been found between the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus and various urbanization factors in the Russian Federation. A hypothetical physical model of the impact of urbanization factors on the incidence of the disease has been created

Abstract Experimental data on the production of dry powders of immobilized biological preparations intended for treatment of oil-contaminated soil were obtained. The carbonization of biopolymers (starch, lignin) using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis was used as the basic method for obtaining 2D carbon structures used as a matrix for immobilization of oil-destructor microorganisms. Oil-destructor

Abstract A problem of fabrication of magnetic polymer capsules for targeted drug delivery is considered. Magnetic nanoparticles are used in the problem under study. A method for fabrication of such particles involving synthesis of layered nanowires with alternating layers of the specified magnetic metal and sacrificial layers of nonmagnetic metal is proposed. A method for template-assisted synthesis

Abstract Dentin in the human tooth is a natural composite material with a complex multilevel hierarchical structure and consists of micro and nanostructures that are related to each other in a complex interrelation governed by laws that have not been fully understood yet. To identify the relationship between the dentin structure and its mechanical properties, we study samples prepared from human molars

Abstract Numerical experiments based on the Peyrard–Bishop–Holstein model have been conducted to demonstrate the possibility of charge transfer by polarons in the homogeneous Poly G/Poly C-chain of DNA subjected to a constant electric field. It has been shown that a polaron in this model can travel large distances along the chain with a constant velocity if the electric field is weak. The charge motion

Abstract The temperature dependences of the veloсity of hypersound (V(T)) in solutions with various concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GndHCl) are studied by Brillouin–Mandelstam light scattering spectroscopy in the temperature range from 263 to 353 K. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the sound velocity has a pronounced maximum at low concentrations of GndHCl. An increase in the

Abstract We present the results of studies of the interaction of cells with various materials and products from them intended for biomedical use. Widefield fluorescence microscopy enables evaluating the cytotoxicity of samples, cell viability, morphology, and proliferative activity in the process of interaction with the test samples, as well as adhesion, migration, and cell distribution both on the

Abstract Synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles that contain ammonium chloride crystals are obtained. The X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and BET methods show that ammonium chloride crystals are decomposed in argon in the temperature range of T = 220–270°C. The heat treatment at T = 300°C gives thermal stability to the nanoparticles. The presence of ammonium chloride in the culture medium

Abstract The structure and morphology of aqueous dispersions, the gelation, and the intermolecular interactions of water molecules with a Synthanol ALM-10 non-ionic low-molecular surfactant have been investigated using viscosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectroscopy, and phase-contrast and polarization optical microscopy in the entire range of concentrations (from 0 to 100 wt %). The polymorphism