A modified technique of the finite-difference method (FDM) calculations was developed to mimic the measurements of the electrical impedance, Z , and admittance, Y , of skeletal muscles using the four-terminal method. The elements in this technique contained bundled plural tubular muscle cells. The electrical currents in the transversal direction were formulated based on a theory for two-dimensional

Due to their non-centrosymmetric crystal orientation, wurtzite III-nitride crystals have two distinct orientations, i.e. III-polar and N-polar along the c -axis. Extensive effort has been devoted to polarity control and the characterization of III-nitride thin films. Both III-polar and N-polar films possess some unique features. By taking full advantage of both III and N-polar domains in a single structure

The application of repetitive electrohydraulic shock waves (EHSs) is a developing underwater discharge technology; however, its cracking characteristics on rock under different loading modes are rarely studied. In this paper, an experimental platform of electrohydraulic discharge is built, and test results show that repetitive EHSs can cause obvious macroscopic cracks on samples. A fitting method is

In this work a method based on self-mixing interferometry (SMI) is presented for probing the concentration of plasma plumes induced by multi-pulse laser ablation. An analytical model is developed to interpret the single-arm interferometric signal in terms of plasma electron number density. Its time dependence follows a power-law scaling which is determined by concurrent effects of plume accumulation

Complex aperiodic 1D dielectric distributions offer intriguing optical propagation features. For example, Thue–Morse (TM) sequence-based 1D photonic crystals (PCs) exhibit transmission spectra that are characterized by fractal band structure, i.e. they comprise traditional photonic band gaps (TPBGs) and fractal PBGs along with non-intuitive local resonances. These arise out of not-so-apparent positional

The rapid spatial guidance of terahertz (THz) radiation is a key problem in modern THz spectroscopy and imaging. Single-crystal α -TeO 2 has advanced optical and elastic characteristics. This crystal widely used in acousto-optical devices in the visible and near-infrared (IR) ranges. Its application in the THz frequency range at temperatures of approximately 300 K is limited by high radiation absorption

We confirmed that micro dielectric barrier discharge plasma improved the growth and immunity of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer seedlings. The growth rate of the ginseng seedlings was compared by height and weight monitoring. The length and weight of the aerial part of the 3 min. Plasma treated ginseng increased by 25% and 54%, respectively, compared to the untreated ginseng. The difference between the initial

The possibility of the activation of beneficial microorganisms using atmospheric plasma has rarely been examined. The application of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) as a microbial fertilizer to the field requires consistent efficiency. To overcome the limitations of PGPB as a microbial fertilizer, we investigated the potential of μ -dielectric barrier discharge plasma to increase the bacterial

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) can readily be fabricated in virtually all types of materials and benefit from an efficient parallel patterning strategy that exploits self-organization. The wide range of different LIPSS types with different spatial scales and symmetries is continuously growing, addressing numerous of applications. Here, we report on the formation of two fundamentally

In this paper, the growth of orthorhombic and monoclinic (Al x Ga 1 − x ) 2 O 3 thin films on (00.1) Al 2 O 3 by tin-assisted pulsed laser deposition is investigated as a function of oxygen pressure p (O 2 ) and substrate temperature ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0022-3727/53/48/485105/dabaf7dieqn1.gif] {$T_\mathsf{g}$} . For certain growth conditions, defined by ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/ima

Solid state UV emitters have many advantages over conventional UV sources. The (Al,In,Ga)N material system is best suited to produce LEDs and laser diodes from 400 nm down to 210 nm—due to its large and tuneable direct band gap, n- and p-doping capability up to the largest bandgap material AlN and a growth and fabrication technology compatible with the current visible InGaN-based LED production. However

A theoretical study of delayed feedback in a spin-torque nano-oscillator model is presented. The feedback acts as a modulation of the supercriticality, which results in changes in the oscillator frequency through a strong non-linearity, amplitude modulations, and a rich modulation sideband structure in the power spectrum at long delays. Modulation sidebands persist at finite temperatures but some of

It remains a challenge to induce robust long-range ferromagnetism in graphene. Doping nitrogen in high concentration is considered as a potential approach. In this paper, three new graphitic carbon nitride structures with energetic stability in chemical formulae of C 10 N 6 , C 9 N 7 and C 7 N 9 are proposed and investigated by first-principles calculation. Both C 10 N 6 and C 9 N 7 are half-metals

Metamaterials, as artificially structured materials composed of subwavelength arrays of resonant unit cells, can exhibit exotic properties beyond those accessible to natural materials. They were initially proposed for challenging fundamental laws and demonstrating negative refraction in the microwave regime, and subsequently exploited as a versatile platform to manipulate electromagnetic waves throughout

There is an urgent need for new materials that can catalyze or drive the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, i.e. solar fuels. Copper bismuth oxide (CBO) is a promising photocathode material for the photochemical reduction of water. Here, we systematically control the stoichiometry of CBO thin films prepared by reactive, direct-current magnetron co-sputtering

New photovoltaic materials have been extensively searched for in the last decade for clean and renewable solar energy conversion. Among them, the organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cell is of current interest to the solar cell community because of its low processing cost, ease of fabrication and high power conversion efficiency. These perovskites show great potential to be photovoltaic

Many modern technologies require permanent magnets with combinations of properties that cannot be met by conventional metallic or ceramic magnets. Ferrite/polymer composite magnets are a type of rare-earth free magnet with a wide range of magnetic and material property combinations. The uncertainty surrounding the supply and pricing of rare-earth elements, along with environmental issues of using these

C 5 F 10 O has been widely studied as a great potential alternative gas to SF 6 , a most potent industrial greenhouse gas that is predominantly used as an insulating medium in electrical equipment, due to its excellent insulation properties and environmental characteristics. Several experimental and theoretical attempts have been made and have obtained valuable results in the last five years. However

Negative atomic hydrogen ion (H − ) densities were measured in a pulsed low-pressure E-mode inductively-coupled radio-frequency (rf) driven plasma in hydrogen by means of laser photodetachment and a Langmuir probe. This investigation focuses on the influence of different metallic surface materials on the volume production of H − ions. The H − density was measured above a thin disc of either tungsten

Based on density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function method, we investigate the thermoelectric transport properties of zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) co-doped by two BN pairs at one edge. By applying the co-doping scheme of BN pairs instead of single B and N atoms as reported in literature, the energy of the quasi-bound states gets very close to the Fermi level

This paper presents quantitative measurements of the N 2 Gladstone–Dale constant and scalar polarizability in non-equilibrium conditions, created by a nanosecond pulsed discharge at a pressure of 90 Torr. Optical path differences and spatially varying refractive index profiles are obtained by temporally-resolved Mach–Zehnder interferometry. Spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy is used to investigate

Over the past decade, the global cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity has grown exponentially, reaching 591 GW in 2019. Rapid progress was driven in large part by improvements in solar cell and module efficiencies, reduction in manufacturing costs and the realization of levelized costs of electricity that are now generally less than other energy sources and approaching similar costs with

An organic electrochemical transistor with the organic semiconductor poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) film as the channel and the Nafion film as the solid electrolyte has been introduced. The channel current of this transistor can be modulated by proton intercalation driven by the gate voltage pulses. Moreover, the change ratio of the channel current strongly depends

As an essential component of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the design of hole transport materials (HTMs) has always been a topic of interest in the photovoltaic community. In this work, p-type tin monoxide (SnO) films are grown by electron beam evaporation to investigate the influence of substrate temperature and deposition time on their properties. The film crystallization and preferred growth orientation

In this work, high-performance solar-blind photodetectors based on MXenes– β -Ga 2 O 3 Schottky junctions have been developed by utilizing transparent conductive MXenes as the Schottky electrode of β -Ga 2 O 3 . Due to the high MXenes– β -Ga 2 O 3 Schottky barrier, the photodetectors exhibit a rectification ratio as high as over 10 3 at ±2 V. At zero bias, the photodiodes show a responsivity of 12

The application of GeSn is extended to semiconductor lasers thanks to its band engineering via Sn composition and strain manipulation. As one of the strain engineering methods, thermal annealing, however, is not yet being widely adopted by the majority due to the thermal instability it induces. The thermal stability of GeSn is highly sensitive to initial material conditions, consequently thorough investigations

Cavity ignition was achieved in a supersonic combustor by laser-induced gas breakdown (LIGB) and laser ablation (LA). High-speed photography and schlieren imaging were employed to characterize the ignition processes. schlieren imaging was also applied to visualize LIGB and LA in quiescent air. The input energy was approximately 200 mJ. The distance between the focal point of the convex lens and the

Plasma activated water (PAW) has emerged as a viable technique for sterilization process since it contains some long-lived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species along with some very short-lived but strong oxidation agents such as hydroxyl radical (OH * ) and superoxide anion (O 2 − ). However, the concentrations of the reactive species such as nitrite, nitrate, and ozone are often insufficient in water

Crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells play an important role in the photovoltaic (PV) industry and make PV electricity begin to realize grid parity. Nevertheless, conventional c-Si solar cells are sensitive to angle of incidence (AOI) and have less power conversion efficiency ( η ) under oblique AOI, which influences the maximization of daily/yearly power output as the sun moves with time. Although

The thermoluminescence (TL) mechanism for un-doped and europium (Eu 3+ ) doped barium aluminate (BaAl 2 O 4 ) were investigated and the location of energy levels for electrons/holes traps were determined in the aluminate for TL dosimetry applications. The solution combustion technique was used to synthesize the un-doped and Eu 3+ doped BaAl 2 O 4 nanopowders. X-ray diffraction showed a hexagonal crystal

We report on the high temperature Seebeck coefficient, conduction mechanism and room temperature work function of LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 thin film prepared using the radio frequency sputtering technique. Cubic spinel LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 thin film exhibits a room temperature average work function value of 4.94 eV. DC electrical conductivity exhibits a small-polaron hopping mechanism with the activation

The classical dipole model of partial discharge (PD) explains the relationship between the internal pulse charge and detected charge on the terminal, which is essential to assess the PD severity. However, the subsequent behavior (such as transport and dissipation) of the deposited charges generated during the PD process is still uncertain, which is likely to be an inducement in the degradation of the

Motivated by the recent discovery of superconductivity in Nb 2 C MXene, we perform theoretical studies on both pristine and functionalized Nb 2 C using density functionals theory. First, the possible absorbing sites and structures for various functionalized groups are determined by calculating the binding energy. Second, electronic structures of Nb 2 C as well as all the functionalized systems are

Emerging wide bandgap BAlN alloys have potential for improved III-nitride power devices, including high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Yet, few relevant studies have been carried out. In this work, we have investigated the use of the B 0.14 Al 0.86 N alloy as part or the entirety of the interlayer between the GaN buffer and the AlGaN barrier in the conventional GaN/AlGaN heterostructure. The

Low-dimensional carbon allotropes have attracted much attention due to their great potential for applications in future electronic and magnetic devices. Recently, new graphene-like nanoribbons consisting of four-, six-, and eight-membered carbon rings have been synthesized successfully, and a related two-dimensional structure net-Y was subsequently proposed. Here, we report theoretical investigations

Refractory materials have wide applications due to their high thermal and chemical stability. In this work, we numerically design the plasmonic structure for perfect light absorption using the resonant behaviours for these materials. The results of the simulation are presented using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. The maximum absorption reaches 99.9% and the near-unity absorption

The effect of average incorporated ion energy and impinging atomic oxygen flux on the structure and permeability of SiO x thin films by a microwave driven low-pressure discharge with additional radio frequency bias is studied by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and complementary analytical approaches. The film growth and structure were controlled by the particle fluxes. A

Practical electrical contact edges are irregular either macroscopically due to fabrication errors or microscopically due to the nature of edge or surface roughness. However, electrical contact models typically assume ideal and regular contact geometries, where geometrical effects of the irregular electrode edges are not well characterized. This paper studies current crowding and spreading resistance

A ns-pulsed argon atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was studied for the fast desorption of weakly volatile organic molecules (bibenzyl) deposited on glass substrates at variable electric potential (floating-potential or grounded). The experiments focused particularly on thin resistant bibenzyl films (a large thick bibenzyl deposit was also studied), which are more difficult to be desorbed when

The evolution of plasma radiation, shock waves and the bubbles generated by laser ablation in liquids (LAL) has been investigated in spatial restriction conditions by the temporally resolved plasma radiation images and time-resolved laser shadowgraphy. No significant plasma enhancement effect is observed at the moments when two reflected waves converge in opposite directions. Two reasons may account

Reconstructions in atom probe tomography (APT) are plagued by image distortions arising from changes in the specimen geometry throughout the experiment. The simplistic and inaccurate geometrical assumptions that underpin the conventional reconstruction approach account for much of this distortion. Here we extend our previous work of modelling APT experiments using level set methods to three dimensions

In this paper we show the importance of double impact in an up-converting mechanism by using a resonant low-frequency driving beam across a high-frequency piezoelectric beam, to enhance the electrical output power in a vibration energy harvesting (VEH) system suitable for ambient vibrations. The main advantage of this device is its nearly constant output voltage between impacts compared to other VEH

All-optical magnetic switching in ferromagnetic thin films reveals an unprecedented route to manipulate magnetic configurations for future ultrafast and energy-efficient magnetic storage. In this study, the relationship between the all-optical magnetic switching and interlayer exchange coupling was investigated in a [Co/Pt] n /Ru/GdFeCo synthetic ferrimagnetic heterostructure. While a thermal demagnetization

Nanocrystalline platelets of Sr hexaferrite, SrFe 12 O 19 , were prepared by four techniques (two hydrothermal and two sol–gel techniques) and calcined at 1000 °C for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 h. The microstructure of these samples was analyzed using Rietveld refinements of high-resolution synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction data, and the obtained results were correlated with the magnetic properties obtained

Much effort has been devoted to exploring broad bandgap in low frequency with limited mass by various structural designs of elastic metamaterials (EMs). In this paper, a heterogeneous resonator configuration in 1-D dissipative lattice mass system without additional increase of mass and coupling complexity is presented to generate multiple bandgaps. Special attention is focused on the effect of parameters

Based on the in situ diagnostic system and the digital image post-processing technique, quantifications of the anodic erosion components and heat transfer efficiency for tungsten and the W 80 Ag 20 material in arcs of argon, helium, and nitrogen were achieved. The leading vaporization of silver has been found to result in evidently lower anodic heat transfer efficiency and much smaller molten pools

Space charge formation in chromium-compensated GaAs sensors is investigated by the laser-induced transient current technique applying pulsed and DC bias. Formation of non-standard space charge manifested by an appearance of both negatively and positively charged regions in DC biased sensors was revealed during 5 ms after switching bias. Using Monte Carlo simulations of current transients we determined

In this work we have performed an analysis of an electrostriction mechanism of optical-to-acoustical energy conversion on the interface of two materials with low optical absorption. We compared this method of conversion with the widely used thermal conversion based on thin metal film. It was shown that the contribution of the electrostriction mechanism is significantly lower in the case of the homogeneous

Twisted van der Waals materials have become a paradigmatic platform to realize exotic correlated states of matter. Here, we show that a twisted dichalcogenide bilayer (WSe 2 ) encapsulated between a magnetic van der Waals material (CrBr 3 ) features flat bands with tunable valley and spin flavors. We demonstrate that, when electron–electron interactions are included, spin-ferromagnetic and valley-ferromagnetic

This study reports the in situ wet chemical synthesis of Al-doped ZnO nanoparticle hybridized graphene (ZnO_Al/G) nanocomposite for the photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue dye. The graphene-amalgamated Al-doped ZnO sample evidences a more enhanced photocatalytic decomposition performance than the pristine and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Powder x-ray diffraction study reveals the addition

Cylindrical vector vortex (CVV) beams are topical forms of structured light, and have been studied extensively as single beams, non-separable in two degrees of freedom: spatial mode and polarisation. Here we create arrays of CVV beams using a combination of dynamic phase controlled Dammann gratings and spin–orbit coupling through azimuthally varying geometric phase. We demonstrate control over the

Electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces have attracted great attention from both engineers and researchers due to their unique physical responses. With the rapid development of complex metasurfaces, the design and optimization processes have also become extremely time-consuming and computational resource-consuming. Here we proposed a deep learning model (DLM) based on a convolutional autoencoder network

A novel strain and temperature sensor based on the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) cascaded two-tapered four-core fiber (FCF) Mach–Zehnder interference (MZI) is proposed and fabricated. The two optical fiber tapers, acting respectively as a beam splitter and a coupler, are able to produce interference phenomena, so the high interference extinction ratio (above 20 dB) can be obtained. The attenuation peak

Gallium nitride (GaN) is exceedingly apposite for liquid-based sensor applications because of their high internal piezoelectric polarization, chemical and high temperature stability. In this work, the interaction between GaN and H 2 O has been investigated using a novel methodology. We report the fabrication of single crystal GaN lamella with thickness of few hundreds of nanometer using focused ion-beam

We used depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (DRCLS), absorption spectroscopy, and temperature-dependent Hall effect (TDH) measurements to study the effects of fluence dependent neutron irradiations on deep level defects and the associated changes of electrical properties of β-Ga 2 O 3 grown by low pressure chemical vapor deposition and pulsed laser deposition. DRCLS enabled us to monitor

Group ΙΙΙ nitrides are crucial semiconductors used in optoelectronic applications such as light-emitting diodes, but their efficiency is still limited due to some material problems including dislocations, strain, composition fluctuations and optical polarization properties. Nitride nanowire (NW) structures, showing advantages in these aspects, are a possible method to address the shortcomings of bulk

Plasmonic surface lattice resonances (SLRs) supported by metal nanoparticle arrays have a range of appealing characteristics such as extremely narrow linewidths and greatly enhanced near fields, and thus are attractive in diverse applications. Improving the quality factor of SLRs is important for many applications and thus it has been the focus in this field. In this work, we report high quality out-of-plane

Metasurfaces have an excellent ability to manipulate an incident electromagnetic wave through single-layer nano-structures, and thus, they have been successfully used to achieve the integration and miniaturization of optical devices. However, most reported metasurfaces achieve the phase/amplitude modulation through discrete antennas, which affect the performances of meta-devices. In this paper, a quasi-continuous

The invention of paper as a writing material greatly promoted the development and spread of civilization. However, its large-scale production and utilization has also brought about huge environmental and sustainability concerns. It is desirable to develop a strategy for paper that can be used in a reprintable manner. In this work, ZnO-based photocatalytic reactions have been applied in preparing a

Reducing bandgap energy in ferroelectric materials has become an important commitment to improve the performance of the photovoltaic solar cell. This study reports the effect of the transition metals Co and Fe ions co-doping on the structure and bandgap of neodymium-modified Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 based oxide. The quantitative structural analyses by XRD confirms well-crystallized samples with orthorhombic