Bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, is a remarkable marker for diagnosis of hemolytic disorders. In a healthy human 200 to 300 mg of bilirubin is produced and excreted per day. Bilirubin concentration ranges from 0.3 to 1.9 mg/100 ml of blood. Low bilirubin concentration in the blood is coupled with high risk of coronary heart diseases and iron deficiency. Serum bilirubin level above than

Rice or Oryza sativa L. is the staple food of Indonesian society. In recent years, rice has become a national topic of conversation because it is one of the imported commodities with large quantities and costs due to low production rates and high rice demand. Good soil is main element in the paddy field to produce rice's good quality. Soil nitrogen (N) content is an important nutrient for the growth

A flexible pressure sensor based on a capacitive transduction mechanism having a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer incorporated between indium‑tin-oxide (ITO) coated flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrodes has been developed. The sensor's key parameters have been improved by increasing the dielectric layer's porosity by introducing deionized water (DIW) into it. The sensing device with

In this work, a simple gold-glazed dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is inspected by using surface plasmon resonance for biochemical sensing. Based on high sensing performance and chemical substantiality, gold (Au) is selected as plasmonic material to coat the external surface of the design. The target analyte and gold layer are placed on the outer surface of the PCF to offer fabrication simplicity

The objective of this study was to develop a simple, stable, selective and reproducible mercury film modified glassy carbon electrode (MF/GCE) for the electrochemical determination of endosulfan. Under the optimal conditions (pH, scan rate and accumulation conditions), the electrode showed a good linear response to endosulafn in the range of 5 × 10−8–1 × 10−5 M concentrations. The detection limit was

Milk adulteration is one of the major global concerns as milk is being consumed as a wholesome dairy product in every part of the world. The fraudulent practice of milk adulteration is on the rise, which is making people apprehensive about the purity and quality of milk. The adulterants such as water, vegetable and animal fat, extraneous proteins and chemical components viz. melamine, urea, formalin

The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of an E-nose and E-tongue that were evaluated for the Escherichia coli detection at different concentrations and their ability to discriminate this bacterium from others, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica in pasteurized milk. For data processing, the PCA and LDA methods were applied. Likewise, for the data classification, the SVM

This paper represents a design mechanism and numerical investigations of a PCF sensor that contains a hollow core for sensing the primary chemical analytes namely water, ethanol, and benzene in the 1–2 THz regime. Rectangular air holes are used in the cladding region and an absorbing layer, PML is imposed for investigating a number of optical properties. After a complete investigation, our designed

Due to changes in our climate and constant loss of habitat for animals, new pathogens for humans are constantly erupting. SARS-CoV-2 virus, become so infectious and deadly that they put new challenge to the whole technological advancement of healthcare. Within this very decade, several other deadly virus outbreaks were witnessed by humans such as Zika virus, Ebola virus, MERS-coronavirus etc. and there

A new structure of hexahedron core with the heptagonal shape of cladding regions based on photonic crystal fiber (Hx-PCF) is presented of this research work. The finite element method (FEM) and perfectly matched layers (PML) based COMSOL Multiphysics has been used to design this photonic crystal fiber (Hx-PCF) with appropriate design parameters. The fiber discloses the high relative sensitivity (RS)

This work reports that of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/fullerene based polymer piezoelectric sensory for the detection of pulmonary pressure under blowing conditions. This operating mechanism of the devices follows the level of air pressure coming from the lungs during exhalation. Although each category of people has its own lung capacity, that has been classified according to age, sex, respiratory

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microarray performance is limited by low assay sensitivity and dynamic range. Increasing the surface area for reagent binding can help to improve performance, but standard techniques such as roughening the surface or adding a polymer coating lead to increased non-specific fluorescence and do not have reproducibly improved performance. Another approach to increase

Herein, we report the development of a two-dimensional (2D) label-free matrix for cardiac biomarker detection. Tungsten trioxide nanosheets (WO3 NS) were synthesized by a facile, environmentally friendly hydrothermal method and subsequently functionalized chemically using 3-aminopropyletriethoxysilane (APTES). Thin film of APTES functionalized WO3 NS was deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate

Materials used for biosensor development normally include silicon, glass, and synthetic polymers, however, paper is a practical and cheap option for the reduction of manufacturing costs with a wide range of applications. Paper-based biosensors have been widely produced, yet poorly characterized on the interaction of different type of molecules with its intricate microstructure. In this work, five ink

In terahertz frequency (THz), we have proposed a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) to sense chemical. The proposed sensor consists of square shaped air holes in the cladding region with a dumbbell shaped core which has been used to fill with sample liquid. A wide range of frequency has been considered to analysis the performance of the sensor in term of relative sensitivity, effective material

Food preservatives and additives are the universal concern of recent days. Particularly, formalin is a chemical compound that is being commonly mingled with food for the preservation purpose. The recurrent ingesting of formalin contaminated food causes uncompromising health sicknesses like chronic cancer. Therefore, identification of formalin in food substances is an extreme need and day by day this

Nowadays, the debate involving climate change concerns safeguarding the water resources of the planet, an extremely important topic also in agriculture. In particular, the problem of scarce water availability becomes more and more pressing every year and at the agronomic level it is necessary to make intelligent use of water without affecting the quality and quantity of production. The aim of this

The plasmonic properties of bimetallic (gold and silver) core-shell nanostructures were studied numerically by using the boundary element method implemented in MATLAB (MNPBEM toolbox). The dependence of the bulk refractive index sensitivity of the nanostructures on the core/shell thicknesses was investigated, and regions of enhanced sensitivities were identified for both Ag@Au and Au@Ag type of nanostructures

Tropical diseases are contagious diseases and are also larger in number and are more subtle in the avoidance and diminishment of their dissemination in tropical and subtropical areas. Bacteria belonging to the division of the word arthropodoe (the bugs that predominantly bite by way of being tick by mosquitos and other arthropod, including flies), which involve some of the medicinal bugs that can transmit

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of intestinal disorders which cause prolonged digestive tract inflammation. The early diagnosis of IBD through the detection of its biomarkers (including tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, cytokines and microRNAs) and imaging agents is a challenge. Nanotechnology enabled biosensors and enhanced image contrasting chemicals for diagnosis offer

Leukemia is a deadly cancer disease, and according to World Health Organization (WHO) data, there were 437,033 cases across the world in 2018. Early detection of this cancer is very difficult, as its symptoms are hidden and clinically invisible. Conventional leukemia detection methods are very costly and time-consuming, so a simple, sensitive, and rapid method is needed. The electrochemical biosensor

Stretchable biosensors are emerging tools to monitor patients. Previous research results should be compared and classified to offer satisfactory solutions to challenges facing the ideation and development of stretchable biosensors. At the same time, human body protein detection is of great importance because of being the most significant biomarker in patient health monitoring. Therefore, a literature

Terahertz (THz) radiation has recently gained much attention in diverse fields ranging from short-range wireless communication to biomedical applications. In general, THz radiation is much difficult to transmit through conventional waveguides due to experiencing higher transmission losses. Many waveguide-based technologies have been proposed in recent decades; among these, hollow-core fiber (HCF) is

This paper presents three different PCF structures including circular, hexagonal, and square holes forming four rings. To investigate various optical properties, simulation has been performed in between 1 THz to 2 THz regimes. Using these PCF structures, the core power fraction (CPF), dispersion, confinement loss (CL), effective material loss (EML), effective area (Aeff), and propagation constant are

In this paper, colorimetric analysis for biochemical samples has been realized, by developing an easy-to-use smartphone colorimetric sensing android application that can measure the molar concentration of the biochemical liquid analyte. The designed application can be used for on-site testing and measurement. We examined three different biochemical materials with the application after preparation with

In this work we present a fast and label-free technique for biomolecules detection. The approach has been proved to be powerful to investigate small DNA mutation. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an outstanding technique for DNA analyses by providing a specific fingerprint of chemical structure with a high sensitivity in a very short acquisition time. Homogeneous decoration of Silicon

Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem aggravated by the overuse of prophylactic antibiotic therapies and lack of real-time biosensing equipment to differentiate viral from bacterial infections at the Point of Care (POC), particularly in rural areas with limited access to clinical laboratory facilities. As recent studies reveal the potential of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and other acute phase biomarkers

The present study described the synthesis of biocompatible Zinc oxide nanoparticles from the zinc acetate through eco-friendly green process using leaf extract of Cassia auriculata leaf and their antibacterial activity. The green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultra violet visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray

Potentiometric sensing devices were prepared based on ion-selective membranes (ISM) containing Hamilton-type receptors incorporated into polymer membranes. Measurement capabilities of these devices were evaluated and exhibit near-Nernstian sensitivities in several different aqueous matrices, demonstrating the utility of Hamilton receptors within polymer membranes for potentiometric detection of barbiturates

In this article, an excellent design of a quasi-shape of cladding with elliptical shape based rotated-hexa core in photonic crystal fiber (Q-PCF) has been presented for terahertz (THz) area. For wide area based communication networks, our suggested PCF fiber (Q-PCF) is strongly useful because of achieving by ultra-low effective material loss (EML) in the terahertz regime. Finite element method (FEM)

This paper presents a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) based gas sensor for monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2). The HC-PCF based sensor is employed for monitoring the diverse liquids and gases with a higher relative sensitivity compared to solid core PCF and porous core PCF sensors. In this paper, the whole design and simulation works have been accomplished by COMSOL Multiphysics software through

We have prepared and characterized hydrosulfide-selective ChemFET devices based on a nitrile butadiene rubber membrane containing tetraoctylammonium nitrate as a chemical recognition element that is applied to commercially available field-effect transistors. The sensors have fast (120 s) reversible responses, selectivity over other biologically relevant thiol-containing species, detection limits of

The latest developments in deep learning have made it possible to implement automated, advanced extraction of several things' features and classifications. Deep learning methods have also become more prominent in arrhythmia detection. This study conceptualized a classification method for ECG arrhythmia utilizing the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with images based on spectrograms without undergoing

In this paper, a highly sensitive temperature sensor is proposed on the platform of photonic crystal fiber (filled with ethanol) and Sagnac interferometer. The sensing characteristics of the device are analyzed by the finite element method. The results show a high temperature sensitivity of 23.23 nm/°C and − 8.71 nm/°C for the fiber length of 24 cm within the temperature range of 45 °C to 60 °C. In

In this work, a novel approach is presented to design a metamaterial-based sensitive sensor for biomedical applications. The metamaterial-based sensor objective is to differentiate between different types of cancer cell lines (biological cells) based on their electrical properties. The sensor is designed by incorporating a single circular split ring resonator (SRR) and a Hilbert fractal curve. The

In this research work, we have proposed an excellent work combination of five layers spherical shape in cladding area with two layers of same circular shape in rotated-hexa core based decagonal photonic crystal fiber (D-PCF) and explicated the simulation outcomes for chemicals finding in the terahertz (THz) ranges. The finite element method (FEM) and perfectly matched layers (PML) boundary complaint

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in a CO/H2 microwave discharge system was performed for synthesizing of carbon nanowalls template and subsequently potentiostatic anodic deposition technique was applied for depositing of manganese oxides onto the carbon nanowall surfaces. Characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite films was done via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based TiO2-nanorods modified carbon paste electrode (CPE/TiO2 NRs) for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in bottled water was successfully studied. The synthesized TiO2 NRs and the modified sensor were fabricated by simple methods and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis

The article presents a rectangular core photonic crystal fiber (RCPCF) structure to detect the major components of blood. We used Topas as bulk fiber material for its extraordinary properties in the terahertz (THz) frequency region and the investigation is accomplished from 0.8 THz to 1.8 THz. The RCPCF sensor provides enriched relative sensitivity (almost 94.38%, 93.72%, 92.94%, 92.14%, and 90.8%

This paper focuses on designing a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) based sensor model. The anticipated sensor is modelled and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics to carry-out experiments on multiple optical parameters that evaluate the efficiency of this model. This model aims to detect alcohol and classify it. Three variants of alcohol, namely methanol, ethanol, and propanol, have been considered in this

This paper presents the design and simulation of hybrid porous core photonic crystal fiber (HPC-PCF) for monitoring nitrous oxide (N2O) gas. The design, numerical simulation and optimization process have been accomplished by utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics software and finite element method. The simulation results show the relative sensitivity of 27% and confinement loss of 0.0034 dB/m at λ = 5 μm absorption

Breast cancer is a serious issue in today's medical science and for this reason, an accurate, as well as efficient detection technique of the breast cancer cell is urgent. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) makes this process easier and unique since it has tremendous optical sensing capabilities. We represent a PCF sensor model for detecting the breast cancer cell where all the designed configurations are

Lateral-flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are a widely used point-of-care technology because they are simple to perform and easy to read. LFIAs typically use colloidal gold or colored latex beads, however the sensitivity of LFIAs is ultimately limited by the label's extinction coefficients as enough material must be localized to be observed. Greater sensitivity requires visualization of fewer labels and herein

We applied our lab-built CO2 laser photoacoustic spectrometer, which has a multi-component measurement capability, for measuring the ammonia, acetone, and ethylene trace gases in the breath of 10 renal disease patients and 30 healthy volunteers. We argue that not only ammonia but also acetone and ethylene can become potential biomarkers for renal disease. We found that the breath ammonia and acetone

Surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) is rapidly becoming one of the main spectroscopic techniques for the detection of a variety of biomolecules and biomarkers. The main reasons for this trend are the high sensitivity and selectivity, robustness, and speed of this analytical method. Each year, the number of applications that utilize this phenomenon increases and with each such work, the complexity and

We propose a noise elimination electrical impedance spectroscopy (neEIS) system for single cell identification whose characteristics are cell-free clamp structure and cell-position independent calibration. The function of the cell-free clamp structure is to enable a single cell to be freely located into neEIS system. The cell-position independent calibration consists of three steps; impedance measurement

By this article, we are going to report results of one of works which has been performed on investigation of the binding and inhibition of catalase (CAT) by ascorbate (ASC). To achieve this goal, different electrochemical experiments have been performed and their data have been analyzed by conventional and chemometric methods. Conventional methods were including direct analysis of the electrochemical

In this work, an ultra-sensitive and highly-specific electrochemical immunosensor was developed based on three-dimensional graphene/nickel foam (GF) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), a biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). A low NGAL limit of detection (LOD) of 42 pg/ml and a linear range (LR) of 0.05–210 ng/ml were achieved

In this study, selective optical properties of Si/SiO2 thin films and their dependence on heat treatment were investigated. Samples were synthesized by pulsed-laser ablation deposition of c-Si on glass substrates and annealed at different temperatures (400 °C, 1000 °C). Nanofabrication parameters were chosen to produce significantly different nanostructures ranging from agglomerated particles to nanofibers

This paper presents an analysis on a hexagonal cladding with a rotated-hexa core in photonic crystal fiber (H-PCF) based optical sensor formation with simultaneously minimal confinement loss and higher sensitivity for chemical sensing functions. The numerical assessment of the designed structure is achieved with the procedure of finite element method (FEM) and perfectly matched layers (PML) boundary

Cardiac dynamism changes with the various intellectual activities which affect the brain's performance indirectly. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal displays the variation of cardiac dynamism that has been analyzed in this work to extract the psychological competence of the young students. A cardiac state-inducing prototype and MATLAB based graphical-user interface (GUI) have been developed, implemented

In this article, we propose a rectangular slotted porous core photonic crystal fiber (RSPC-PCF) for sensing the CO2 gas. The RSPC-PCF is made of purely silica material with rectangular air holes in core and circular air holes in cladding. The COMSOL Multi-physics software with version 4.5.150 is used as a design and simulation tools. The effects of tuning the geometrical parameters have been numerically

The surface plasmon resonance wavelength in a gold film above silver nanospheres on a silica substrate was measured using transmission absorption spectroscopy. The structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the gold/silver nanosphere thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-VIS-NIR double beam spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively

Hypoxia commonly occurs within tumours and is a major cause of radiotherapy resistance. Clinical outcomes could be improved by locating and selectively increasing the dose delivered to hypoxic regions. Here we describe a miniature implantable sensor for real-time monitoring of tissue oxygenation that could enable this novel treatment approach to be implemented. The sensor uses a solid-state electrochemical