The main aim of this work is to present a simple method, based on analytical expressions, for obtaining the temperature increase due to the Joule effect inside the metallic walls of an RF accelerating component. This technique relies on solving the 1-D heat-transfer equation for a thick wall, considering that the heat sources inside the wall are the ohmic losses produced by the RF electromagnetic fields

The data acquisition (DAQ) system is a vital component in the high-energy physics experiment. To reduce duplication of work during development and improving efficiency, D-Matrix-S, a generic platform, has been developed as the software part of a software and hardware combination streaming DAQ system. D-Matrix-S is based on stream processing. Its philosophy is to abstract different tasks in the stream

The related recovery mymargin mymargin effect of hydrogen on AlGaN/gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) irradiated by high-fluence protons was investigated in this article. The results show that under the same temperature and time conditions, the recovery effect induced by thermal hydrogen annealing is better than that of ordinary thermal annealing. Compared with the ordinary

The history of integrated circuit (IC) development is another record of human challenges involving space. Efforts have been made to protect ICs from sudden malfunctions due to single-event effects (SEEs). These effects are triggered by only a single strike of particle radiation, such as an $\alpha $ -ray or cosmic ray, originating from our solar activity and galactic events including supernovas. This

The effect of gamma ( $\gamma $ )-irradiation on AlGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the short-wavelength ultraviolet (UVC, 210–280 nm) spectral range under electrical stress is characterized by electroluminescence and current–voltage measurement. Different from previous reports that $\gamma $ -irradiation can hardly damage nitride devices, we observe that the optical power decreases and leakage

The total ionization dose (TID) effect and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effect of 130-nm partially-depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI) MOSFETs fabricated on hardened wafers with silicon ion implantation and unhardened wafers are investigated. A TID-hardened PDSOI MOSFET up to 1 Mrad(Si) is obtained by Si + implantation in buried oxide (BOX). The hardening benefits from the electron

The detection efficiency of a plastic scintillator (PLS) can be enhanced by loading with heavy metal nanoparticles to measure high-energy X-rays at a high count rate exceeding $10^{{7}}\,\,\text{s}^{{-1}}$ using a fast scintillation detector. We successfully polymerized up to 60 wt% HfO 2 nanoparticle-loaded PLSs (Hf-PLSs) by mixing with polystyrene and 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

sPHENIX is a new experiment under construction for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory which will study the quark-gluon plasma to further the understanding of quantum chromodynamics (QCP) matter and interactions. A prototype of the sPHENIX electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) was tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in Spring 2018 as experiment T-1044. The EMCal

ALTAIR is an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for the readout of CdTe/CdZnTe detectors for X– $\gamma $ -ray spectroscopic imaging. ALTAIR is composed of 16 channels with analog and mixed-signal sections specifically designed for high energy resolution and high-rate applications with the constraints of a low power consumption and operation at room temperature. The ASIC has three

Networked detector systems can be deployed in urban environments to aid in the detection and localization of radiological and/or nuclear material. However, effectively responding to and interpreting a radiological alarm using spectroscopic data alone may be hampered by a lack of situational awareness, particularly in complex environments. This study investigates the use of Light Detection and Ranging

In this study, we evaluated and compared the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of a typical photomultiplier tube (PMT) with that of multipixel photon counters (MPPCs), also known as silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). We used CsI(Tl) scintillators for both setups and mainly evaluated the PSD performance in the $\alpha $ – $\beta $ separation. We used the charge comparison method, that is,

Filtered backprojection is an image reconstruction technique for Compton imaging that provides reasonably high resolution at much lower computational costs when compared to iterative methods. This work applies a Wiener filter that has been derived for spherical harmonics on Compton imaging using the OrionUM pixelated CdZnTe imaging spectrometer. To regularize the filter, an investigation is made into

The transient current technique (TCT) is widely used in the field of silicon particle detector development. So far, only laser wavelengths with a photon energy larger than or similar to the silicon bandgap (single photon absorption) were used. Recently, measurements using two-photon absorption (TPA) for silicon detector testing have been carried out for the first time. Excess carriers are only created

Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) has a better material determination capability than traditional CT. In this article, we develop a dual-layer dual-energy micrometer CT (DEMCT) imaging system with micrometer spatial resolution. The detector of the DEMCT system uses cerium-doped gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG:Ce) and cerium-doped lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) scintillators

The dimension of $20\times 20\times15$ mm 3 has been selected as standard pixelated CdZnTe detector size for many years. Energy resolution of 0.31% full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) at 662 keV for single-pixel events was achieved in one of the best direct-attachment detectors based on VAD_UM v2.2 application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Energy resolution under 0.40% was obtained for most of

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IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science is pleased to announce that Dr. Sacit Cetiner was appointed Associate Editor, receiving papers on Nuclear Power Instrumentation and Control in December 2020.

Stochastic cooling of the spectrometer ring (SRing) at the High Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) project in China, which is used mainly for experiments with radioactive fragment beams, is applied to speed up the cooling process of a stored ion beam. In this study, both a Faltin traveling wave structure and a novel slot-ring standing wave structure based on a ceramic vacuum chamber are

Space radiation damage and proton-induced transient effects were evaluated on 4.4- $\mu \text{m}$ cutoff HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays developed by Leonardo DRS. Device performances as a function of total dose up to 100 krad (Si) were measured with ~60-MeV protons on three types of APD samples: $4 \times 4$ pixel APD fanout arrays with and without connection to a read-out integrated circuit

Organic scintillators doped with capture agents provide a detectable signal for neutrons over a broad energy range. This work characterizes the fast and slow neutron response of EJ-254, an organic plastic scintillator with 5% natural boron loading by weight. For fast neutrons, the primary mechanism for light generation in organic scintillators is n-p elastic scattering. To study the fast neutron response

In this article, development results from a new p-type high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector with a segmented n + -region are presented. The intended detector is used in spectrometry; however, its sixfold segmentation allows for the determination of the direction of individual photons emitted in the nuclear reactions from a source placed inside the detector. The capacitance and current voltage characteristics

The ion backflow (IBF) is the main limiting factor for operating time projection chambers (TPCs) at high event rates. A significant effort is invested by many experimental groups to solve this problem. This article explores a solution based on operating a passive bipolar wire grid. In the presence of the magnetic field, the grid more effectively attenuates the ion current than the electron current

Advanced scientific and industrial applications based on X- and $\gamma $ -ray spectroscopic imaging need systems able to handle high incoming radiation flux (>1 Mcount/s) and, therefore, requiring processing of radiation detector signals in less than $1~\mu \text{s}$ . The design and realization of very fast systems with high spatial and energy resolution still presents a complex challenge and it

Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.

Presents a listing of the editorial board, board of governors, current staff, committee members, and/or society editors for this issue of the publication.

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (TNS) is pleased to announce that Prof. Yuntao Wu was appointed Associate Editor, receiving papers on radiation instrumentation in November 2020.

Isotopes of some metals are used in medical applications like diagnosis/treatment of cancer, arthritis and other illnesses, and in nuclear reactors for neutron shielding. Although atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) route for separation of these isotopes is preferred, production of desired isotope at high quantity and quality (enrichment) is a challenge. Generally, in the AVLIS process, for

High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) generated by the photons from nuclear explosions is a threat to electronic and power systems. During the generation of HEMP, besides the gamma rays released directly by the nuclear devices, the scattered gamma rays can also produce recoil electrons that contribute to the Compton current and further conduction current. Therefore, the gamma-ray model containing

Microdosimetry provides measurements of stochastic lineal energy deposition in a micrometric sensitive volume (SV) that are comparable to human cell dimensions, typically in the order of 10–15 $\mu \text{m}$ in diameter. Silicon-based microdosimeters have been fabricated using “3-D technology,” providing true cell-like SVs that are fully encapsulated by a 3-D through substrate electrode. The unique

Characterization of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectance of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) is important for large-scale SiPM-based photodetector systems. We report the angular dependence of the specular reflectance in vacuum of SiPMs manufactured by Fondazionc Bruno Kessler (FBK) and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) over wavelengths ranging from 120 to 280 nm. Refractive index and extinction coefficient

Scintillator-based Compton cameras, which comprise of a separated scatter and absorption detectors, neglect the Compton scattering that is followed by a photoelectric effect in a single set of scintillators, wherein the detection efficiency is severely limited. In this study, we propose a 3-D position-sensitive Compton camera that uses a single set of scintillators, wherein radiation interactions inside

An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging system was developed to analyze various materials based on characteristic X-rays emitted from objects exposed to X-ray flux. The XRF system can be used in various industrial fields, such as nuclear fuel analysis, to guarantee combustion stability in the nuclear reactor, glazed material analysis to preserve and restore ceramic cultural assets, impurity measurements

The Timepix3 hybrid-pixel readout chip consists of a matrix made of $256\times256$ square-shaped pixels with a 55- $\mu \text{m}$ pitch, which can be hybridized to several semiconductors, such as silicon (Si) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with thicknesses up to 5 mm. Working as an event-based readout chip, it simultaneously records the time-over-threshold (ToT) in each pixel, measuring the deposited

To find the optimal shielding design for compact accelerator-driven neutron sources (CANS) using multiobjective optimization, we developed a new method called nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-Monte Carlo method (NSGA-MC). NSGA-MC employs NSGA-II to optimize the shielding parameters based on calculations made by the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP). A layered shielding configuration

In this article, radio frequency (RF) phase modulation (PM) technology is introduced to effectively improve the beam lifetime and study the longitudinal beam dynamics at Hefei Light Source-II (HLS-II) storage ring. In the experiment, an optical streak camera is employed for real-time observation of the longitudinal distribution and the bunch lengthening under the single-bunch operation mode. Simultaneously

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IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science is pleased to announce that Dr. Sang-Ho Kim has been appointed as an Associate Editor for Accelerator Technology papers.

The development of a four vane 3-MeV radio frequency quadrupole is under progress at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, as part of the Indian facility for spallation source. This quadrupole will be powered by four identical 150-kW solid-state amplifiers, each operating at 325 MHz. This article describes the design details, rigorous testing, and measured results of the first such constructed

The technique of spectral radiography has been shown to accurately discriminate a material’s elemental composition by using known X-ray physics. In previous work, we presented a system for determining the total compositional mass of UO 2 powder. This is achieved with a state-of-the-art pixelated spectrometer and a high-fidelity physical model. Similar to other radiographs, the system suffers from partial-volume

Recent material advancements in organic plastic scintillators enable marked increases in material detection efficiency, light yield, and pulse shape discrimination properties. These advances may resolve significant capability gaps for low-cost, portable, and durable dual-particle imaging (DPI) systems for nuclear safety, security, and safeguard purposes. One such material, a 21% bismuth-loaded polyvinyl

A special total-ionizing-dose-induced short channel effect in thin-film partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (PDSOI) technology is found. Short devices suffer more significant total-ionizing-dose-induced threshold voltage shift of the front-gate main transistor. The devices under pass-gate (PG) bias show worse threshold voltage shift of the front-gate main transistor than the devices under ON bias

In harsh radiation environments, it is well known that the angle of incidence of impinging particles against the surface of the operating devices has significant effects on their sensitivity. This article discusses the sensitivity underestimations that are made if particle isotropy is not taken into account, by means of an analytical study made with a single-event upset predictive platform. To achieve

Excitation of the system-generated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP) effect by high-dose X-rays in a cavity may induce the high space charge-limited (SCL) effect. This nonlinear effect limits the photocurrent from the electron emission surface, thereby limiting the increase in the SGEMP electromagnetic field. A modified steady-state approximation method is derived, which considers the influence of electron

In this article, we investigate neutron-induced failures of the Galaxy S7 Edge smartphone (released 2016). Anomalous changes in the neutron-irradiated Galaxy smartphone are described in detail (e.g., device current increments up to 270 mA or overheating in the proximity of the WiFi module). The discussion of system failures includes not only visual observations, but also changes in the current and

Problems caused by neutron-induced soft errors in electrical devices are becoming increasingly common in various applications. The neutron-energy-dependent soft-error rate is indispensable for evaluating the frequency of such errors in different neutron fields. We have observed the energy-dependent neutron-induced error rates continuously over the energy range of 1–800 MeV at Los Alamos Neutron Science

High-energy (>40 MeV) protons are commonly used to characterize radiation tolerance of space electronics against damage caused by energy transfer to the nuclei and electrons of semiconductor materials while in orbit. While practically useful, these experiments are unrepresentative in terms of particle type and energy spectra, which results in disproportionate amounts of displacement damage and total

The Jules Horowitz Reactor, a new material testing reactor, is currently under construction on the CEA Cadarache site (in the South of France). A nuclear heating rate unequaled in Europe will be provided: 20 W.g −1 for a nominal thermal power of 100 MW. There is no differential calorimeter in the state of the art that measures such a nuclear heating rate. This article presents a new differential calorimeter

A phoswich detector was fabricated using a combination of single-crystal scintillators of CsI:Tl and Gd 3 Ga 3 Al 2 O 12 :Ce,B. The performance characteristics of this novel phoswich detector were investigated for thermal neutron detection in the presence of different gamma backgrounds using an Am–Be source and in a research reactor beam line. High atomic density and excellent thermal neutron capture

We present an experimental demonstration of additive point source localization (APSL), a sparse parametric imaging algorithm that reconstructs the 3-D positions and activities of multiple gamma-ray point sources. Using a handheld gamma-ray detector array and up to four 8 $\mu $ Ci 137 Cs gamma-ray sources, we performed both source-search and source-separation experiments in an indoor laboratory environment

We present a new analysis of the sensitivity of a water Cherenkov-based neutron multiplicity counter for nondestructive assay of trace quantities of 240 Pu. The multiplicity counter [water-based neutron detector (WaND)] contains 1.0 m 3 of water doped with 0.2% gadolinium in the form of a gadolinium salt (0.4% GdCl 3 ). It can be used for testing the presence of trace quantities of 240 Pu within a

The electrical and spectrometric characteristics of the Cr/cadmium telluride (CdTe)/Pt structure with a metal–semiconductor type rectifying contact, used in X/ $\gamma $ -ray detectors, are investigated. For the detectors fabrication, chlorine-doped CdTe crystals with a resistivity of (3–6) $\times 10^{{9}}\,\,\Omega $ cm at 293 K were used. 137 Cs spectra and their modification by applied voltage

Stabilized amorphous selenium (a-Se)-based digital flat-panel X-ray imaging detectors are widely used in modern mammography. The dependence of the hole lifetime, $\tau _{h}$ , in a-Se on high-dose X-ray irradiation under high electric fields is examined. The X-ray-induced effects on the samples were studied using conventional time-of-flight (TOF) and interrupted-field time-of-flight (IFTOF) techniques

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The Affiliate Plan, established by the IEEE Board of Directors, enables individuals who are not members of the IEEE, but who have an interest in the field of plasma science, to join the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society. Admission as an affiliate requires only membership in a professional society listed here. Affiliates pay a special fee, and have all Society privileges except that of holding

The RFX-mod2 Nuclear Fusion experiment is an upgrade of RFX-mod, which was shutdown in 2016. Among the other improvements in the machine structure and diagnostics, a larger number of electromagnetic probes (EMs) is foreseen to provide more information about plasma instabilities and to allow an improved real-time plasma control. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) architecture able to provide, at the

To fully optimize the operation of a high-gain free-electron laser (FEL) facility and to offer opportunities for time-resolved experiments, a highly accurate synchronization between an electron bunch and a seeded laser is required. Thus, a high-precision and high-resolution beam arrival and flight time measurement system is built at the Shanghai soft X-ray FEL (SXFEL) facility. For the SXFEL, a beam

In this article, we present a study of single-event transients (SETs) through an integrated test vehicle. This block was designed and manufactured within two test-chips in 28- and 22-nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) advanced technologies. Radiation testing was performed on those test chips in order to characterize SETs. The results are cross-coupled with Monte Carlo simulations and discussed