Under the support of the China State Grid Corporation Science and Technology Project, a set of 10 kV superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) with bias magnetic field including a high temperature superconducting a low inductance unit, a double split reactor, a fast breaker and its control system is designed and assembled in Hushitai high voltage center of Electric Power Research Institute of State

The European DEMOnstration Fusion Power Plant (EU-DEMO) is being designed as an intermediary stage between the ITER experimental reactor and future commercial fusion power plants. The EU-DEMO is based on the tokamak concept with a fully superconducting magnet system. The Central Solenoid (CS) of the EU-DEMO will consist of five modules, namely: CSU3, CSU2, CS1, CSL2 and CSL3, located vertically one

This paper presents a numerical study on the pressure wave traveling in the condensing flow of the liquid and vapor oxygen in the tank-to-engine propellant feedline of liquid rocket. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed based on Eulerian multiphase model, and the coupling of pressure wave and flow condensation is achieved through incorporating user-defined functions (UDF) with interphase

This research presents the influence of pyrene (C16H10) addition (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 wt %) on the superconducting properties of bulk MgB2. For C16H10 added MgB2 samples, a shrinkage in a-lattice parameters was determined, whereas c-lattice parameters remained practically unchanged. The (110) peak observed at 2θ ≈ 59.9◦ slightly shifted to higher angles, the lattice strain increased and the crystallite

Single crystals of n-Bi-Sb solid solutions with Sb content of 7-15 at.% are the most efficient thermoelectric (TE) materials over the temperature range of T ≤ 200 K. However, the use of these materials for construction of real thermoelectric devices are limited due to low mechanical strength. In this paper, for strengthening Bi-Sb single crystals, the method of the extrusion in a liquid medium under

The thermal behavior of cryogenic propellant tanks is crucial issue in the operation of cryogenic propulsion systems. Herein, ground experiments were conducted in a 600-mm-diameter cryogenic tank filled with liquid nitrogen. As pre-pressurants, gaseous helium and gaseous nitrogen (of the same species as the liquid), were used to investigate its effect in accordance with actual propulsion systems. The

The design of thermal insulation system is crucial for the LNG cargo containment system (CCS). In this paper, a heat transfer model for a 40 m3 independent type B mock-up tank was proposed. A cryogenic test platform was built and the liquid nitrogen boil off rate (BOR) of the mock-up tank was simulated and tested. Consistency between simulation results and test results verified the accuracy of the

At the booster turbopump exit of a high pressure staged combustion cycle based cryogenic rocket engine, hot gaseous oxygen after driving the booster turbine mixes with subcooled liquid oxygen from the booster pump leading to a complex phenomena of direct contact condensation of hot oxygen gas. The aim of the present investigation is to numerically study the condensation of oxygen vapor jets in subcooled

Coaxial pulse tube cryocoolers are the configuration of choice as they allow better access to the cold head. Hence, a previously built and tested in-line pulse tube cryocooler which uses an active displacer for phase control has been modified into a coaxial configuration. The active displacer allows the mass flow and the pressure pulse at the cold end of the pulse tube to be easily adjusted for optimum

The modification upon Sb doping on Ba-site of YBa2-xSbxCu3O7-δ superconductor on its electronic behaviour has been studied by applying the Density Functional Theory (DFT) via first principle study. The properties were investigated via computational simulation adopting CASTEP computational code. The crystal structure was constructed and calculated using Visual Crystal Approximation (VCA) with Generalized

Cryocoolers can experience near-periodic heaving or side-to-side motion and acceleration in some applications, in particular on moving platforms. In this work, the effect of heaving and rolling (side-to-side movement) on a Stirling pulse tube cryocooler was experimentally studied. Periodic heaving and rolling motions with various amplitudes, and frequencies in the 0.2 to 0.8 Hz range were imposed on

This paper presents the application of cryogenic natural circulation loop for engine cooling of launch vehicles, and the experimental measurements of the natural circulation system. The experimental results indicate that the circulation flow rate increases with an increase in heat input and a decrease in system pressure, on varying them. The study includes the temperature and pressure profiles of the

Cryogenic wind tunnel is an equipment for the requirement of high Reynolds number test of the aircraft via the method of reducing the test temperature. However, the test validity is extremely possible to be destroyed by the occurrence of condensation in cryogenic environment. To understand the characteristics of condensation flow over the airfoil, a two-phase flow was developed with the help of ANSYS

In this work we evaluate the performance of various electrical conductors, both normal-state and superconducting, at cryogenic temperatures with an eye towards motor, generator, and power transmission applications for use in all-electric and more-electric aircraft. In addition to MgB2 and YBCO superconductors, we consider high purity Cu and Al as well as carbon-nanotube (CNT) yarn. We analyze the normal-state

This paper reviews the literature published since 1994 related to the behaviour of composite materials at low and cryogenic temperatures. The material properties addressed are: tensile, compressive and shear strength, elastic modulus and stress-strain behaviour; mechanical and thermal fatigue response; fracture toughness; impact resistance; thermal expansion and thermal conductivity; tribology and

Cryogenic heat transport technologies are critical for integrating many space payloads. These technologies can be applied to address several payload integration issues: They allow isolation of the cryocooler from vibration-sensitive instruments, provide the ability to remotely mount the cryocooler from objects to be cooled and/or provide ability to cool remote or distributed loads. In comparison to

Cryogenic fluids such as Liquid Helium (LHe), Liquid Nitrogen (LN2), Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) played a vital role in cooling various superconducting devices. The boiling temperatures of cryogenic fluids being lower than the critical temperature of the superconductors have enabled such an advantage. Moreover, supercritical fluids such as Supercritical Helium (SHe) and Supercritical

The number of turns is an important geometric parameter of the pulsating heat pipe. Currently, there is no criterion for selecting the number of turns. To study the effects of the number of turns, two hydrogen closed-loop pulsating heat pipes were tested with 2 turns and 5 turns, respectively. Other parameters were kept the same. To eliminate the influence of the condenser temperature, the condenser

A pulse tube refrigerator capable of work recovery operating at liquefied natural gas temperature (~110 K) is developed in this paper. Base on the thermoacoustic theory, an electro-acoustic circuit model is proposed to find the optimum working state, and the axial distributions of the key thermodynamic parameters including pressure, mass flow and phase difference between them, as well as the thermoacoustic

The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of natural gas composition on the Joule–Thomson coefficient and Joule-Thomson inversion curve. The Joule-Thomson inverse curve is the geometrical location of points where the Joule-Thomson coefficient is zero. The curve is an important parameter for the liquefaction capability of natural gas. The GERG-2008 equation of state is utilized to calculate

The features of the Joule's energy dissipation in a composite high-temperature superconductor with a power equation of the voltage-current characteristic cooled by liquid helium or hydrogen are discussed. It is shown that the non-standard thermal stabilization conditions of composite superconductors can exist if the nonlinear temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity of the stabilizing

The cryostat equipped with superconducting materials is one of the most important component of high-temperature superconducting maglev vehicles. However, due to the multiple energy disturbance forms in the cryostat, such as AC losses of superconductors, vibration of the cryostat and so on, the evaporation of liquid nitrogen (LN2) will be stimulated to accelerate, which will seriously threaten the vehicle

In support of NASA’s Triton Hopper project, mechanical response data for solid nitrogen are needed for concept validation and development. Available mechanical properties data is sparse with only three known indentation measurements existing between 30 and 40 K. To generate more data, a custom instrumented hardness tester was developed to interface with a cryostat. The system was used to conduct cylindrical

At KEK, the superfluid helium cryogenic systems employ laminated-finned type 2 K heat exchangers (2 K HX). Their purpose is to sub-cool normal liquid helium (He I or LHe) from 4.4 K to 2.2 K or above, using the sensible heat carrying capacity of 2.0 K gaseous helium (GHe). This would help in reducing vapor flash losses during the Joule-Thomson (JT) expansion, hence improving the production rate of

The new Nb3Sn superconducting magnet system for the fourth-generation 45 GHz ECR source is under development at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). A mirror structure of the Nb3Sn sextupole testing coil based on an aluminum shell-based structure and bladder & key technology is used for studying the coil's mechanical, thermal and quench performance under realistic conditions. This paper describes

MgB2 superconductors can be proposed as a good candidate for Maglev systems due to their superior structural and superconducting properties. Besides, magnetic levitation and guidance force properties of these superconductors should be increased for commercial applications of Maglev systems. Therefore, the critical current density and magnetic levitation and guidance force properties of MgTi0.06B2 superconducting

Gas liquefaction is one of the main applications of cryogenics science. Due to the unique properties of Helium, it can be used for several important applications. Therefore, appropriate and applicable analysis should be used to investigate and optimize the Helium liquefaction cycles. In the current study, the focus will be identifying the optimal point of the Collins’ cycle by performing energy and

Abstract Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators generally simplify low temperature research but some types of samples, including superconducting qubits and other nanoelectronic devices, are affected by environmental heat sources such as stray photons or residual helium. We present the design and performance of a hermetic cell installed on the mixing chamber plate of a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator

Knowledge of radiative heat transfer between bodies at various temperatures is essential for efficient design of cryogenic devices. Radiative far-field heat transfer is commonly taken into account. Nevertheless, when the distance d between components of a device becomes small, smaller than the characteristic wavelength of Planck’s far field thermal radiation, an additional heat transfer caused by thermal

In the present work, fatigue crack propagation behavior of 316LN tungsten inert gas (TIG) weldment and weldment with post weld heat treatment (PWHT) was investigated at liquid helium temperature. Results indicates that the weldment with PWHT results in the highest fatigue crack propagation resistance, whereas the base material demonstrates the lowest fatigue crack propagation resistance. Microstructure

Stable isotopes of light elements, such as 13C, 18O and 15N are used as markers in medicine, pharmacy, biology and other sciences. The demand for isotopes is continuously rising. It will lead to the extension of existing production capacities in the next years and could trigger the development of corresponding processes and systems. The most important issue concerns the optimization of the isotopes

NASA is currently designing a conceptual vehicle to explore the surface and atmosphere of Triton, Neptune’s captured Kuiper Belt Object, under a NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase 2 study. This tholin-rich moon is dynamic, with an atmosphere, active geysers, and a unique “cantaloupe” terrain. Based on observations from Voyager-2, the surface of Triton is at temperatures between 33 – 38K

In the framework of the ESA X-ray mission ATHENA, scheduled for launch in 2030, an ESA Core Technology Program (CTP) was started in 2016 to build a flight like cryostat demonstrator in parallel with the phase A studies of the ATHENA/X-IFU instrument. As part of this CTP, called the Detector Cooling System (DCS), design, manufacturing and test of a cryostat including existing space coolers will be done

In the present work, microstructural and microchemical of Nb3Sn strands with the internal tin process produced by the Western Superconductor Technology co., Ltd (WST) and Oxford Instruments co., Ltd (OST) were analyzed. The internal 3D-view of two Nb3Sn strands were detected with a (sub-)micrometric resolution in a non-invasive, non-destructive way, i.e. high-resolution 3D X-ray micro tomography. The

Mitigation and control of leakage fluxes and short circuit forces needs much more attention, for a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformer, than for a conventional one. Different methods such as the application of auxiliary windings, multi-segment winding, and flux diverter have been presented in the literatures for leakage magnetic field reduction in HTS transformers. In this paper, for

Auxiliary Cold Boxes (ACBs) of ITER cryodistribution system has multiple cryogenic process volumes as well as interfaces with cryolines having isolated vacuum spaces. Cryogenic process volumes inside a single vacuum space have different temperature levels, 4 K and 80 K as well as different operating pressure, 5 bar(a) and 18 bar(a). Cryogenic process volumes including interfacing cryolines are protected

Cold compressors are the core components needed for the development of a facility for large-capacity refrigeration at superfluid helium temperature. The compressor impeller operates at extremely low temperature and low pressure which involves a performance penalty due to heat transfer from the warm side of the machine to the cold side and thus affects the recycle of the cold exergy downstream. To investigate

Aiming to attenuate the vibration that is induced by a Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocooler, a method attenuating the vibration with mechanical vibration isolators (MVIs) is proposed. A scheme supporting the G-M cryocooler with one kind of supporting system that mainly comprises the MVIs is presented. The vibration response of the supporting system caused by the vibration of the G-M cryocooler are studied

The distillation efficiency of the cryogenic air separation unit is significantly affected by the inside flow performance of the cryogenic oxygen and nitrogen mixture in the structured packing. Owing to the difficulties in cryogenic experiments, the development of structured packings in cryogenic distillation often relies on the hydraulic experiments at room temperatures, while the real flow characteristics

We describe the design and in–flight performance of the cryostat and the self–contained 3He refrigerator for the OLIMPO balloon–borne experiment, a spectrophotometer to measure the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect in clusters of galaxies. The 3He refrigerator provides the 0.3 K operation temperature for the four arrays of kinetic inductance detectors working in 4 bands centered at 150, 250, 350 and 460 GHz

Several international projects on nuclear fusion are in progress and comprise cryogenic systems for cooling components such as superconducting magnets. Different thermal-hydraulic codes already exist for sizing and validating these cryogenics devices, but there is still no qualified scientific calculation tool to perform safety thermal hydraulic analyses encountered in fusion reactors. For this purpose

Turbulent cryogenic nitrogen jets at transcritical and supercritical conditions are numerically investigated by LES-based multi-environment probability density function method together with the tabulated thermodynamic properties. To account for the non-ideal thermodynamic effects, the mixture properties are calculated by using Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state. The effect of sub-grid scale fluctuations

We recently suggested a joint method by using incongruent melting for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) wires, such as joint between RE123-coated conductors and between Bi2223 multi-filamentary tapes. It is important to obtain a suitable mechanical performance in joint to develop a persistent current HTS magnet, and this joint method with the melting is considered to have a higher tensile strength

A liquid nitrogen-based cryopump for Steady State Superconducting Tokamak (SST-1) is designed for pumping of water vapour from vacuum vessel during baking and under heavy gas load conditions. During baking, the load of the water vapour molecules increases while the resultant speed of available Turbo-Molecular Pumps is less for water vapour which increases the pressure of the vacuum vessel. Cryopump

Two-stage Stirling cryocoolers (2ST cooler) produced by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. have been launched into orbit on three satellites: the “AKARI (ASTRO-F)” infrared astronomical satellite, JEM/SMILES on ISS, and the “HITOMI (ASTRO-H)” X-ray astronomical satellite. A 2ST cooler compressor has a linear-ball-bearing system as a piston-supporting structure. The linear ball bearing system is a key

Vibrating sample magnetometry, VSM, was applied to follow the evolution of the austenite-to-martensite transformation in AISI D2 tool steel at cryogenic temperatures and to determine the associated changes in magnetic hardness. Data shows that the transformation can progress during cooling from room temperature (RT) to −193 °C and, more surprising, during re-heating from −193 °C to RT, indicating the

SPIRAL 2 is a high intensity heavy ions beams accelerator project that has been going on for more than 10 years now. Countless efforts in different disciplines made it what it is today. One of the most important steps after the set up of the different equipments has been the very first full cool down of the superconducting cavities in an accelerator operation type configuration. While this has been

Superconducting DC energy pipeline is an energy channel that simultaneously transmits electrical energy as well as the liquid fuel. It improves the efficiency of energy transmission and reduces the overall cost by cooling high-temperature superconducting DC cables with the low-temperature liquid fuel, such as liquid hydrogen, liquefied shale gas, and liquified natural gas (LNG). In order to properly

To study the droplet entrainment mechanisms in liquid nitrogen (LN2) and vaporous nitrogen (VN2) countercurrent flow, simulation on three fields comprised of the liquid, the vapor, and the droplet phase was implemented for the horizontal segregated flow based on the Eulerian-Eulerian mathematical framework in ANSYS Fluent®. The droplet entrainment model was adopted to determine the droplet entrainment

Current mathematical models and numerical codes used for thermal–hydraulic analyses of forced-flow superconducting cables used in the fusion technology, such as, e.g. Cable-in-Conduit Conductors (CICCs), are typically 1D. They demand reliable constitutive expressions for the transverse momentum, energy and optionally also mass transport processes occurring between different parallel conductor components

The potential application of electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) to the liquid nitrogen-vaporous nitrogen two-phase flow measurement is evaluated by numerical experiment. The Landweber iteration is taken as the inversion algorithm which derives the reconstructed images. Eight types of ECVT sensor structures are tested and the accuracy of the reconstructed images is compared to evaluate

In order to improve the capability of distributed parameter modeling for water hammer of liquid methane propellant in a staged combustion cycle engine simulation library, pipeline flow models are established based on two different compressible fluid assumptions. One is the slightly compressible fluid assumption and the other is the completely compressible fluid. For the completely compressible fluid

Cryogenic two-phase turbo-expander becomes a prevalent option in process design of high efficiency cryogenic liquefaction system, especially in modern air separation system and helium system. Computational code of turbine off-design performance prediction in overheated expansion and non-equilibrium condensation module are well established in our former works, and the mechanism of nucleation and droplet

We present the evaluation of two different design configurations of a two-stage PrNi5 continuous nuclear demagnetization refrigerator. Serial and parallel configurations of the two stages are considered, with emphasis on the attainable cooling power at sub-mK temperatures and the impact of the design choices on the operation of the refrigerator. Numerical simulations of heat transfer in the setup are

For obtaining relevant information about the development of hydrogen storage materials from metal organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL-101(Cr) was selected and synthesized for analyzing the adsorption equilibrium and characteristics of charge and discharge. The specific surface area, pore size distribution (PSD) of the sample were determined by 77.15K nitrogen adsorption data. Isotherms of hydrogen adsorption

High Tc Superconducting (HTS) DC cable is a promising solution for large-scale power transmission over long distance. However, the indispensable refrigeration system for HTS cable might be undesirable. Considering that LNG (liquid natural gas) now is one kind of clean energy that is used more widely and widely, it is possible to integrate the HTS cable and LNG transportation into an energy pipeline

Analytical solutions for a tight-binding model are presented for position-based charge qubits and N-interacting qubits realized by quasi-one-dimensional network of coupled quantum dots (QD) expressed by connected or disconnected graphs of any topology in two and three dimensions where one electron is present at each separated graph. Electron(s) quantum dynamical state is described under various electromagnetic

Almost all present High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable designs for magnets are based on twisted or transposed concepts that were developed for Low Temperature Superconducting (LTS) cables. However, requirements for LTS materials (like filament twisting) are in general not valid for HTS materials, which are extremely stable; for example, non-twisted multifilamentary Bi-2223 tapes have been

The cooling rate of metallic objects quenched in liquid nitrogen can be enhanced by coating its surface with a material that has a low thermal effusivity. An early transition from film to nucleate boiling regime caused due to the formation of cold spots at the liquid-coating interface is reported as the reason for this enhanced cooling rate. However, untill now, optimization of the coating thickness

The Normal Zone Propagation Velocity, NZPV, is a widely studied feature in superconducting composite tapes for its technological implications. The stability features and the NZPV values, in different operative conditions, have been investigated in different second generation high critical temperature superconductor tapes. In particular, we focused our studies on tapes, produced by the manufactures