When operating a xenon short arc lamp, tungsten vapour that evaporates from the electrodes is transported by gas convection to blacken the inner bulb wall. Since this reduces the output light intensity and increases the risk of lamp breakage, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the factors that govern gas convection to optimally control it to reduce blackening. Gas convection is complex, especially

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has a selective killing effect on a variety of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro , and is considered a potential tumor therapy. In this study, we found that metformin, which has shown promising antitumor effects in previous studies, with NTP synergistically increased cell death including apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines via reducing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

To understand the mechanisms for selective productions of NO 2 − and NO 3 − as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in plasma activated water, we studied the oxidation reactions of NO as the primary species supposing O, O 2 , O 3 , OH, and H 2 O 2 as possible oxidants. A coaxial-type dielectric barrier discharge reactor was employed in cascade connection to a reservoir and/or a water bubbler. First, the

A switching-off process very similar to those in real high-voltage self-blast circuit-breakers is emulated in a model chamber to study the arc properties by optical emission spectroscopy. The arc is operated in a chamber filled with SF 6 between a pin-tulip contact system enclosed by a polytetrafluoroethylene nozzle. Transparent windows in the chamber wall and a slit in the nozzle enable an optical

In this work, a technique for hydrogen diffusion measurements through thin films is proposed and demonstrated. A yttrium film, which changes its refractive index upon hydrogen absorption, is used as an optical sensor to detect hydrogen. The yttrium sensor is coated with a thin (up to 12 nm) layer of test material and exposed to atomic hydrogen. To ensure that the calculated diffusion constant is not

The ideal electron transport layer of a high performance perovskite solar cell should have good optical transparency, high electron mobility, and an energy level alignment well-matched with the perovskite material. In this work, we investigate the role of TiCl 4 post-treatment of the mesoporous TiO 2 electron transport layer by varying the concentration of TiCl 4 and characterizing optical and electrical

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHP) have attracted a great deal of attention as promising light-emitting materials, because of their low-cost production via simple solution processing, high color purity, and easily tunable bandgaps. Nevertheless, the fabrication of OIHP films for light-emitting diodes generally requires complicated post-treatments, such as an anti-solvent dripping process,

We have demonstrated the synthesis of high-quality monocrystalline magnetite nanocubes through the introduction of palmitic acid as surfactant in a thermal decomposition synthesis of an organic Fe precursor. Unlike the standard thermal decomposition synthesis route, we report the avoid of the reducing agent and a modification in the synthesis heating ramp. Structural and magnetic properties were investigated

Solution-phase printing of nanomaterials is a low-cost and effective way to build functional devices. While a multitude of industries have witnessed steady progress in it, the low line resolution remains a challenge for inkjet printing, since the droplet spreading on a substrate inevitably widens the printing tracks. In the present work, a novel embedded printing method based on a liquid viscous film

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based polymers are promising dielectric materials, owing to their higher breakdown strength and energy density than conventional ceramic-based dielectric materials. Nevertheless, the energy density of the polymers is lower than expected, highlighting the need for improvement before they can be applied commercially. As one method to solve this issue, the P(VDF-HFP) copolymer

Nitrogen fertilizers are important for modern agriculture, among which nitric acid is a basic chemical for ammonium nitrate production. Herein, NOx was produced from N 2 and O 2 using a spark discharge technology with point-to-point and circle-to-plate types of plasma reactors driven by a nano-second pulsed power supply. NOx could be produced with an energy efficiency of 0.09 mol kWh −1 under the gases

A series of novel phosphate orange-red phosphor, Sr 9 In(PO 4 ) 7 : x Sm 3+ (0.01 < x < 0.30), were successfully synthesized from high-temperature solid-state synthesis in this work. Their crystal structure has been analyzed by the Rietveld refinement, which shows Sr 9 In(PO 4 ) 7 consists of a monoclinic cell ( C 2/ c ), which also confirms the successful doping, preferential site occupancy and local

The great challenge in the development of valleytronics is the ability to induce and manipulate permanent valley polarization in an efficient way, which is crucial for theoretical and practical implications of valley-related physics and devices. Here, using first-principles calculation, valley polarization can be induced and controlled in a WS 2 monolayer by adsorbing a 3 d transition metal (TM, Sc–Zn)

This paper presents a novel approach to design a heterostructure demultiplexer using the ring resonators in a solid–solid phononic crystal (PnC). The proposed PnC structure is a square lattice contained circular tungsten cylinders embedded in a polycrystalline silicon background. The heterostructure-based demultiplexer consists of three different sections, where every section includes a bus waveguide

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are promising for building tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs), owing to an inherent narrow vdW gap between two stacked materials induced by the dangling bond free surface. However, the band to band tunneling (BTBT) of such a vdW heterostructure TFET strongly depends on the layer-dependent band structure variation at the interface. Here, we report a first

Currently, the self-shadowing effect of impinging particles is recognized as a vital factor to form columnar-like coating in the manufacture of thermal barrier coatings. Most of these quasi-columnar coatings are usually prepared under a very low-pressure condition. This paper investigates a novel quasi-columnar yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating using an atmospheric plasma spray-physical vapor

The notion of non-trivial topological winding in condensed matter systems represents a major area of present-day theoretical and experimental research. Magnetic materials offer a versatile platform that is particularly amenable for the exploration of topological spin solitons in real space such as skyrmions. First identified in non-centrosymmetric bulk materials, the rapidly growing zoology of materials

In this work, we report the successful synthesis of a polycrystalline, binary compound ErIr 3 , forming a macroscopic coexistence of two different cubic structures (AuBe 5 -type and AuCu 3 -type). The magnetic properties of two polymorphs could be distinguished by means of different measurement techniques. The detailed study of dc magnetization and heat capacity behaviour confirm that the phase with

A consistent framework to study the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a narrow charged slit, in the presence of imposed external electric and magnetic fields is presented here. We separately consider cases of externally imposed fields and fields induced as a result of purely pressure driven flows. It is established that the 3-dimensional nature of the Lorentz forces acting on the fluid inevitably leads

To study the physical process of a cathode spot jet in vacuum arc discharge with a metal deuteride cathode (TiD), a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on three-fluid theory is established in this paper. The ionization and recombination of the plasma are considered in this model. The total current of the cathode spot is set to 2–4 A. The simulation shows that: (1) for Ti ions, there are huge pressure

Polycrystalline ultrathin 5 nm-thick n -type W-doped In 2 O 3 ( p -IWO) films with a significantly high Hall mobility ( μ H ) of 57.7 cm 2 (Vs) −1 were successfully fabricated by the under-vacuum solid-state crystallization of amorphous IWO ( a -IWO) films. a -IWO films with thicknesses ( t ) ranging from 5 to 50 nm were deposited on glass substrates without intentionally heating the substrates by

Annealing of a magnetic nanostructure is expected to not only change morphological features but also magnetic properties and hence magnetic hyperthermia applications. Using a simple co-precipitation method, annealed and non-annealed MWCNT/CoFe 2 O 4 nanocomposites have been synthesized, as confirmed by phases depicted in XRD. Here, a comparative study of morphological features, magnetic properties

The double perovskite La 2 FeMnO 6 is ideally expected to be a ferrimagnet with a low saturation moment of 1 μ B / f.u. Inhomogeneity in the Fe/Mn sites, along with other lattice disorders, can modify the exchange interactions in the material and result in a net saturation moment of more than 1 μ B / f.u. Here, the origin of complicated magnetic behavior is examined of a pure phase La 2 FeMnO 6 sample

Due to the opposite natures of superconducting and ferromagnetic order parameters, hybrid bilayers systems have gained huge attention in past decades. Here we report manipulation of superconductivity by the orientation of the domain wall in such superconducting–ferromagnetic bilayers based on the phase-field model. The phase of the primary order parameter in the Ginzburg–Landau model was used to describe

In this paper, a temperature-humidity-pressure (THP) sensor based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices is proposed for the simultaneous monitoring of temperature, humidity and pressure. The developed THP sensor consists of three SAW one-port resonators fabricated onto Y-cut LiNbO 3 with frequencies of 81, 85.2, and 89.92 MHz for temperature, humidity and pressure sensing respectively. Graphene oxide

Si-based optical devices would benefit significantly from large scalable and economic illumination sources. Although we previously demonstrated Si-based homoepitaxial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with large scalability and highly efficient opto-electrical characteristics, the origin of their high quantum efficiency has not been explored. Here, we reveal the origin of the significantly improved quantum

Layer exchange (LE) is an interesting phenomenon in which metal and semiconductor layers exchange during heat treatment. A great deal of effort has been put into research on the mechanism and applications of LE, which has allowed various group IV materials (Si, SiGe, Ge, GeSn and C) to form on arbitrary substrates using appropriate metal catalysts. Depending on the LE material combination and growth

Motivated by the device application potential of microwave difference-frequency generation (DFG) in graphene, we develop a theory of this second-order non-linear phenomenon in individual graphene layers lacking center-of-inversion symmetry due to their interaction with a substrate such as SiC or h-BN. Using the Boltzmann equation techniques, we calculate the microwave DFG conductivity of the graphene

A 5.8 GHz Fabry–Perot resonator antenna is proposed to improve the performance of the spin rectification effect and inverse spin Hall effect in the far field region. A planar inverse F-shaped antenna and a metamaterial superstrate are used to increase the magnitude of the electromagnetic field. The microwave electric field is enhanced by ∼10-fold, while the magnetic field is enhanced by ∼80-fold. Experimental

We propose a mechanism for nanoscale energy conversion, an electric voltage induced by a temperature gradient in a junction composed of the same material having exactly the same geometric sizes, but distinct shapes. The proposed effect appears as a result of only temperature and shape difference, hence it is called thermoshape effect. For GaAs quantum confined semiconductor nanostructures, we first

In the past decade, halide perovskite materials have captivated a great deal of attention for the application in optoelectronic devices. To realize the commercialization of optoelectronic devices made from this exhilarating material system, in particular to boost the efficiency and the stability, the formation mechanisms of defects, their impact on device performance and lifetime and the way to overcome

Inspired by the studies of topological materials, topological edge states—striking examples that support robust energy transport in photonic systems—have enriched condensed matter physics. Here we propose all-dielectric photonic crystals manipulating topologically protected defect modes at the edge of the configuration, which is distinct from previous platforms where helical edge states were excited

In order to suppress surface charge accumulation, a nano-SiC/epoxy composite with nonlinear conduction characteristic was employed to coat a pure epoxy substrate in this paper. Surface potential distributions on the insulator were measured after being charged by a pair of finger-shaped electrodes (one was powered at −10 kV, and the other was grounded). For the insulators with and without coating, there

A magnetoelectric gradiometer consisting of several Metglas/Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 sensors with 2D and 3D configurations has been developed. The angular relationship between the ME gradiometer and the magnetic source in different configurations is presented, whose patterns clearly illustrate the magnetic source detection capabilities of our ME gradiometer. At each specific angle, there were unique outputs from

The use of synthetic gel matrices prepared with poly(vinyl-alcohol) (PVA) cross-linked by glutaraldehyde (GTA) contributed to enhance the interest toward radiochromic Fricke gel (FG) dosimeters. As it occurs in several chemical dosimeters, the response of PVA-GTA Fricke gels could be affected by temperature. Aim of this work is to study the dependence of the dosimetric properties of PVA-GTA Fricke

A single-step, thermal plasma-assisted technique is reported for size-controlled synthesis of silver-carbon (Ag-C) nanocomposites, to be used for antibacterial applications. Silver nanoparticles of sizes less than 10 nm can directly penetrate into the core of the bacteria, while stiff, nanocrystalline carbon may rupture the microorganisms with their sharp edges. Experiments demonstrated that silver

Transportation of high-viscosity solutions with a rapid dynamic response is paramount for micro/nano-fabrication. A simple and effective method was proposed for transporting high-viscosity solutions based on the reciprocating Weissenberg effect, which avoids the problems of nozzle clogging and slow response. A reciprocating rotation of the rod for promoting the Weissenberg effect was proposed. Rods

In this paper, we propose an approach to design metasurfaces to realize superior performance for monostatic and bistatic radar cross section (RCS) reduction within a wide bandwidth. By engineering four subarrays to exhibit different hybrid focusing-linear phases within a metasurface, nearly uniform diffusive scattering can be inherently guaranteed. As an illustration, we design and fabricate a proof-of-prototype

The interfacial load transfer is of paramount importance to the bulk mechanical properties enhancement in nanotube-reinforced nanocomposites. Recent single-nanotube nanomechanical pull-out studies report quantitative interfacial load transfer characteristics of nanotube-matrix interfaces in close-to-ideal interfacial binding configurations. However, the elucidation of the actual interfacial load transfer

Laser micro-structuring of amorphous polyether(ether)ketone (PEEK) has been demonstrated with 180 fs/1 kHz NIR (775 nm) and NUV (387 nm) laser pulses. Significant differences in laser-material interaction is observed between the NIR and NUV wavelengths with single pulse ablation threshold found to be 2.01 ± 0.05 J cm −2 and 0.23 ± 0.02 J cm −2 at 775 nm and 387 nm respectively. This is connected to

Given the huge and increasing global demand for permanent magnet supply, even slight improvements of the magnetic properties and cost effectiveness of permanent magnet materials could incur huge energy and money savings. This article is concerned with the optimization of the experimental conditions for the production of pure M-type Ba x Sr 1− x Fe 12 O 19 hexaferrites with improved magnetic properties

A longstanding challenge is the reduction of temperature in hot spots occurring in AlN-based ternary device structures. In this paper, we develop a uniaxial dielectric model and present theoretical analysis of the Frohlich interaction between electrons and interface and confined optical phonons, and their properties. This model is used to introduce new ways of achieving temperature reduction in hot

Here we report the effect of an additive solvent, 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO), on the performance of a bilayer organic photovoltaic device in which the active layer comprises poly[2,7-(9,9-bis(2 ethylhexyl)-dibenzosilole)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole] (PSiF-DBT) as the electron donor material and C 60 as the electron acceptor material. We observed that when the donor layer was treated

Due to the miniaturization of microelectromechanical systems, nanoelectromechanical systems and molecular devices, the problem of vacuum insulation becomes more and more prominent. The nanoscale thermal effects caused by electron emission and electric current Joule heat under high electric fields lead to gasification and migration of material in the device. In this work, a coupled molecular dynamics–electrodynamics

We report tunable permittivity of La-doped BaSnO 3 (LBSO) epitaxial films in the near- and mid-infrared range. The structural, electrical transport, and optical properties of the LBSO thin films can be effectively modified by controlling oxygen concentration during film growth. The permittivity of the LBSO films can be modified as a function of the oxygen pressure and temperature during deposition

Plasma technology is a highly promising and advantageous technology for liquid processing. In air in-contact with water, plasma produces highly reactive species (ions, electrons, radicals, photons, etc) that diffuse into the water volume and initiate physical and chemical phenomena of interest, e.g. organic and inorganic pollutant degradation. In this study, we investigate the influence of basic parameters

In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed to investigate and analyze an ultra-fast cross gain modulation (XGM) in quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (QDSOAs). The proposed model is based on a set of carrier’s rate equations, propagation equations for pump and probe signals and phase equations. To investigate the XGM mechanism, nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) pulse trains with various bitrates

This study investigated the effects of fluorine (F) diffusion from a CYTOP passivation layer into amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). The F contained in the CYTOP passivation layer was diffused into a-IGZO through 350 °C annealing. The similar ionic radii of F and oxygen (O) allowed the passivation of oxygen vacancy (V o ) and weakly bonded oxygen by F. As a result

In this work, we extensively investigate the structural and electronic properties of van der Waals heterostructures (HTs) constructed by MoS 2 / BC 3 , MoS 2 / C 3 N , MoS 2 / ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0022-3727/53/35/355106/dab876cieqn1.gif] {$C_{3}N_{4}$} , MoS 2 / ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0022-3727/53/35/355106/dab876cieqn2.gif] {$C_{4}N_{3}$} and those using Janus MoSSe instead

Inkjet printing technology is considered to be a next generation manufacturing method for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) production because of its simplicity and low cost. However, the dissolution at interfaces in the printing process is still one of the great challenges that limits its progress. The present work utilized the dissolution phenomenon innovatively to generate blurred interface

Current transport and contact resistance in nanoscale electrical contacts are important to the overall device properties, especially for devices based on novel one-dimensional and two-dimensional materials or nanostructures. In this paper, we present a self-consistent method to model tunneling type circular thin film contacts. We solve the lumped circuit circular transmission line model (CTLM) with

Nozzleless jetting of droplets with different jetting angles is a crucial requirement for 2D and 3D printing/bioprinting applications, and Rayleigh mode surface acoustic waves (SAWs) could be a potential technique for achieving this purpose. Currently, it is critical to vary the jetting angles of liquid droplets induced by SAWs and control the liquid jet directions. Generally, the direction of the

A low cost colorimetric microfluidic paper-based analytical device ( µ PAD) for the determination of nitrite in real samples with improved precision has been fabricated and its performance has been evaluated. The µ PAD was fabricated by laser cutting and patterning on the paper and the nitrite concentration measurement is based on the modified Griess assay. In this assay, tartaric acid was used as

Liquid–phase transport of plasma-generated reactive species toward large-scale plasma treatment for agricultural applications is experimentally studied. The liquid-phase reactive species in this study are generated by the contact of water solution with air–plasma effluent gas containing mainly low-solubility reactive species under elevated pressure, followed by spraying the plasma effluent gas dissolved

This paper examines the ability of nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) plasma discharges to improve stabilization and extend the blow-off limit of lean premixed methane-air swirl flames at pressures up to 5 bar. The effect of two discharge regimes, NRP glows and NRP sparks, was investigated. The electrical characterization of the discharges was performed and direct images at 60 Hz of the flames, with

Polymer nanocomposites as dielectrics have attracted a wide range of research interests due to their improved performance. One of the observed characteristics of polymer nanocomposites is the suppression on space charge injection and accumulation and the charge transport mechanism behind is also investigated based on thermally activated hopping (TAH) and quantum mechanical tunnelling (QMT) mechanisms

Spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic/non-magnetic heterostructures offer more energy-efficient means to realize spin-logic devices; however, their strengths are determined by the heterostructure interface. This work examines the impact of crystal orientation on the spin-orbit torque efficiency in different Fe/Pd bilayer systems. Results from spin torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements evidence

Extraction of source resistance in top contact thin film transistors (TFTs) is described using a gated three probe device structure. The three probes include a source terminal, a drain terminal and an electrode deposited outside the channel and kept open-circuited leading to unperturbed transistor operation. A measurement of floating potential of this probe together with a family of universal curves

The magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of ferromagnetic NdCo 2 compound have been investigated around the magnetic phase transition using magnetic and heat capacity measurements. The thermomagnetic irreversibility between the zero field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization curves is detected below Curie temperature in the low magnetic field, and it is attributed to the domain wall pinning

III-nitrides and beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga 2 O 3 ) are currently two intensively investigated wide bandgap semiconductor materials for power electronics. Due to the relatively low lattice mismatch between the two material systems and the availability of bulk AlN, GaN and β-Ga 2 O 3 substrates, epitaxial growth of III-nitrides on β-Ga 2 O 3 or vice versa has been realized. However, the design of