At the ELBE Center for High-Power Radiation Sources, electrons are accelerated to an energy of up to 40 MeV in a superconducting linear accelerator that is operated in continuous wave (CW) mode. The acceleration is achieved using superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavities, which are driven by an analog low-level RF (aLLRF) system and solid-state-based RF amplifiers. The analog aLLRF system was transformed

Gamma spectrometry is a passive nondestructive assay method used to quantify radionuclides present in nuclear objects. Basic methods using empirical calibration with a standard to quantify the activity of nuclear materials by determining the calibration coefficient are ineffective on nonreproducible nuclear objects such as waste packages. Package specifications such as composition or geometry change

In the nuclear sciences and radiation detection fields, the differentiation between gamma-ray and neutron interactions inside a detector volume continues to be an area of active research. Historically, the primary mechanism for conducting particle identification has been pulse shape discrimination (PSD). However, almost all variations of this technique rely on only two factors: the area of the tail

Single event burnout (SEB) of enhancement mode GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) under heavy ion irradiation is systematically studied based on simulations in this work. Susceptibility to SEB of different particle incidence environments is investigated to determine the device’s sensitive position. Under these conditions, the mechanism of SEB in enhancement mode HEMTs is mainly associated

Radiation-hard photodiode structures implemented in medical applications are designed in 180-nm CMOS technology. Designed photodiodes were tested against total ionizing doses (TIDs) of 100, 200, and 400 Gy(Si), respectively, and they show high stability in terms of dark current characteristics. After TID of 400 Gy(Si), the dark current increased by up to 15%, compared to the unirradiated characteristics

The internal charging effect may lead to electrostatic discharges (ESDs) for Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. This is due to the high-energy electrons that deposit in the dielectrics of satellites. The properties of the dielectrics such as permittivity and dark conductivity dominate this effect. This may contribute to the ESD risk of long-lifetime satellites

This article presents an analysis of the multiple events [and more specifically, multiple-cell upsets (MCUs)] that may occur at successive generations of bulk CMOS static random access memories (SRAMs) operating under harsh conditions, such as in avionics or space. Such MCU distribution is greatly impacted by the bitcell topology, which, in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)/International

We present an electrical analysis method for a gamma-ray imaging system based on a resistive network readout. Currently, the array numbers of scintillators and detectors in imaging systems are being increased to enhance the spatial resolution, and resistive network-based readout circuits are used to reduce the number of channels. However, a positioning process is required to identify the channel in

High-performance radiation detection materials are an integral part of national security, medical imaging, and nuclear physics applications. Those that offer compositional and manufacturing versatility are of particular interest. Here, we report a new family of radiological particle-discriminating scintillators containing bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)diphe-nylsilane (compound “P2”) and in situ

A 128-channel positron detection system will be constructed at Experimental Muon Source (EMuS) of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) to conduct muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance ( $\mu $ SR) measurements. Each detector channel consists of a scintillator, a light guide, and a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The long light guide is bent to an “L” shape to propagate optical photons from the scintillator

The ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) readout link and control daughterboard (DB) is the central on-detector hub of the new TileCal electronics upgrade for the high-luminosity large hadron collider (HL-LHC). The DB, which has undergone gradual redesigns during development, provides the connection between the on- and off-detector electronics via bidirectional fiber-optic links. Two CERN-developed, radiation

As part of the ATLAS experiment’s Phase-II Upgrade, improved trigger hardware and algorithms will be implemented onto a single-level architecture. The global trigger (GT) subsystem is a new firmware (FW)-focused project designed to meet stringent requirements from the high-luminosity runs of the large hadron collider (LHC). The global multiplexer (MUX) is the input aggregating stage of the GT; it performs

The August 2021 Special Issue of the IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (TNS) contains 32 peer-reviewed journal articles that were prepared on the basis of presentations made at the 2020 Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems (RADECS) held online from October 19, 2020, through Friday, November 20, 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. A few more papers may appear

The dependence of temperature and back-gate bias on single-event upset (SEU) sensitivity is investigated based on a 0.2- $\mu \text{m}$ double silicon-on-insulator (DSOI) technology. At room temperature, an obvious decrease in SEU cross section with the negative back-gate bias is experimentally observed for a DSOI static random access memory (SRAM). The physical mechanism of single-event effect (SEE)

As GPU applications expand, the reliability of GPU is drawing more attention since even reliability-demanding applications are executed on GPUs. Silent data corruption (SDC) is widely studied both in irradiation experiments and fault injection experiments. On the other hand, detectable uncorrected error (DUE) is not well studied. This work focuses on DUEs reported by the GPU driver and analyzes those

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A simple Monte Carlo generator for the simulation of the nucleon motion is proposed. The simulation results are compared with experimental data. The initial nucleon state in the lepton, hadron, or nucleus interaction with nucleus is discussed for both 1p1h and 2p2h kinematics.

A small modular reactor (SMR) offers a promising means to produce carbon-free power. Many SMR designs are intended for multiple module operation, whereby several units are operated as a single plant. As such, the output from the plant can be increased or decreased via regulating the individual units. In order to benefit from such operational flexibility, individual units must be properly controlled

This work proposes adaptive control-based design strategies to control a pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant (NPP). An ${L_{1}}$ -adaptive-based state-feedback control technique is proposed using the linear quadratic Gaussian control and projection-based adaptation laws. The control scheme possesses good robustness capabilities in handling disturbances and uncertainties. A robust ${L_{1}}$

A deep dielectric charging model of a solar array drive assembly (SADA) under the coupling effect of electron irradiation and operating voltage is established based on the bipolar charge transport process. The distribution of space charge, potential and electric field in SADA are simulated and analyzed under three different operating conditions, i.e., flux model for internal charging (FLUMIC) spectrum

We present the design, fabrication, and radiation testing of a custom 20-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for amplification and digitization of microvolt signal levels from space instrumentation (e.g., thermopile sensors) operating in harsh space radiation environments. The ASIC is fabricated in a commercial 180-nm complementary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) process node using a

Impact of total ionizing dose (TID) on the within-wafer variability of radiation-hardened (RH) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers is investigated in this article. The within-wafer variability is measured by the front gate and back gate $I$ – $V$ characteristics of the transistors in 32 dies evenly distributed on wafer locations. The experimental results show the complex dependence of the within-wafer

Ion- and terrestrial neutron-induced single-event burnout (SEB) data indicate that a thicker, more lightly doped epitaxial (epi) region significantly increases the threshold at which ion-induced SEB occurs in silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs and junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes. Simulations indicate that the reduction of power dissipation along the core of the ion track is responsible for

Negative and positive muon-induced single-event upsets (SEUs) are studied in 20-nm bulk planar SRAMs. Muon irradiation is performed using a mono-energetic source with varying the muon energy. The energy dependence of the cross sections (CSs) of SEUs and multiple-cell upsets (MCUs) shows the significant contribution of muon capture reactions for the negative muon, as reported in previous studies. Interestingly

This article demonstrates the total ionizing dose (TID) impact on a NAND flash memory-based physical unclonable function (PUF). We used commercial-off-the-shelf flash memory chips to generate PUF. The flash chip is irradiated with Co-60 gamma rays up to 10 krad(Si). The irradiated chip shows significant accuracy degradation (bit error ~ 12%) of the flash-PUF. We show that TID-induced trapped charges

We present the technology-aided computer design (TCAD) device simulation and modeling of a silicon p-i-n diode for detecting time-dependent X-ray radiation. We show that the simulated forward and reverse breakdown current–voltage characteristics agree well with the measured data under nonradiation environment by only calibrating carrier lifetimes for the forward bias case and avalanche model critical

The current generation of ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) operate in the very-high-energy (VHE) domain from ~100 GeV to ~100 TeV. They use electronic digital trigger systems to discern the Cherenkov light flashes emitted by extensive air showers (EASs), from the overwhelming light of the night sky (LoNS) background. Near the telescope energy threshold, the number of emitted

Plastic scintillators are widely used in particle detectors when precise timing information is required. As a basis for comparing different detectors, we use such a characteristic as the time resolution per 1 MeV detected energy, i.e., the expected time resolution assuming the deposited energy in the scintillator is equal to 1 MeV, and all the scintillation light is collected to the photosensor. In

Applications of neutron-gamma analysis for chlorine determination in different materials (e.g., solids, aqueous solutions, and surface contaminations) are discussed. Solid samples were measured with a pulsed fast/thermal neutron analysis (PFTNA) system consisting of a pulsed neutron generator and sodium iodide gamma detectors and an associated particle imaging (API) system consisting of a neutron generator

A linear fast neutron beam chopper has been deployed at a prompt gamma activation analysis instrument, enabling in-beam activation analysis of short-lived ( $T_{\mathrm {1/2}} > \sim 10$ ms) neutron capture products without the need for sample transfer. This article describes the design and operation of the chopper system and measurement results from test samples containing Se-77 ( $T_{\mathrm {1/2}}

A study of the reset transient of charge-sensitive amplifiers operating with a pulsed switch in parallel to the feedback capacitance is presented. Analytical models have been developed for amplifiers in both linear and slew rate regimes during the reset phase. The models predict the time interval required to reset the amplifier that, in most cases, significantly differs by the simple discharge of the

A 6 LiF:ZnS(Ag)-based cold neutron detector with wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers and Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photodetector was developed at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. For neutron scattering applications at the NCNR, detector false positives severely diminish the quality of very faint neutron scatter patterns. Thermal noise generated by the SiPM significantly increases the likelihood

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ProtoDUNE-DP is a $6\times 6\times 6\,\,\text{m}^{3}$ liquid argon time-projection-chamber operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the dual phase concept for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) far detector. The photon detection system (PDS) is based on 36 8-in photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and allows triggering on the scintillation light signals produced by

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This article introduces a robust approach for pin-to-port assignment in multiboard field-programmable gate array designs. The problem has been known for a long time and is especially annoying in relatively large data acquisition (DAQ) systems, such as DAQ and control systems for high-energy physics experiments, where hundreds of differential signals are routed via multiple boards. However, there is

Data collected from the X-ray fluorescence-computed tomography (XFCT) is frequently reconstructed with algorithms proposed for X-ray transmission tomography. As these algorithms do not model the self-absorption effect inherent to XFCT, their capacity on accurately reconstructing the elemental distribution is limited. Although algorithms specialized for XFCT reconstruction have been developed, the majority

Characterizing low-energy neutrons (<10 MeV)-induced single-event upsets (SEUs) and multiple cells upsets (MCUs) is essential to validate the current standard for terrestrial soft error rate (SER) and investigate its enhancement. Following our preliminary analysis on the contribution of the low-energy neutrons to the total terrestrial SER at the nominal operating voltage of 1.0 V by Liao et al. (2020)

A pulsed laser has been effectively applied in dose rate effects simulation for its stable pulse output, low cost, simple operation, and lack of ionizing risks for users. The conversion factor (CF) was proposed to describe the equivalence between the responses generated by pulsed laser and pulsed ionizing radiation (e.g., $\gamma $ -ray). Previously, the peak photocurrent was commonly used to calculate

Lu 2(1–x) Y 2x SiO 5 (LYSO) crystals readout by a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) will be used in the barrel timing layer of a precision timing detector for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This detector is expected to be exposed up to 5-Mrad $\gamma $ -ray dose, $2.5\times 10^{13}$ charged hadrons/cm 2 , and $3\times 10^{14}\,\,\text{n}_{\mathrm

The stochastic Richardson extrapolation-based numerical error quantification (StREEQ) technique has been applied to accomplish a code verification for the cavity systemgenerated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP) simulation code LASER-SGEMP. Here, the grid convergence index method estimates the discretization error caused by the finite difference, while the bootstrap sampling demonstrates the sampling error

To explore the role of hydrogen in radiation degradation of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs), the performance degradation of the hydrogen untreated and pretreated devices is compared under the exposure of carbon ions. The energy of carbon ions is chosen as 7.6 MeV, and the maximum fluence reaches $4 \times 10^{12}$ cm −2 . By electrical character measuring, it is found that the

The electrical degradation in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is examined under irradiation with 7.6-MeV carbon (C), 20-MeV oxygen (O), and 30-MeV fluorine (F) ions in situ . To characterize the radiation damage in the HEMTs, the ionizing dose $D_{i}$ , displacement dose $D_{d}$ , and number of vacancies versus the chip depth in the devices have been calculated for heavy ions.

During heavy-ion experiments, the single-event gate rupture (SEGR) effects can still be observed in the vertical double-diffused power MOSFET (VDMOS) with radiation-hardened cells. Fault analysis demonstrates that the hot spots locate at the termination of the VDMOS. Then, several mitigation solutions for termination structure are discussed comprehensively by means of TCAD simulations. Finally, a combined

We present a novel approach for real-time implementation of raw image data processing using modern hardware for material classification and pseudocolor presentation of the images in X-ray baggage inspection systems. This implementation was done using a heterogeneous hardware comprising field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and an ARM processor available in a Xilinx FPGA board. With implementation of

This article describes a new concept of developing a composite plastic scintillator (PS) with better light out and detection efficiency of ionizing radiations by loading high $Z_{\mathrm {eff}}$ radioluminescence (RL) phosphor powder. Gamma-ray interaction in PSs has been enhanced due to increased photoelectric absorption in the loaded BaFBr:Eu 2+ phosphor powder. RL BaFBr:Eu 2+ powder has been synthesized

With the growing number of facilities applying nuclear technology in China, a high-performance portable gamma-ray camera that uses well-developed gamma-ray imaging techniques is increasingly required. To fulfill this requirement, we have designed a camera using a self-supported mask, a CsI(Na) array coupled to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) rather than the traditional position-sensitive photomultiplier

A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is an essential electronic circuit in prompt gamma detection. To improve the performance and reliability of the electronics, we designed a TIA using GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) as it is more radiation-hardened when compared to its silicon counterpart and it has lower noise. Our circuit is designed using GaN HEMT from efficient power conversion (EPC)

The general-purpose PreAmplifier–DIscriminator application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, PADI, was originally designed to be used as front-end electronics (FEE) for reading out the timing resistive plate chambers in the time-of-flight (TOF) wall of the compressed baryonic matter (CBM) experiment of the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) facility in Darmstadt, Germany

The first DSSC 1-Mpixel camera became available at the European XFEL (EuXFEL) in the Hamburg area in February 2019. It was successfully tested, installed, and commissioned at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering Instrument. DSSC is a high-speed, large-area, 2-D imaging detector system optimized for photon science applications in the energy range between 0.25 and 6 keV. The camera is based on direct

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The Affiliate Plan, established by the IEEE Board of Directors, enables individuals who are not members of the IEEE, but who have an interest in the field of plasma science, to join the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society. Admission as an affiliate requires only membership in a professional society listed here. Affiliates pay a special fee, and have all Society privileges except that of holding

Hafnium oxide acts as a functional dielectric in a variety of traditional and emerging nonvolatile memory technologies. To investigate the effect of heavy ion irradiation on its crystalline structure, highly textured hafnium oxide films were irradiated with 1.635 GeV Au ions of fluences ranging from $1\times 10^{9}$ to $7\times 10^{12}$ ions/cm 2 . For monoclinic hafnium oxide films, a fluence-dependent

EdgeAI is an emerging artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator technology, which is capable of delivering improved AI performance at both a lower cost and a lower power level. With the aim of implementation in large quantities and in safety-critical environments, it is imperative to understand how single-event effects (SEEs) affect the reliability of this new family of devices and to propose efficient