Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) offer a unique alternative to traditional display technologies. Tailored device architecture can offer properties such as flexibility and transparency, presenting unparalleled application possibilities. Commercial advancement of OLEDs is highly anticipated, and continued research is vital for improving device efficiency and lifetime. The performance of an OLED

Characterization of the elasticity of biological cells is growing as a new way to gain insight into cell biology. Cell mechanics are related to most aspects of cellular behavior, and applications in research and medicine are broad. Current methods are often limited since they require physical contact or lack resolution. From the methods available for the characterization of elasticity, those relying

This paper provides a tutorial overview over recent vigorous efforts to develop computing systems based on spin waves instead of charges and voltages. Spin-wave computing can be considered a subfield of spintronics, which uses magnetic excitations for computation and memory applications. The Tutorial combines backgrounds in spin-wave and device physics as well as circuit engineering to create synergies

Advances in materials informatics (MI), which combines material property calculations/measurements and informatics algorithms, have realized properties in the nanostructures of thermal functional materials beyond what is accessible using empirical approaches based on physical instincts and models. In this Tutorial, we introduce technological procedures and underlying knowledge of MI combining thermal

The compound liquid microlens arrays (MLAs) with complementary aberrations possess significant applications in integrated optics and optical imaging systems. We fabricate bilayer liquid-filled compound MLAs by three-dimensional printing, micro-nano imprinting, and microinjection. It is found that the focal length and spherical aberration of the bilayer MLAs are 0.7394 times and 0.728 times that of

Ultrathin single- and three-stage Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers were analyzed with room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra. An anomalous blueshift was observed upon increasing carrier injection for both samples. This blueshift was attributed to the presence of bandgap fluctuations that are of the same order as the minority carrier diffusion length. From time resolved measurements, a diffusion

A swept-wavelength external cavity quantum cascade laser (ECQCL) is used to perform standoff detection of combustion gases in a plume generated from an outdoor high-explosive (HE) open detonation. The swept-ECQCL system was located at a standoff distance of 830 m from a 41 kg charge of LX-14 (polymer-bonded high explosive) and was used to measure the infrared transmission/absorption through the post-detonation

Experimental demonstration of light propagation with ultralow group velocity, i.e., slow light, allows for revolutionary solutions for time-domain processing and buffering of optical signals. It can spatially compress optical energy, which lessens the device footprint and enhances linear and nonlinear optical effects. Photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) are appealing for producing slow light since they

This work concerns the development and testing of a setup that uses laser-induced ultrasound sources to achieve synthetic transmit aperture ultrasound imaging. The sources are created by sequentially firing 32 contiguous multi-mode optical fibers to illuminate an optically absorbing film with nanosecond-pulsed laser light. Ultrasound is generated by the photoacoustic effect and insonifies the sample

A three-input majority gate, which operates on the basis of majority decisions, can function as multifunctional Boolean logic gates. Here, we report a micromagnetic simulation study of a specially devised magnonic majority-logic gate that utilizes channeling of spin waves into narrow domain walls. Our model system is a four-armed cross structure where low-energy spin waves are guided and channeled

We investigate skyrmion configurations and dynamics in antiferromagnetic thin disks. It is shown that the skyrmion acquires oscillatory dynamics with well-defined amplitude and frequency, which may be controlled on demand by the spin-polarized current. Such a dynamics is also robust in the sense that an interface between two half-disks cannot change the dynamics appreciably whenever the exchange costs

Inspired by the research interest on the realization of flatbands and magnetization plateaus in kagome lattices, herein we study the electronic properties and exchange magnetic interactions in quasi-one-dimensional boron triangular kagome lattice (1D-BTKL) models by using the real-space Green’s function approach in a tight-binding model. First, we study the electronic properties of 1D-BTKLs in the

The so-called cellular magnetic domain structure has been widely observed in Fe–Ga alloys of different compositions and heat treatment. It has attracted attention for producing desirable magnetic properties and also for arousing controversy over its cause and identity. Two existing models, one based on novel charge density waves and the other based on traditional V-lines from the classical magnetic

Integrating multiple functions in a single compound is still attractive and necessary to meet the demand of device miniaturization. In this work, we systemically modulate multifunctional properties in the 0.74BiFeO 3–0.26(Ba 0.85Ca 0.15)TiO 3– x wt. % MnO 2 solid solution with the addition of MnO 2. A highly rectangular and saturated polarization–hysteresis (P–E) loop is obtained with a large remanent

In this paper, domain switching induced by applied stress and thermal treatment was compared in (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3−xBaTiO3 (NBT-BT) solid solutions and the monolithic components by Raman spectroscopy. Despite possessing a Ti-O6 structure, the titanate materials exhibit quite different patterns of switching upon indentation generation, which might be associated with the presence of distinct stable polarizations

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy provide information on the structural evolution, dielectric function, and bandgap values of nanocrystalline 10 nm thick lanthanum doped hafnia (La:HfO2) layers in TiN/La:HfO2/TiN/SiO2/Si irradiated with 24, 46, 72, and 160 MeV (0.2–1.2 MeV/u) Xe ions. Swift heavy Xe ions were expected to create

Ferroelastic domain walls are typically twin interfaces. They contain a multitude of emerging properties, including (super-)conductivity, polarity, optically activity, and photovoltaic properties and may contain a number of magnetic properties even when there is no magnetic element in the ferroelastic matrix. Current progress to determine these properties is reviewed. Local wall properties change a

Circular dichroism (CD) of a doped carbon nanotube is calculated as a function of wavelength for several values of the Fermi energy. In the calculation of CD, we consider the so-called depolarization effect by taking account of the dielectric function that suppresses or enhances the electric field inside the undoped or doped nanotube, respectively. Because of the induced electric current of the carriers

In this paper, we describe how it is possible to harness the photo-thermal effects occurring in metallic nanoparticles to develop molecular sensors. In particular, we numerically demonstrate how a change of the surrounding medium affects the localized surface plasmon resonance with a consequent shift of the corresponding resonance wavelength, enabling the detection of analytes on metal nanospheres

Quantifying the intrinsic mechanical properties of one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires is technically challenging due to their extremely small sizes and large aspect ratios. In comparison with direct tensile measurements, displacement responses of an end-clamped rod under transverse loads are more significant and more feasible for experimental characterization. However, the

Statistical physics models ranging from simple lattice to complex quantum Hamiltonians are one of the mainstays of modern physics that have allowed both decades of scientific discovery and provided a universal framework to understand a broad range of phenomena from alloying to frustrated and phase separated materials to quantum systems. Traditionally, exploration of the phase diagrams corresponding

Weak topological insulators are elusive topological materials that were subjected to relatively few experimental studies in the past owing to the lack of stable systems. Here, a detailed investigation of the low-temperature electrical transport on Bi 1 Se 1 thin films, a weak topological insulator, over a wide range of thicknesses has been carried out. Robust signatures of weak anti-localization were

Power electronic devices for high-voltage applications prefer wide-bandgap semiconductors such as silicon carbide, whereas the immaturity of epitaxial growth technology introduces many extended defects, some of which are crucial to the electrical performance of fabricated devices. Therefore, it is much expected to find out some deep relation between extended defects and device performance. In this

A new three-dimensional (3D) electric field enhanced generation model has been developed to describe the electric field effects on the thermal electron–hole pair generation rate. The originality of this model lies in the full three-dimensional description of the synergetic mechanism between the Poole–Frenkel barrier lowering and the phonon-assisted tunneling mechanism. To do this, a classical one-dimensional

Experimental development of translational DNA nanomotors recently underwent a paradigm shift from bridge-burning monomers to symmetric dimers capable of truly sustainable motion. The focus of direction rectification is changed from carving the external landscape of a single particle to symmetry breaking from within a dimer. The symmetric dimer construction have the potential to facilitate efficient

Determining the texture distribution of permanent magnets is very useful since this information allows us to relate the macroscopic properties with the microstructural characteristics of the magnet through a statistical average. Usually, this distribution is determined by x-ray diffraction (θ–2θ, rocking curve, pole figures) or electron backscatter diffraction. However, for manufacturing process control

The introduction of a glass–glass interface is an effective way to improve the plasticity of metallic glass. However, the strength–plasticity trade-off has not still been effectively overcome. Here, the effect of the composition on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of the CuZr nanoglass (NG) is investigated under tensile loading by a molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicate

To realize the multi-functional manipulation of the acoustic field with a simple artificial structure, a waveguide array based on resonant units was proposed in this work. Based on the transmission spectrum and zero-like refractive index of the waveguide unit, the amplitude of the transmitted wave can be manipulated. By changing the size of the waveguide unit flexibly, the phase of the transmitted

KTb 3F 10 (KTF) has been developed in recent years as a candidate Faraday rotator material because of its cubic symmetry, high figures of merit, and low absorption coefficient. While considerable efforts have focused on crystal growth and optical properties, investigations of fundamental thermodynamic behavior of KTF have been limited. Here, we report elastic moduli C 11, C 12, and C 44 of single crystalline

Cu2GeTe3 (CGT) is a promising phase change material for phase change random access memory (PCRAM) applications because of its high thermal stability in the amorphous phase and its capability to undergo rapid phase change. In this paper, the electrical conduction mechanism of a CGT memory device fabricated using W electrodes (W/CGT) was investigated using current–voltage (I–V) measurements and angle

The development of on-chip nonlinear optical devices in silicon is of great importance to silicon photonics and silicon chip based quantum information processing technologies. With the aim for a viable solution to overcome the lack of second harmonic generation (SHG) in Si, which is fundamentally limited by its centrosymmetric lattice structure, our work investigates SHG behaviors from Si (100) crystals

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the behavior of Ce under shock loading to stress states up to 22 GPa that span the shock-melt transition. Experiments reported here observed Ce held at a steady state for ∼500 ns prior to being uniaxially released to ambient pressure. Time-resolved XRD shows a constant diffraction pattern over the duration of the steady state with rapid solidification

Although the effect of the deformation field size on the mechanical strength of metallic glasses (MGs) has been investigated thoroughly, a few studies have investigated the effect of the deformation field size on the kinetic creep deformation behavior for these materials. This issue is addressed in the current work by investigating the nanoindentation creep kinetics of La-based MGs under the application

We report a systematic energetic analysis of helium-related defect interactions that mediate helium (He) segregation on surfaces of plasma-exposed tungsten at different levels of He ion implantation. We focus on high He fluences that increase the He content in the plasma-exposed material well beyond the dilute limit of He concentration and employ atomic configurations generated by large-scale molecular

Electrical conductivity in nanostructured ZnO bulks is limited by the inherently low carrier mobility caused by the high density of grain boundaries and interfaces. In this study, Zn1−xTaxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) with micro/nanoplatelet structures composed of nearly coherent dense grain boundaries with a low misorientation angle of ∼4° between the grains was successfully fabricated. Despite the

Synthesizing monolayers and heterostructures is an enabling approach to extract new physical phenomena from bulk materials. Among the structures amenable to this approach is stanene, which is a monolayer of tin, similar to graphene, and has been predicted to host one-dimensional topological states at its edges. Stanene can be tuned by decorating with different adatoms, which makes it a promising platform

A large number of experimental studies suggest that two-terminal resistive switching devices made of a dielectric thin film sandwiched by a pair of electrodes exhibit reversible multi-state switching behaviors; however, coherent understanding of physical and chemical origins of their electrical properties needs to be further pursued to improve and customize the performance. In this paper, phase-field

Modulating the soft magnetic properties of amorphous magnetic thin films is important for constructing energy-efficient and high performance thin film inductors. Here, a metal (Pt) and an oxide (Al2O3) are selected as the covering layer to investigate the effect of the interfacial microstructure on the magnetic properties of CoZrTa thin films. The results show that the magnetic dead layer thickness

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with doping-free emissive layer (EML) structures have been increasingly attracting attention due to their excellent advantages, such as easier manufacturing process and more flexible structure design. In this paper, a series of highly efficient hybrid WOLEDs is manufactured using a simple doping-free EML structure, which is composed of two blue thermally

While space-charge-limited current measurements are often used to characterize charge-transport in relatively intrinsic, low-mobility semiconductors, it is currently difficult to characterize lightly or heavily doped semiconductors with this method. By combining the theories describing ohmic and space-charge-limited conduction, we derive a general analytical approach to extract the charge-carrier density

We present a systematic study of the magnetic properties of ZnFe 2O 4 thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition at low and high oxygen partial pressure and annealed in oxygen and argon atmosphere, respectively. The as-grown films show strong magnetization, closely related to a non-equilibrium distribution of defects, namely, Fe cations among tetrahedral and octahedral lattice sites. While the

Electron–phonon interaction in bulk and nanoflakes of MoS2 is investigated using Raman spectroscopy. Resonant Raman spectroscopic studies carried out on bulk and liquid exfoliated nanoflakes of MoS2 revealed a second order Raman mode (called the “b” mode), whose frequency in the case of nanoflakes was found to be largely different from that in bulk MoS2. Temperature dependent Raman spectra show larger

Observation of robust hot carrier effects in quantum-well structures has prompted hopes to increase the efficiency of solar cells beyond the Shockley–Queisser limit (33% for single junction solar cells at AM1.5G). One of the main studies in hot carrier effects is the determination of carrier temperature, which provides information on the thermalization mechanisms of hot carriers in semiconductor materials

An ultrafast thermal spike within a time interval of a few pico-seconds generated by intense ionizing energy deposited using 100 MeV Ag ions is utilized to study the atomistic details of damage recovery in 4H-SiC. Sequential single ion irradiations were performed using 300 keV Ar and 100 MeV Ag in ⟨ 0001 ⟩ 4H-SiC to invoke swift heavy ion (SHI) beam induced epitaxial recrystallization in samples with

Low-symmetry 2D materials—such as ReS 2 and ReSe 2 monolayers, black phosphorus monolayers, group-IV monochalcogenide monolayers, borophene, among others—have more complex atomistic structures than the honeycomb lattices of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides. The reduced symmetries of these emerging materials give rise to inhomogeneous electron, optical, valley

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of stimuli-responsive polymers that undergo reversible shape-change in response to environmental changes. The shape change of LCEs can be programmed during processing by orienting the liquid crystal phase prior to crosslinking. The suite of processing techniques that has been developed has resulted in a myriad of LCEs with different shape-changing behavior

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), combining the mutually exclusive functionalities of high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency, lie at the center of a wide range of technological applications. The current design strategy for n-type TCOs, making wide bandgap oxides conducting through degenerately doping, obtains successful achievements. However, the performances of p-type TCOs

The rise of mid-infrared and terahertz wave technology over the past two decades has led to incredible insights and potential applications for next-generation optoelectronics. Modulators, which control amplitude, phase, and/or polarization of incident light, are widely used in communications, imaging, and sensing and are crucial for further development of technology functioning in the mid-infrared

Recently, metasurfaces based on phase-change materials (PCMs) have attracted increasing attention due to the dramatic optical properties contrast between amorphous and crystalline states. The chalcogenide PCMs can be reversibly switched by electrical or optical pulses, offering tunability and reconfigurability for the metasurfaces. In this Perspective, the latest achievements and ongoing development

In this work, a novel diagnostic technique for carbon monoxide (CO) number density measurements in a nitrogen buffer mixture at elevated pressures up to 5 bar was developed and tested. The technique utilizes 2 + 1 resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) of CO induced by a femtosecond laser pulse at 230.1 nm, followed by detection of the number of REMPI-induced electrons using the microwave

An array of plasmonic nanoparticles can sustain surface plasmon modes from visible to infrared spectral range and thus offers effective surface light trapping, enhancement of local fields, and interaction with the thin active regions of optical devices. We report the fabrication and optical characterization of a planar Ge/Si quantum dot (QD) detector grown on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate for

Admittance spectroscopy has become a commonly used device-level technique to probe the defect structure of kesterite materials. While this technique holds promise, phenomena such as current barriers and metastabilities cause difficulty in the interpretation of results. In this work, devices fabricated on single-crystalline CZTSe absorber layers are used to explore these effects in a more idealized

We demonstrate an inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) photovoltaic cell comprising lattice-mismatched 1.2 eV AlGaInAs and 1.0 eV GaInAs junctions optimized for high-temperature thermophotovoltaic (TPV) applications. This device differs from traditional IMM solar cells because the mismatched junctions are grown at a single lattice constant. This architecture enables removal of the compositionally

The present study aims to analyze the tunability of photonic emissions as a function of excitation wavelengths in Fe/Sm co-doped ZnO phosphors. We have investigated the up-conversion (UC) and down-conversion (DC) luminescences in detail along with possible channels for energy transfer and their local electronic structures. These phosphors are polycrystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and

The fractional uncertainty of the 40Ca+ optical clock in our laboratory has been evaluated to be 2.2 × 10 − 17, but it is difficult to evaluate the statistical uncertainty of the output frequency at this level, limited by the frequency stability associated with the quantum projection noise (QPN). A reduction in the stability is required to shorten the averaging time for a certain statistical uncertainty

The high power microwave window breakdown characteristics of N2–SF6 mixtures are investigated with 3D particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo collision simulation. The space and density distributions of electrons and ions are obtained. The results show that the threshold of breakdown increases with the ratio of SF6 when E/P is large. However, when E/P is small, the threshold of breakdown in 70% of SF6 and

Experiments on a MA-class Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) device have been carried out to investigate changes in neutron production by adding moderate amounts of krypton to a deuterium fill gas. The neutron yield from Z-pinch devices, including DPFs, conventionally scales as the peak current to the fourth power. However, a dramatic drop-off from ∼I4 scaling occurs above 3 MA, which recent modeling [D. T.

Recently, fluoronitrile C4F7N is regarded as a promising alternative gas for SF6, and its global warming potential (GWP) is extremely high. C4F7N has good insulation properties and a relatively low GWP, so it can be used as an insulation medium for gas-insulated switchgears. Some studies have been conducted on the decomposition pathway of C4F7N gas that may produce possible neutral molecules and free

In the context of magnetic hyperthermia, several physical parameters are used to optimize the heat generation, and these include the nanoparticles concentration and the magnitude and frequency of the external AC magnetic field. Here, we extend our previous work by computing nonlinear contributions to the specific absorption rate, while taking into account (weak) inter-particle dipolar interactions

The combination of a low tunneling barrier height and a large tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio in MgO-class magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) has enabled next-generation information storage and bio-inspired computing solutions thanks to the spin transfer torque effect. Recent literature has proposed that this synergistic combination arises from the electronic properties of oxygen vacancies. To