To examine the role of incomplete blinking in contributing to blink inefficiency, symptoms of dry eye and ocular surface disease. To review methods for diagnosing blink inefficiency (including both reduced overall blink rate and increased incomplete blink rate) and the role of remediation for efficient complete blinking as an essential part of the lacrimal functional unit in maintaining tear homeostasis

Purpose To find an appropriate correlation between the base curve (BC) of rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses and manual keratometry findings in Iranian patients with keratoconus (KCN) in order to simplify the fitting process, reduce the time, and lower the costs. Method This retrospective study was done in 121 eyes of 69 patients with KCN fitted with a specific trial set of RGP contact lenses

Purpose Lipid deposition on contact lenses (CL) has traditionally been believed to reduce comfort during CL wear. The purpose of this study was to quantify lipid deposition on CL in a group of symptomatic and asymptomatic adapted CL wearers. Methods This was a single-masked, randomized clinical trial. Only confirmed symptomatic (comfortable lens wear time (CWT) < 8 h and a noticeable reduction in comfort

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of topical ivermectin-metronidazole combined therapy in the management of Demodex-associatedblepharitis. Methods Sixty patients with a diagnosis of Demodex-associatedblepharitis were recruited in a randomized clinical trial. Thirty receiving topical ivermectin (0.1%)-metronidazole (1%) gel treatment on days 0, 15 and 30. Thirty additional patients were used as a control

Purpose To report the use of corneoscleral lenses (CSL) in keratoconus patients who were unsatisfied with their visual outcomes after keratoplasty surgery. Methods Eleven consecutive cases with unsatisfactory vision with spectacles, due to irregular astigmatism, preferred to try CSL before SL due to handling or economic issues. An eye examination included refraction and visual acuity assessment, anterior

PURPOSE To investigate the current patterns of diagnosis and referral in keratoconus. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who had recently been diagnosed with keratoconus and attended dedicated clinics at Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium and Maria Middelares General Hospital, Ghent, Belgium between June 2013 and February 2018. Exclusion criteria included longstanding

PURPOSE To demonstrate an alternative to the rinse and rub (RR) method for cleaning pollutants from the exterior surface of soft contact lenses. This proposed technique is termed Polymer on Polymer Pollutant Removal (PoPPR), which utilizes the elastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to physically remove contaminants from contact lens surfaces through non-adhesive unpeeling. METHODS Three

PURPOSE Lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) is a clinical sign that has been associated with dry eye disease. This study used a semi-automated method to identify the effect of drop instillation and post-dye viewing time on the absorption of lissamine green (LG) and sodium fluorescein (NaFl) on the upper eyelid in order to ascertain the optimal identification for LWE assessment. METHODS In 37 participants

PURPOSE Return zone depth (RZD) and landing zone angle (LZA) are important parameters of corneal refractive therapy (CRT) lenses. A new machine learning algorithm is proposed for prescribing CRT lens parameters in Chinese adolescents with myopia. METHODS This is a retrospective study. In total, 1037 Chinese adolescents with myopia (1037 right eyes) were enrolled. A calculation model based on corneal

PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to review the safety and efficacy of topical artificial tears and rewetting drops with contact lenses (CLs) and the ocular surface. METHODS Manuscripts were obtained by searching PubMed with the term "contact lens" and "artificial tears" or "rewetting drops" or "lubricant". Recovered texts were searched to find additional references. No date exclusions were applied

PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is an important public health concern given its increasing prevalence and impact on patient quality of life. Blinking frequency and completeness are reduced during digital screen exposure, compromising meibum secretion and distribution, causing tear film instability and leading to DED. This study evaluated the effects of blinking exercises on blink pattern and clinical

OBJECTIVE To report the study design and one month's preliminary results of a randomized, single-masked, one-year prospective study of orthokeratology (ortho-k) in adults wearing lenses of different compression factors. METHODS Adults aged 18-38 years, with myopia of -0.75 to -5.00 D and astigmatism < 1.50 D, were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: a conventional compression factor or

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of overnight orthokeratology (OOK) on the ocular surface and dry eye-related cytokines in children. METHODS A non-randomized, prospective pilot study was conducted including sixty myopes treated with OOK and sixty age-matched spectacle wearing participants. The following tests were performed before and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months: ocular surface disease index (OSDI)

PURPOSE To subjectively and objectively evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free Ectoin ® Eye Spray - Colloidal (EES09) and Tears Again ® Eye Spray (TA) in subjects with mild-moderate dry eye disease (DED), and to compare efficacy of these two eye sprays with each other. METHODS Thirty-six volunteers (average age 32.3 ± 16.1 years; 26 females) were successfully recruited for this

Overnight orthokeratology lenses are approved in countries all over the world for the temporary reduction in myopia, and recently, one lens design has received regulatory approval for myopia control in Europe. The modern orthokeratology lens has a substantial history from its origins of attempting to flatten the corneal curvature with a spherical rigid contact lens to sophisticated gas permeable lenses

PURPOSE The aim of this project was to evaluate which personal protective equipment (PPE) eye care practitioners (ECP) will use during the next months and also what they will ask the patient to use in clinical practice. METHODS A social-media survey was carried out, asking 257 optometrists and opticians in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (i) which PPE they intended to use in the future (after lockdown

PURPOSE To explore the association between xerostomia and dry eye symptoms in the older adult population. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from 627 participants (346 male, 291 female), with a mean ± SD age of 75 ± 7 years, recruited through the population-based South Australian Dental Longitudinal Study. Participants completed the validated Summated Xerostomia Inventory-Dutch Version questionnaire

Every part of the human body is subject to aging, including the eye. An increased prevalence of dry eye disease with age is widely acknowledged. Aging threatens ocular surface homeostasis, altering the normal functioning of the lacrimal functional unit and potentially leading to signs and symptoms of dry eye. Additional age-related processes take place within the crystalline lens, leading to presbyopia

PURPOSE To evaluate facial Demodex densities in participants with varying severities of blepharitis secondary to Demodex folliculorum assessed by the highest number of cylindrical dandruff on one lid. METHODS This double masked cross-sectional study included 58 participants [19 control, 21 mild/moderate and 18 severe Demodex blepharitis] who underwent a standardized skin-surface biopsy and a lash epilation

Purpose To measure the refractive index (RI) of commonly available soft contact lens (CL) materials, their packaging solutions and compare to the manufacturers’ nominal RI. The relationship between RI versus water content, and the effect of inaccurate RI when converting lens power measured in solution to in-air back vertex power were examined. Methods The RI of 18 single vision soft CL materials were

Purpose To study the light distortion effects of soft multifocal contact lenses and the influence of different pupil size and shape. Methods A total of 14 eyes of 7 healthy contact lens users (mean age 28.6 ± 8.5 years) were recruited. The “Light Disturbance Analyser” device was employed for light characterization. The selected lenses were the monthly disposable “Biofinity multifocal” (CooperVision

BACKGROUND/ AIMS Standardised numeric grading scales are used in ophthalmic practice to improve consistency between clinicians in recording the severity of ocular conditions and to facilitate the monitoring of such changes. We investigated the intra- and inter-observer grading reliability and the agreement between subjective Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit (CCLRU) and Efron grading scales as

When a contact lens is in contact with the eyelid and the cornea, tear proteins start to be accumulated on the lens and may subsequently undergo conformational changes. Protein adsorption or conformational changes on the lens may lead to discomfort, red eye, or even inflammatory reactions. Although measuring the friction coefficient of contact lens has been linked to comfort degree in vivo, there is

PURPOSE To compare the central and peripheral (< 2 mm from the limbus) endothelial regions of the human cornea of young contact lens (CL) neophytes, in terms of endothelial cell density (ECD), polymorphism through cell hexagonality (HEX), and polymegethism through the coefficient of variation of cell areas (CoV). MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo, central, temporal, and nasal ECDs, HEXs, and CoVs were

PURPOSE To investigate the association between levels of MMP-9, a common marker of inflammation in tears, and changes to the meibomian glands accompanying soft contact lens (CL) wear. METHODS Flush tears were collected from: (1) three groups of CL wearers who had worn CLs on a daily basis for different durations (Short: 2 ± 1 years, Moderate: 5 ± 1 years and Long experience: 10 ± 2 years); (2) a group

AIM To evaluate the effect blepharitis lid cleansers have on the tear film and ocular surface, and to examine the prevalence of Demodex folliculorum in a young population. METHODS Forty-eight university students completed a randomised, controlled, investigator-masked, eight-week clinical trial. Three eyelid hygiene products were investigated: blepharitis eyelid cleanser (OCuSOFT® Lid Scrub® PLUS foam)

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative epithelial healing time and ocular discomfort score in patients wearing two types of silicon hydrogel bandage contact lenses (BCLs) following bilateral photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS For the study's contralateral eye comparison, 43 patients who underwent bilateral PRK were randomized to be fitted for a senofilcon a lens in one

PURPOSE To compare the effects on ocular temperature and tear film parameters following a single application of a latent heat eyelid warming device at a range of temperature settings. METHODS Fifteen subjects were enrolled in a prospective, investigator-masked, randomised, cross-over trial. On separate days, participants were randomised to 10-minute application of a research latent heat device (Laboratoires

PURPOSE To evaluate the risk factors associated with contamination of lens cases in a group of orthokeratology (ortho-k) lens wearers. METHOD Ortho-k patients attending the Contact Lens Clinic of the Hospital were required to complete a checklist about their routine daily care and handling of lens cases. Their cases were then collected for analysis. Contamination was evaluated by determining the optical

BACKGROUND Contact lens related keratitis is a frequent presentation to acute ophthalmology services. Patients often do not recall being counselled regarding the safe use of contact lenses therefore fail to comply with guidance. This study aimed to identify the content and format of advice given to patients with contact lens keratitis concerning appropriate hygiene practices, determine their compliance

AIM This study aimed to investigate the effect of scleral lens (SL) use on conjunctival microbiota. METHOD A total of 26 eyes of 26 patients using an SL and 25 eyes of 25 healthy controls were included in the study. The samples were obtained from the lower fornices of the eyes using sterile swabs. For the bacteriological examination, a bacterial culture was obtained by inoculating the samples on chocolate

PURPOSE To investigate whether standard clinical measures of tear film stability, meniscus height and symptomology reflect changes in evaporation rate induced by ocular surface provocations. METHODS Forty participants (23.8 ± 4.5 years, 53 % female) with healthy to mild dry eyes underwent two tear film provocations in random sequence on separate occasions: playing a tablet computer high concentration

Purpose While several advanced contact lens (CL) designs are commercially available for vision correction in keratoconus, their visual performance and optical quality, relative to each other and controls remains unclear. This prospective, crossover study tested the hypothesis that these CL designs would have a differential impact on visual performance and optical quality in subjects with advanced keratoconus

Purpose To establish the optimum grading increment which ensured parity between practitioners while maximising clinical precision. Methods Second year optometry students (n = 127, 19.5 ± 1.4 years, 55 % female) and qualified eye care practitioners (n = 61, 40.2 ± 14.8 years, 52 % female) had 30 s to grade each of bulbar, limbal and palpebral hyperaemia of the upper lid of 4 patients imaged live with

PURPOSE To compare the corneal densitometry changes after transepithelial pulsed (t-ACXL), epithelium-off continuous (c-ACXL) and epithelium-off pulsed (p-ACXL), accelerated corneal crosslinking for patients with progressive keratoconus. METHODS Prospective, interventional case series at a university hospital tertiary referral center. Forty eyes received t-ACXL, 40 eyes received c-ACXL, and 40 eyes

Purpose To estimate the prevalence of patient-reported midday fogging and to identify risk factors for midday fogging. Method A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted with an electronic survey that was distributed to scleral lens practitioners. The survey asked them to describe their most recently examined established scleral lens patient. Respondents provided data about patient-reported

PURPOSE Accommodative micro-fluctuations (AMF) are small dioptric changes during accommodation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in AMF when wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses of two different optical designs. METHODS A multi-centre, randomised, cross-over, non-dispensing study was conducted on 68 adapted contact lens wearers aged 25-35 years to compare AMF responses

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of artificial tears and warm compress with an eyelid warming mask (EWM) in alleviating dry eye syndrome (DES) in contact lens wearers Methods This study was a prospective, randomized, active-controlled trial. Participants included 81 university students aged 19 or over, who had been wearing contact lenses for more than 1 year; they were

Purpose A number of studies have examined the association between vitamin D and dry eye disease in different populations, but findings are inconclusive. Herein, available observational studies were systematically reviewed to elucidate the overall relationship between vitamin D and dry eye disease among adult population. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and ISI web of science databases were searched

Purpose To measure inflammatory mediators in the scleral lens fluid reservoir (FR) in healthy eyes and to compare them to basal tear samples after 8-hs (8h) and 4-days (4d) of scleral lens (SL) wear. Methods Fifteen normal, habitual soft contact lens wearers were fitted with 14.8- or 15.4-mm SLs (Zenlens, Alden Optical, USA). Basal ocular surface tears and FR samples were collected after 8h and 4d

Background The aim of this study was to assess the validity of rebound tonometry measurements obtained over eyes wearing extended-wear bandage contact lenses with the highest oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) value of 175 @ -3.00 D. Methods A total of 151 normal eyes were included in this prospective pretest-posttest study. A rebound tonometer (iCare PRO) was used to collect intraocular pressure readings

Purpose During image acquisition, certain topographers require the addition of sodium fluorescein (NaFl) dye to the tear film. This study investigates the effect of NaFl dye on corneal topography and tear surface quality. Method The E300 corneal topographer (Medmont International Pty Ltd., Victoria, Australia) was used to measure ocular surface topography and quality of 57 eyes of 57 healthy individuals

Purpose To demonstrate the necessity of aligning a wavefront-guided scleral lens (WGSL) optical correction to the eye’s effective pupil, with misalignments leading to reduced performance. Case report A 34 year old subject with a history of failed LASIK in the left eye, leading to penetrating keratoplasty, extracapsular extraction of the crystalline lens and neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG)

Objectives Limited literature supports the value of routine contact lens examinations. The purpose of this study is to document complications diagnosed when subjectively successful planned replacement soft contact lens patients are evaluated to renew their existing contact lens prescriptions. Methods Asymptomatic soft contact lens patients who presented to the University Eye Center at Ketchum Health

PURPOSE Since tear film stability can be affected by fluorescein, the Dry Eye Workshop (DEWSII) recommended non-invasive measurement of tear breakup time (NIBUT). The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement and repeatability of four different instruments in the measurement of NIBUT. METHODS 72 participants (mean 24.2 ± 3.6 years) were recruited for this multi-centre, cross-sectional study

PURPOSE this survey aimed to assess levels of compliance with contact lens wear and care among university student's population in Jordan. METHODS An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the extent of compliance among contact lens wearers toward contact lens care in a university population. The questionnaire included 12 questions regarding compliance with contact lens care, lens

PURPOSE To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of a povidone-iodine system (PVP-I; cleadew, OPHTECS Corporation, Kobe, Japan), a peroxide system (AOSEPT Plus with HydraGlyde, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX), and a chemical multipurpose system (renu fresh, Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) on contact lens case surfaces that are both in contact and not in contact with the solutions during lens disinfection. METHODS

PURPOSE Contact lens dry eye questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8) quantifies the disturbing symptoms with the aim of assessing the satisfaction and overall opinion of contact lens wearers. The aim of this study was to develop Turkish version and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. METHODS CLDEQ-8 was translated into Turkish language, using the back translation methods. In a sample of

Purpose There is a clear benefit in defining internal (IA) and corneal astigmatic error (CA) prior to surgical and other refractive interventions, such as orthokeratology, to minimise risk of unsatisfactory refractive outcomes. Such data would also be of relevance to broader areas of ophthalmic care such as spectacle dispensing and other types of rigid lens fitting. This study offers a detailed characterisation

PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy and reliability (inter and intra-observer) of a method to assess multifocal contact lenses (MCLs) centration using a corneal topography unit. METHOD Daily-disposable MCLs (Fusion 1 day Presbyo) were fitted on both eyes of the subjects. For each lens fit a slit lamp digital picture and videokeratograph image were taken in a rapid but randomised sequence. Photo-editing

PURPOSE To examine the influence of short-term fenestrated scleral lens wear on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy eyes. METHODS IOP was measured before, during, and after a brief period (1-2 min) of fenestrated, scleral lens wear, using a rebound tonometer, in fifty, young healthy adults (mean age 23 ± 4 years) with normal corneas. RESULTS Immediately following lens insertion, 48 of the 50 (96

BACKGROUND In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) has been used for over 10 years to assess the goblet cell density (GCD) within the human conjunctiva, but the reported values have been variable with no obvious indications as to why. METHODS From publications between 2008 and 2019, representative GCD values were extracted, as well as on the image sampling strategy used. RESULTS Average GCD values for any

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) can be used to visualise keratic precipitates (KPs) on the corneal endothelium. However, there has been no correlation between characteristic clinical appearances of KPs and AS-OCT morphology. We wished to assess the potential diagnostic role of AS-OCT in patients presenting with inflammatory eye disease and KPs. SUBJECTS/METHODS

PURPOSE To compare the comfort and visual performance of corneal rigid gas permeable contact lenses (CoL) and scleral rigid gas permeable contact lenses (SL) in participants with corneal ectasia, successfully wearing "habitual" CoL. METHODS In a randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a 2 × 2 crossover, 34 participants were recruited and randomised into two groups. Group 1 (sequence AB), were fitted

Purpose To investigate the efficacy and safety of a newly developed pinhole soft contact lens (Eyelike Pinhole II; Koryo Eyetech Co. Ltd.) for presbyopia correction. Methods This prospective clinical study enrolled 29 patients with presbyopia between October 2018 and December 2018. All participants wore the Eyelike Pinhole II in the non-dominant eye for >3 h/day for a period of 1 week. Binocular and

Purpose To evaluate in a sample of normal and keratoconic eyes a simple Bayesian network classifier for keratoconus identification that uses previously developed topographic indices, calculated directly from the digital analysis of the Placido ring images. Methods A comparative study was performed on a total of 60 eyes from 60 patients (age 20–60 years) from the Department of keratoconus of INVISION

Purpose To examine the influence of anterior segment optical coherence tomography imaging protocols on the intraobserver and intrasession repeatability of epithelial, stromal, and total corneal thickness measurements. Methods Repeated anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images (Spectralis, Heidelberg) were obtained from 15 adults using single 8.3 mm wide horizontal line scans with

Purpose To investigate the effect of lens centre thickness (and mass) upon short-term horizontal and vertical scleral lens decentration, and the association between both scleral topography and apical clearance, with lens decentration. Methods Lens decentration was measured using over-topography data from 9 healthy young participants (25 ± 4 years) with normal corneae fitted with ICD 16.5 scleral lenses