AbstractThe methods of atomic-force- and scanning-electron microscopy are used to study the surface morphology of polymeric microfiltration membranes. Commercial membranes of the MFFK (on the basis of a hydrophobic fluoroplastic composite membrane, pore size of 0.45 μm) and MPS (polyethersulfone membrane, pore size of 0.45 μm) brands produced by OOO NPP Tekhnofil’tr (Vladimir, Russia) are used as the

AbstractThe effect of atomic ordering on the angular distribution of the sputtering of the (001) face of a Ni4Mo single crystal irradiated with 10-keV Ar ions is studied using molecular-dynamics simulation and experimentally. It is shown that, in the case of a disordered crystal, both the Ni and Mo components are ejected in the same crystallographic direction. In the case of an ordered crystal, Mo

AbstractWe consider a two-parameter regression model based on the Fowler–Nordheim equation, which is classical for the field of field electron emission. The optimal parameter values are determined by the least-squares method. The characteristics of the confidence intervals are evaluated as part of a statistical experiment. We pay attention to the accuracy of estimates, the boundaries of individual

AbstractA new approach is proposed for recording reciprocal space maps near the Bragg reflection using an adaptive bending element of X-ray optics based on a bidomain monolithic crystal of lithium niobate, which is necessary for time-resolved studies of the defect structure of single crystals on laboratory X-ray sources. The proposed method is tested on a silicon crystal under static uniaxial mechanical

AbstractThe effect of bismuth on the structural perfection of elastically strained AlGaInSbBi epitaxial layers grown on InSb substrates in a temperature gradient field is studied. The optimal parameters of the growth process of AlGaInSbBi(InSb) epitaxial layers with high structural perfection and minimum roughness are revealed: 0.05 < \(x_{{{\text{Bi}}}}^{s}\) < 0.2 mole fraction, temperature gradient

AbstractThe surface morphology of 100-nm textured Pt films subjected to ion-plasma treatment (IPT) in argon plasma with an Ar-ion energy of 25–200 eV is investigated using a scanning tunneling microscope. As-deposited films are characterized by close values of the surface roughness and average grain size, but their texture strength are different. It is found that IPTs with an ion energy of 25–65 eV

AbstractAngular dependences of the surface layer composition and the sputtering yield of silicon upon irradiation of the surface with a focused beam of gallium ions with an energy of 30 keV are obtained. The surface composition is analyzed by scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (SAES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The sputtering yields are determined by measuring the volume of sputtering

AbstractSome features of the electron exchange between ions and a metal surface caused by its atomic structure are studied. The simulation is based on three-dimensional implementation of the wave-packet propagation method using pseudopotentials describing the metal at the atomic level. Three-dimensional pseudopotentials for the Cu(100), Cu(110), and Cu(111) surfaces, which reproduce well-known electron-exchange

AbstractThe problem of increasing the accuracy of an electron-diffraction experiment, on which the reliability of studying the nature of chemical bonding and the distributions of the electrostatic potential in nano-objects by this method depends, is solved. For this, a recording system was created on the basis of an EMR-102 electron diffractometer, which operates in the single-electron mode with high

AbstractSimulation of the irradiation of crystalline silicon with low-energy (50—500 eV) noble-gas ions (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) is performed using the molecular-dynamics method with damage accumulation. The analysis of structural changes in the near-surface layers of the material demonstrates significant differences between the mechanisms of silicon damage by light and heavy particles. It is shown that

AbstractTheoretical explanation of the experimentally discovered effect of a decrease in the excitation energy of surface and volume plasma oscillations of valence Si (111) electrons during the implantation of Ba and alkaline-element ions with a large dose of D > 1016 cm–2 is presented in this paper. On the basis of a two-fluid model of the electron gas, the observed effect of a decrease in the Si(111)

AbstractZinc-oxide powders consisting of spherical hollow particles are obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Comparative analysis of the diffuse reflectance spectra and their changes after irradiation with 100-keV protons of powders of micrometer-sized hollow and bulk particles of zinc oxide is carried out. We present the results of the physical and mathematical simulation of the interaction of a low-energy

AbstractThe effect of the introduction of additives of low-melting alloying elements in antifriction aluminum alloys on a change in the surface after tribological tests is estimated. Compositions are described and sample preparation is performed. For the study, a combination of electron microscopy methods (with elemental analysis) and probe microscopy (with the modes of spreading current and thermal-conductivity

Abstract An instrument capable of assessing the hardness of materials by instrumental indentation under industrial-production conditions, including pipelines and parts of working mechanisms (bridges, railroad tracks, ship mechanisms, and other products), which operate outdoors, is described. The key components of the device are: a load-applying element (electromagnetic actuator), a displacement sensor

AbstractIn this manuscript, we attempt to clarify the capability of utilisation of α-FeSi2 nanocrystals as a buffer layer for growth of monocrystalline/high-quality β-FeSi2 direct-gap semiconductor from the point of view of the crystal lattice misfits and near coincidence site (NCS) lattices. Iron silicides-based nanostructures have a wide spectrum of possible industrial applications in different fields

AbstractThe Siberian ring source of photons (SKIF) is a new 3-GeV fourth-generation source of synchrotron radiation with a perimeter of 480 m that is being developed in Novosibirsk. To obtain bright synchrotron-radiation beams, the SKIF must have a suitable injection system for the preparation of intense electron beams. The article describes the proposed configuration of the injection system and its

AbstractThe reflection coefficients were calculated for the scattering of hydrogen isotopes and helium atoms from the surface of amorphous beryllium, carbon, and tungsten targets, which are of interest in the physics of thermonuclear plasma. The results demonstrate good agreement with the available experimental data. The isotope effect in the reflection of particles from the wall was analyzed. For

AbstractOne of the most rapidly developing directions in the field of alternative energy sources is hydrogen energetics. Fuel cells, the main component of which is a proton-exchange membrane, facilitate the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Superprotonic crystals are promising materials for the creation of proton-exchange membranes of fuel cells and other electrochemical

AbstractThe effect of quenched non-magnetic impurities on phase transitions in low-dimensional Potts model structures is investigated by the Monte Carlo method using a cluster algorithm. Systems with linear dimensions of L = 20–160 and spin concentrations of p = 1.0, 0.9 are considered. Using the fourth-order Binder cumulant method and the histogram-data analysis method, the introduction of weak quenched

The effect of a high-power ion beam of nanosecond duration on layers of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride with a catalytic additive (ferrocene), which preliminarily underwent treatment in air or an inert medium in the temperature range 100–400°C, is studied. Heat treatment at 150°C for 1 h is shown to reduce the length of the formed carbon nanofibers by ~20 times. Disk-shaped depressions are observed

AbstractThe sources of heavy cluster ions (Au, Bi) used in modern mass spectrometers suggest that the emission of secondary ions is predominantly performed in the thermal spike mode, unlike the previous generation of spectrometers operating with atomic cesium ions and oxygen ions. Here, we verify this assumption using the example of the emission of 11 implanted elements from GaAs upon sputtering by

AbstractWhisker microcrystals are detected by scanning electron microscopy upon the formation of film coatings of the niobium–cadmium system by the successive deposition of ultrafine niobium and cadmium particles atomized in a low-pressure plasma onto a moving substrate on samples with concentrations of 55.3–84.2 at % Cd (the remaining percentage is Nb). The crystals differ in shape, length, and diameter;

AbstractA simple method for manufacturing silicon masks for deep X-ray lithography, conducted with the application of exposure radiation of the spectral range (0.5–7 Å), is described. This method is based on planar silicon technology, which is widely used in the production of semiconductor devices. A significant difference between this method and previously known analogues is that it does not apply

The potential energy of the atom–atom interaction, taking into account the Pauli principle, is constructed for atomic potentials that were chosen in the Molière approximation. It is shown that the potential energy of interaction between neon atoms and argon atoms lies above the experimental data, and that between krypton atoms and xenon atoms lies below the experimental data. It is shown that at large

AbstractCrystals of gadolinium–gallium–aluminum garnet doped with cerium ions (Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce) are analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and X-ray topography. These crystals have a number of unique scintillation characteristics (including a high specific light yield, fast emission kinetics, and high energy and time resolutions), which make them promising for designing detectors of ionizing radiation in

The peculiarities of the fine structure of Al–Si–Ni aluminum-matrix composite with a low thermal coefficient of linear expansion, mechanically activated with the addition of nanoscale reduced graphene oxide (RGO), is investigated. The structure is studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning, transmission and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The presence of quasi-graphene layers

Single-phase ceramic samples with the perovskite structure [(Na0.5Bi0.5)1 – xKx] TiO3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06) are prepared by the method of solid-state synthesis and their structure, microstructure and dielectric and ferroelectric properties are studied. An increase in the unit-cell parameters of the perovskite lattice as a result of an increase in the K-cation content in accordance

AbstractPenetration of a vorticity lattice formed by waves propagating on the surface at an angle to each other into the bulk of a liquid is studied experimentally. It is shown that along with the Stokes drift it is necessary to regard nonlinear wave interaction in order to explain experimental time dependences of average vorticity. Vorticity distribution over the depth of a liquid is described by

AbstractIn this work, the features of the formation of electrolyte plasma and its influence on the structure of the surface of Ti are investigated. It is revealed that the formation of plasma in the process of the anodic polarization of Ti in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid leads to the formation of a porous oxide on the surface. It is shown that the porous nature of the formed oxide layers predetermine

AbstractAn accurate X-ray diffraction study of cordierite mineral, the simplified chemical formula of which is Mg2Al4Si5O18, is performed. The main octahedral position contains magnesium, iron, and aluminum ions, as well as traces of manganese. Alkaline cations are localized within large channels formed by six AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra at the level z = 0. Water and carbon-dioxide molecules are located

AbstractThe emission of atoms from the (001) faces of a series of real and model single crystals is studied using computer simulation by means of the molecular-dynamics method. The evolution of the energy distributions of atoms sputtered from surfaces with polar and azimuthal-angle resolution is studied in the case of a variation in the atomic number of the target substance. For low energies, the maximum

AbstractTransient electrolysis based on polarization with alternating asymmetric current of industrial frequency is used in this work to obtain bismuth-ferrite hybrid materials on a support from aqueous solutions of electrolytes. X-ray phase analysis showed that the materials formed on the surface of the steel are multiphase systems. The influence of the heat-treatment temperature on the elemental

AbstractNatural samples of exogenous silicites are investigated by a combination of physical methods (X‑ray phase analysis, atomic-force microscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical transmission). The samples contain a small amount (~1%) of water and consist of chalcedony nanoparticles with a size of 22–68 nm, which form a complex hierarchically organized structure.

AbstractA model of a three-dimensional optical structure in which the plane-parallel boundaries have intrinsic nonlinear properties is considered. The internal layer with a finite thickness is an optically transparent medium with defocusing Kerr nonlinearity; on the outside, it is in contact with dielectric linear half-spaces. The mathematical formulation of the model reduces to the nonlinear Schrödinger

AbstractThe paper presents the results of modeling the distributions of minority charge carriers generated by a wide electron beam in two-layer semiconductor structures. The analytical results obtained using the matrix method are compared with the results of calculations obtained using the numerical method of finite differences. The studies are carried out for epitaxial structures of “solid solution

AbstractThe mesostructure of Mn1 – xFex Ge transition-metal monogermanides is studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra-SANS in a wide concentration range of x = 0.0–1.0.It is shown that the main contribution to the scattering intensity for all concentrations x is made by scattering at crystallites with sharp boundaries and sizes of 1–10 μm, which is described by the squared Lorentzian

AbstractThe adsorption of CO molecules by Pt and Pt–Sn nanoparticles is studied using ab initio calculations. The Pt–C and C–O bond lengths, adsorption energies, and stretching frequencies of adsorbed molecules on the surface of nanoparticles at different sites are calculated. The calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The segregation of bimetallic nanoparticles is also

AbstractPalladium (Pd/CeO2), gold (Au/CeO2), and bimetallic (PdAu/CeO2) nanoparticles obtained via impregnation of the surface of cerium dioxide with tetraethylene pentamine and subsequent reduction in a H2/Ar flow are synthesized and described. The particles possess a high degree of dispersion, but their small size complicates their analysis with conventional methods (transmission electron microscopy

AbstractThe effect of the annealing temperature and of a constant magnetic field on decomposition of quenched beryllium bronze BrB-2 is studied by scanning electron microscopy for the first time. A technical bronze alloy BRB-2 is kept at a temperature of 800°C for 0.5 h, quenched in water, and subjected to artificial aging at 325, 350, and 400°C for 1 h under a constant magnetic field of 0.7 T and

AbstractComposite materials with a biologically active coating are created. The morphology of a newly formed surface is studied by scanning electron microscopy, as well as the Brunauer–Emmett–Taylor method. The adhesive strength of the hydroxyapatite coating is determined by centrifugal separation. As a result of the studies, the most promising method of deposition, the best shape of the coating material

AbstractA model of the low-current gas discharge at the presence of a thin insulating film on the cathode is formulated. It takes into account, along with the ion-electron emission from the cathode, also the field emission of electrons from the cathode metal substrate into the film under the influence of a strong electric field generated in insulator in the discharge. Motion of electrons in the film

AbstractThe interatomic Auger transitions in compounds containing atomic components with core levels close in energy are studied theoretically and experimentally. The Coulomb transitions of holes between such levels lead to resonant enhancement of the Auger spectra (with respect to the energy difference between the levels). Interatomic Auger transitions involving higher levels are formed by shaking

AbstractThe self-assembly of triglycine on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and mica is studied by atomic force microscopy. The possibility of the formation of crystalline structures based on triglycine as a result of the action of vapors of organic compounds or water on its amorphous film is demonstrated. It is shown that organic compounds capable of forming hydrogen bonds affect

AbstractThe results of investigation of the surface physical and chemical properties of polylactic acid, hydroxyapatite and a composite material based on them taken in the ratio of components 80/20, modified by carbon ions with exposure doses of 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ion/cm2 at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV are presented. The surface chemical composition of the samples is studied by Fourier transform

AbstractThe paper reports the results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the composition of the alloy of a group of AD 286/287 silvered staters of the Bosporan king Thothorses from the 2011 Phanagorian hoard. For the first time, such elements as chlorine, calcium, sodium and magnesium are revealed on the surface of these coins, which suggests the use of silvering paste composed of silver chloride

AbstractTwo new photochromic spiropyrans containing carboxyl groups in the hetarene part of the molecule and being of interest as modifiers of organometallic scaffolds to give them photo-controlled functions are obtained by the cyclocondensation reaction of 5-carboxy-1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-3H-indolium iodide with corresponding 2,4-diformylphenols. The structure of the compounds obtained is confirmed by

AbstractA two-mirror projection Schwarzschild objective (reduction ratio ×5), formed by two aspheric mirrors and developed as part of upgrading a lithographic workbench with the operating wavelength of 13.4 nm, is proposed. The measurement procedure and results of correction of the shape of the aspheric mirrors and aberrations of the objective lens in the assembled version are described in detail.

AbstractThe possibility of implementing a previously proposed procedure for determining the beam dimensions at a target is analyzed; it includes the measurement of two-dimensional angular distributions of the coherent radiation of fast electrons for two distances between a crystal, where radiation is generated, and a coordinate detector. The use of two mechanisms of parametric X-ray radiation and diffracted

AbstractA theory of the coherent X-ray radiation produced by a beam of relativistic electrons in an artificial periodic structure and propagating along the electron-beam axis is developed. Expressions describing the spectral-angular densities of parametric X-ray radiation in the direction close to the electron velocity vector (FPXR) and of transition radiation (TR) and their interference are obtained

AbstractUsing ion-plasma sputtering and the co-precipitation of superdispersed particles of Mo and Cd, solid solutions—alloys with a concentration of up to 57.3 at % Cd in a film—are produced for the first time, which confirms the thermal-fluctuation melting and coalescence of small particles. During the formation of coatings by molybdenum and cadmium nanolayers with a thickness of less than 2 nm in

AbstractThe effect of focusing a scanning electron microscope probe on the formation of relief structure images is studied in secondary slow electron and backscattering electron collection modes. Protrusions and grooves in silicon with a trapezoidal profile and large inclination angles of lateral walls are used in the experiments. In the defocusing process the probe diameter is increased up to 8 times

AbstractMetallography, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction are used to study the effect of preliminary plastic deformation in the friction-contact zone on the structural transformations and wear resistance of 12Cr19N9T austenitic stainless steel subjected to subsequent oxidation in air at temperatures of 300–800°C for 1 h. Severe deformation under dry sliding friction produces a two-phase (γ

AbstractThe results of studying terrigenous reservoir rocks using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are presented. The studies are conducted using core samples from formations promising for the development of oil and gas in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia. Rocks of the Middle Jurassic deposits of one of the wells in the East Biryuzak area are studied. The studies are carried out using

AbstractThe features of the damage of the surface layer of vanadium under the action of pulsed laser radiation are studied. Laser irradiation is carried out in air using a GOS 1001 setup in the Q-switching mode with the following parameters: flux power density q = 1.2 × 108 W/cm2, pulse duration τ0 = 50 ns, and number of pulses N = 1–6. The typical surface damages induced by the laser pulses are found

AbstractA technology that allows one to create new diamond–metal compositions for stone-cutting diamond tools is proposed, which is based on selecting new metallic binders with the use of powders of tailings (crushed samples of tungsten carbide and cobalt) of Tyrnyauz Tungsten–Molybdenum Plant and black tailings of Pobedit plant with almost the same composition. The proposed technology substantially

AbstractWe present results of structural (XPS) and magnetic resonance (EPR) studies of single-crystal plates of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) heavily doped with chromium utilizing ion implantation technique. It was shown that the temperature of the oxide matrix during ion implantation (300 or 900 K) significantly affects the valence state of the implanted chromium impurity (Cr0 or Cr3+) and the depth

AbstractThe low-energy spectrum of ions reflected from the surface of a solid is calculated theoretically and by means of the computer simulation method. The theory is based on numerical solution of the transport equation by of the method of discrete streams; and computer simulation, on the model of binary collisions and local inelastic energy losses. It is shown that, for small energies of reflected

AbstractUsing magnetron sputtering, Zn films are obtained on glass, quartz and silicon substrates. The morphology of the surface is investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The sizes and statistical parameters of Zn nanocrystals are determined. It is established that the morphology of the surface of zinc films greatly depends both on the technological-application conditions and on the substrate

AbstractThe atomic structure of a single crystal of Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb6O2 representing a relaxor ferroelectric is determined from X-ray diffraction data. At nine temperatures within a range of 93–480 K, 12 experiments are performed. The experimental facilities (area detector, goniometer, and sample cooling system) are calibrated. The region of negative thermal expansion with respect to the unit-cell parameter

AbstractAn analytical expression is proposed and a graphic illustration is presented for the quantum size effect, arising as a result of the reflection of an electron beam from a growing heteroepitaxial single crystal, with electron absorption taken into account. The intensity curves of the reflected beam are calculated for various values of parameters. Short-wavelength oscillations of the intensity