Abstract The pulse-periodic operation regime of a plasma relativistic microwave generator is considered. The reasons for the increase of average frequency of the output microwave radiation in a pulse train created in the same conditions of initial plasma generation are analyzed. The effect of solid body erosion that occurs due to the interaction of the relativistic electron beam with the collector

Abstract The basic physical methods of disinfection of air, water, and surfaces, such as filtration, ozonation, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, photocatalysis, cold plasma, electric discharges, and electroporation in an electric field are reviewed. The main attention is paid to the consideration of traditional and new methods of air disinfection. Recommendations on application of pulsed UV radiation

Abstract Linear and nonlinear propagation of electrostatic waves is studied in electron-depleted bi-ion plasmas where positive and negative ions have different masses and charge states. The two-fluid model is used. The Korteweg–de Vries equation is obtained using the reductive perturbation technique. The results of the numerical calculations show that in K–fullerene plasma for the experimentally obtained

Abstract Localized plasma formations called space leaders are observed in streamer coronas of negative leaders of long laboratory sparks. The main leader completes a step when the space leader comes into contact with the head of the main leader. In the present work, we discuss the creation mechanism of local plasma formations (henceforth, generally, referred to as the hot spots) that are able to initiate

Abstract The formation and evolution of a Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) soliton in a dense quantum plasma consisting of electrons and ions is studied. The solitary profile is first obtained and the external force is applied to study the effect of force on the stationary formation. Further, a new technique based on the MacCormack Predictor Corrector scheme is designed to study the plasma species individual

Abstract— Electrodynamic characteristics of a low-pressure (electron collision frequency much lower than the field frequency) capacitive HF discharge maintained by an electromagnetic field with a frequency between 13 and 900 MHz are studied analytically and numerically. It is demonstrated that the field of both the fundamental mode (the field in the metal–space-charge sheath–plasma–space-charge sheath–metal

Abstract The ratio of the radiation energy of the plasma relativistic microwave amplifier at a frequency of the input signal to the noise energy is measured. In the absence of the input signal, the noise radiation is detected. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the amplifier noise energy sharply decreases, as compared to the noise energy measured in the absence of the input signal.

Abstract— A magnetized inductively coupled plasma ion beam etcher (MICP-IBE) was designed by employing electromagnets around the etcher (IBE). A magnetic field can be set up such that the magnitude of the magnetic flux density on the screen grid increases or decreases with the radial distance from the screen grid center. Four different types of magnetic field conditions were considered. The plasma

Abstract The results of the studies of the compression of the plasma of cone-cylindrical nested arrays of mixed composition at current flow through them of up to 3 MA at the Angara-5-1 facility are presented. The outer array of the nested array is a conical array of thin nylon fibers or tungsten wires, while the inner one is a cylindrical tungsten wire array. The implosion of current in this type of

Abstract The specificity of the development of a counter discharge from a grounded electrode in the field of a negative stepped lightning leader has been established. It is shown that high-voltage control pulses are effective only when acting directly on a counter leader. Analytical expressions are derived for estimating the conditions for the start of the counter discharge directly in the streamer

Abstract— Hydrogen glow discharge cleaning (H-GDC) is a routine conditioning procedure for the modern tokamaks and the future fusion machines, including ITER. Due to the low energy of hydrogen ions in glow discharge plasmas, the probability of any considerable damage to the plasma-facing components was mainly ignored. In this work, Tungsten, as the primary candidate for the plasma-facing materials

Abstract— The paper presents a review of modern works on gasdynamic flow control using a highly nonequilibrium pulsed plasma. The main attention is paid to the effects based on ultrafast (on the nanosecond time scale for atmospheric pressure) local gas heating, since, at present, the main successes in controlling high-speed flows by means of gas discharges are associated with this thermal mechanism

Abstract The parametric decay instability of microwaves with extraordinary polarization is analyzed that leads to their anomalous scattering by oscillations of the intermediate frequency range, localized in the edge transport barrier of a fusion installation. This effect can occur during electron cyclotron heating of the plasma at the second harmonic of the resonance frequency by multi megawatt microwave

Abstract The nonlinear development stage is studied of the instability of coupled waves in the planar plasma crystal in the external confining force field. It is assumed that the particles are located in plasma consisting of the Maxwellian electrons and the directed flow of cold ions. It is demonstrated that the effect of nonlinearity results either in acceleration of the instability development or

Abstract— In a device with a plasma focus, the possibility of improving the initial azimuthal uniformity of the current plasma shell is realized by enhancing the stabilizing action of the skin effect at an increase in the initial rate of the discharge current rise. An additional current source is used, which is switched on before the operation of the vacuum discharger triggering the capacitor bank

Abstract In this work, evolution of dust grains from different materials used in fusion energy installations was studied and a model was constructed that describes the generation of dust. The model accounts for the thermochemical, electrical, and other properties of the materials of the fusion reactor wall. It was shown that the dominant process that leads to the decrease in dust grain mass is the

Abstract The effect of a shielding gas on the plasma flow of an electric arc and molten metal is studied. The effect of the shielding gas on the plasma flow of the electric arc of molten metal is simulated, and a mathematical model is developed that describes the flow of the plasma-forming gas inside a device that forms the necessary directions of plasma flows to form a droplet of molten electrode

Abstract The work is devoted to the study of thermophysical and radiation processes during the formation of a plasma channel under the passage of a series of current pulses of pulsed-periodic cesium–xenon–mercury discharge. The influence of the auxiliary discharge mode, temperature, and vapor pressure of metals on the development and relaxation of the plasma channel is shown. The spectral characteristics

Abstract– In this work, systems with serial and alternating electrical connection of three electrohydrodynamic cells based on corona discharge in atmospheric pressure air were studied. Numerical simulations of the systems was conducted. The volume force acting in the drift regions of the multi-cascade system was calculated and a good agreement was obtained between experimental and theoretical data

Abstract The results of modeling a nanosecond discharge in a uniform electric field in argon at atmospheric pressure based on two kinetic models are compared: with one and with six excited states, respectively. The analysis of the development of ionization waves in a centimeter gap in a two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry is performed. It is shown that the obtained result is influenced by the choice

Abstract Raman scattering instability (RSI) is investigated in a magnetized quantum electron–ion plasma by applying the separate spin evolution-quantum hydrodynamic (SSE-QHD) model. The governing differential equations of large amplitude transverse electromagnetic waves (TEM) and electron plasma waves (EP) are derived in spin polarization effect. The nonlinear interaction of spin polarized TEM and

Abstract Electrodynamic characteristics of a low pressure (electron collision frequency much lower than the field frequency) capacitive high frequency (HF) discharge maintained by electromagnetic field with a frequency between 10 and 1000 MHz are studied analytically and numerically. The discharge is assumed to fill completely a cylindrical metallic discharge chamber that contains a large area active

Abstract Experiments that revealed the main trends in the development of complete breakdown in a long capillary tube for different electrode configurations are reported. It is demonstrated that, in the presence of an additional external electrode around the tube, a fast stage completing the breakdown is preceded by a slow stage caused by development of a weak-current surface barrier discharge inside

Abstract— Theoretical and numerical investigations are carried out for the instability of the dust–acoustic waves (DAWs) under the transverse perturbation in a magnetized dusty plasma with two-temperature nonthermal ions. By the reductive perturbation technique, the Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and modified ZK equation of the DAWs are derived. Under the higher-order transverse perturbations, the

Abstract The results of investigations of a spark discharge in air in the gap between the tip (anode) and a 1.5‑mm-long plane are presented. It is shown that, after breakdown, the discharge develops in the form of a beam of individual microchannels that close the discharge gap, then, after 20–30 ns, a continuous outer boundary of the channel forms and its radial expansion begins. The electron concentration

Abstract The plasmaphysical code is presented that makes it possible to simulate the energy distributions of atoms escaping from plasma of the toroidal facilities. The code includes calculations of the particle spatial distributions in the charge-exchange plasma target consisting of atoms and hydrogen-like impurity ions. The calculations of the charge-exchange target are performed in two ways: using

Abstract The results of studying the self/non-self-sustained gas discharge (SNSS discharge) excited by microwave beams at high gas pressure (atmospheric or higher than atmospheric) under conditions of a substantially subthreshold radiation power are presented. The discharge has a number of properties that distinguish it from all microwave discharges described in literature. The physical model of the

Abstract The cumulative impact of the inhomogeneous distribution of the plasma temperature and electromagnetic effects on dynamics of plasma filaments in the hot edge plasma of a tokamak, characterized by small values of the parameter \(\beta < {{m}_{e}}{\text{/}}{{m}_{i}}\), is analyzed. The physical model describing the filament dynamics is presented. Estimates of the scrape-off-layer plasma parameters

Abstract The shape is analyzed of the electron temperature profiles measured in experiments on the axial ECR heating at the L-2M stellarator at different densities and heating powers. It is ascertained that when the reduced ECR heating power exceeds some threshold value, the electron temperature profiles become broadened and flat in the core region of the plasma column. The correlation is revealed

Abstract Experiments on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) were performed with high normalized beta (\({{\beta }_{N}}\sim 1.9\)) and favorable energy confinement (\({{H}_{{98,y2}}}\sim 1.1\)) for the operating space achieved in EAST. Gyrokinetic simulations were carried out for four different \({{\beta }_{N}}\) cases with the experimental plasma parameters and tokamak equilibrium

Abstract In the subthreshold microwave discharge (the wavelength of 4 mm) in argon at the pressure of 750 Torr at intensities of the wave beam from 3 to 7.8 kW/cm2, the velocity of the ionization front, measured from the phase change of the reflected wave, increases approximately as the intensity on the wave beam axis in the power of 3/2 from 0.5 × 105 to 2.9 × 105 cm/s. This velocity of the discharge

Abstract It is shown that the horizontal winds in Martian ionosphere, at the initial stage of their interaction with dusty plasma clouds at altitudes of about 100 km, can cause conditions for the excitation of dust acoustic waves due to the development of kinetic instability. The dispersion relationship of the dust acoustic waves is determined as well as their growth rate in the conditions under study

Abstract The results of studies of the spectral characteristics of the stochastic motion of charged particles in quasi-two-dimensional clusters in the electric field of a trap are presented. The characteristic particle frequencies and the method for their analytical calculation are considered. The analytical correlations are proposed for the spectral density of displacements in the low-sized clusters

Abstract— Electrodynamic properties of a low-pressure (electron collision frequency much lower than the field frequency) capacitive high-frequency (HF) discharge with large-area electrodes maintained by an electromagnetic field with frequency higher than 13 MHz is studied analytically. The discharge is sustained by surface waves propagating along the plasma–space-charge sheath–metal interface. When

Abstract A characteristic feature of the implosion of multiwire arrays on powerful high-current electrophysical facilities (ZR, Angara-5-1, Julong-1 (PTS), MAGPIE, etc.) is the process of extended wire ablation. It is based on the fact that the substance of the wires is not converted into plasma instantly, but is supplied into the discharge relatively slowly at the rate \(\dot {m}(t)\) in about 70–80%

Abstract The interaction of an additional electron beam with a previously created charged electron plasma of the squeezed state of two counter-propagating superlimiting electron beams in a closed equipotential cavity was studied numerically. The onset of plasma–beam instability in the absence of ions and quasi-linear relaxation is demonstrated. A significant broadening of the EDF towards higher electron

Abstract At the torsatron-type stellarator Uragan-3M, frequency spectrum and spatial structures of the fluctuations of the poloidal component of the magnetic field in frequency range 0.3–52 kHz, which are caused by the plasma current, are studied with a set of magnetic sensors. The studies were carried out in the microwave heating regime in confining magnetic fields of different strength. The magnetic

Abstract The results are presented from the theoretical analysis of the low-threshold parametric decay instability of the pumping microwave beam with the ordinary polarization and the frequency in the electron cyclotron resonance frequency range. This instability develops in the cylindrical plasma filament, which results in the excitation of two oblique Langmuir waves.

Abstract The flow of plasma with low gas-dynamic pressure transversely to the magnetic field, when electrons are transported under conditions of prevalence of collisions with neutrals, is studied theoretically and experimentally. Electron heating in the electric field formed by the plasma flow and electron drift (losses) to channel walls in the presence of the potential barrier between the walls and

Abstract Plasma–dust processes in the Earth’s ionosphere related to transit of meteor bodies and spreading of meteor trail are analyzed. Processes that occur in the meteor trail itself and those taking place in the Earth’s atmosphere upon transit of a meteor body, along with their influence on observers and operation of various technical systems, are investigated. In particular, mechanisms explaining

Abstract A calculated analysis of the possibility of achieving the generation in a gas-flow electric discharge oxygen–iodine laser when it is excited by a transverse slab RF discharge for various conditions of passing of the CF3I : O2 : He gas mixture components along the gas duct was carried out: in subsonic flow without cooling the channel walls and with cooling of various sections of the channel

Abstract Methods of description of ion–acoustic shock waves in dusty plasma are presented. A new type of dust ion–acoustic shock waves related to anomalous dissipation is described. The main dissipative processes related to charging of dust particles, absorption of ions by dust particles, Coulomb collisions between ions and dust particles, and Landau damping are analyzed. Proposed methods of theoretical

Abstract— An experimental study has been done of the bias effect of the active (high-voltage) electrode potential on the breakdown characteristics in a discharge tube 15 mm in diameter, filled with neon, argon, or their mixture (3 : 1) at a pressure of ~1 Torr. The bias of the potential is carried out by parallel connection to the electrode with an additional constant voltage or additional pulses with

Abstract The results are presented from studies of the efficiency of the quasi-optical wave beam tunneling through the opacity region in the vicinity of the plasma cutoff surface in the inhomogeneous magnetoactive plasma in the geometry corresponding to a large-scale axially symmetric open trap. In this geometry, the distinctive features are considered of the linear transformation of normal waves in

Abstract The study is continued of the temporal changes of the parameters of turbulent plasma density fluctuations during multi-pulse electron cyclotron (EC) heating of the plasma on the L-2M stellarator. The plasma density fluctuations with different wave vectors (k = 30, 20, 2, and 1 cm –1) in different spatial regions of the plasma column were recorded by the method of collective scattering of microwave

Abstract The results of the development of a two-dimensional MHD code for carrying out computational studies of the dynamics of plasma current sheath in spherical chambers with a plasma focus are presented. Equations of magnetohydrodynamics with allowance for magnetic field diffusion, thermal conductivity and plasma radiation are used in this work. An implicit scheme is used in the calculation of the

Abstract The review is devoted to studies of the processes and mechanisms of ignition of a glow discharge in tubes whose length significantly exceeds their diameter (long discharge tubes) at low pressures (~10 Torr and lower) and moderate voltage rise rates (~1 kV/μs and lower). The electric field in such tubes before a breakdown is substantially nonuniform. Therefore, a breakdown occurs after an ionization

Abstract The determination of the amplitudes of relativistic mKdV solitons based on specific amount of perturbation is presented for the first time in model of dusty plasma. The extremely high electrons’ streaming speed \({{v}_{{e0}}}\) is shown to enforce resultant relativistic speed of the bulk of plasma which necessitates smaller amount of perturbation to deal with the relativistic situation. Further

Abstract Compression of a fiber array with a deuterated target mounted on its axis is studied at the Angara-5-1 facility (3.5 MA, 100 ns). Cylindrical arrays with an initial diameter of 12 mm made from polypropylene fibers with a diameter of 13.4 µm are used. The number of fibers varied from 30 to 120. The target with the density of 0.08–0.2 g/cm3 and the diameter of 1 mm was made on the basis of deuterated

Abstract The noise amplification mode in a plasma maser with inverse geometry was obtained experimentally for the first time. It is shown that the introduction of a microwave absorber transfers the maser operating mode from the oscillator to the amplifier. In both modes, the tuning of the radiation frequency has been shown when the plasma density changes. This work is a step in the implementation of

Abstract The nonlinear stage of development of the dust particle chain instabilities is studied. It is assumed that dust particles interact with the plasma consisting of Maxwellian electrons and a directed flow of cold ions. The truncated equations are derived describing the nonlinear dynamics of the standing wave in the range of parameters close to the threshold for the development of the instability

Abstract In the framework of the isotope effect studies at the FT-2 tokamak, the efficiencies were compared of the lower hybrid wave heating of the ion components of the hydrogen and deuterium plasmas with high densities (close to the Greenwald limit, 〈ne〉 ≤ 1020 m–3). It was experimentally ascertained that, in accordance with the theoretical concepts, the efficient axial heating of the deuterium plasma

Abstract Propagation velocity of a subthreshold microwave discharge in air and carbon dioxide is measured at various gas pressures and intensities of microwave radiation. At air pressures of 200, 390, and 738 Torr and carbon dioxide pressures of 390 and 750 Torr, the propagation velocity of the head part of the self-non-self-sustained discharge closely follows a quadratic power law as a function of

Abstract Nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic (IA) shock wave in a nonextensive and relativistic plasma is investigated by deriving space fractional Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers (SFKB) equation. This unmagnetized and collisionless plasma contains relativistic thermal ions, q-distributed electrons, and positrons. A modified tanh-function method is presented to solve the obtained SFKB equation taking space

Abstract The state-of-art of studies of processes involving small fractions of particles formed as a result of chemical transformations of the source gas or appearing from the outside as an impurity is discussed. Various high-sensitivity methods for measuring the low concentrations of particles are considered. The main focus is on spectral methods, both classical and laser ones. The main modern fields

Abstract A simple macroscopic method for detection of current sheet disruptions and determination of the width of metastable sheets is proposed based on the measurements of magnetic fields at the external surface of the vacuum chamber. This contactless diagnostic method does not affect the plasma processes in the current sheet and allows one to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Such changes will

Abstract— The article deals with interaction of an extraordinary laser wave of high amplitude with inhomogeneous plasma in a strong magnetic field in the vicinity of twice the upper-hybrid frequency. The analysis is carried out by means of numerical simulation based on the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. It is demonstrated that in this case, parametric resonance leads to a substantial heating of electrons

Abstract Modeling of the pulse-periodic high-pressure cesium discharge on the basis of the radiative gas dynamic equations is executed. Calculation results of radial profiles of the plasma temperature, energy losses on radiation, electron densities and radial velocity of motion are given to various instants from the beginning of a current pulse. It is shown that the discharge under study makes it possible

Abstract A semi-empirical level-based model is developed that describes the detailed kinetics of the formation and decay of hydrogen atoms during relaxation of the vibrational energy of hydrogen molecules in the gas phase of a microwave discharge in liquid hydrocarbons in the range of the translational temperature from 600 to 3000 K at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that, depending on the conditions

Abstract In this study, many plasma parameters including excitation temperature \(({{T}_{{{\text{exc}}}}})\), electron temperature \(({{T}_{e}})\), skin depth \(({{\delta }_{p}})\), plasma potential \(({{V}_{p}})\), and electron energy distribution function (EEDF) are inspected in the two modes of magnetic pole enhanced-inductively coupled (MaPE-ICP) neon–argon mixture plasma by employing Langmuir