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On the estimation of interior walls in the district-scale Life Cycle Assessment of buildings Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Maximilian Schildt, Johannes Linus Cuypers, Avichal Malhotra, Maxim Shamovich, Jérôme Frisch, Christoph Alban van Treeck
The large-scale Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of buildings supports decision-making processes in reaching the climate goals of the building sector. Yet, the considerable amount of data required for d...
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Development and experimental evaluation of new building air leakage measurement methods: measurement of interior air leaks and comparison to conventional methods Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Tharanga Jayarathne, Michael A. Browne, Michael Gevelber
Building air leaks (both through exterior and interior surfaces) can have a significant impact on energy consumption, indoor air quality, fire safety, and moisture accumulation affecting structural...
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Energy efficiency optimization analysis for a cooling composite air conditioning system for internet data centers Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Zhao Li, Jihua Tong, Zhuling Zheng, Pengli Dong, Shangqing Yang
In this study, a validated mathematical model for a composite air conditioning system was established based on onsite test data. The system consists of a refrigerant pump driven two-phase cooling l...
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Occupancy schedule development and its effect on OpenStudio prototype college building model Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Yeonjin Bae, Yeobeom Yoon, Sungkyun Jung, Mini Malhotra, Piljae Im
College buildings have unique characteristics compared with school buildings. Therefore, defining the realistic occupancy schedule in a prototype college building has significant research opportuni...
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Research on the effect of the refrigerant charge in a variable capacity heat pump Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Ignacio Ortega, Jaime Sieres, Fernando Cerdeira, Estrella Álvarez, José Manuel Santos
Current energy efficiency regulations have led to the development of heat pumps equipped with variable speed compressors (VSC) and electronic expansion valves (EEV). To reduce the amount of refrige...
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Factors influencing precise control of room temperature for floor heating systems in severely cold regions of China Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Chang Liu, Zhaojun Wang, Yuxin Yang, Fanzhuo Zhou
Precise control of room temperature for floor heating systems is a key step toward intelligent heating, which is of great significance in achieving thermal comfort and energy savings. Generally, th...
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Exploring thermal comfort in rural houses of Chhattisgarh state, India: A comprehensive survey and adaptive model analysis Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-25 Chaman Lal Pal, Nisha Netam, Shubhashis Sanyal, M. Manish
Thermal comfort studies in India are very much at an emerging stage. According to Indian codes, in the summer, the comfortable temperature range for residential buildings is 23–26 °C. The recommend...
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Guidance for data-center CFD (RP-1675) Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Beichao Hu, James Vangilder, Mark Seymour, Dhaval Patel, Yogendra Joshi, Cheng-Xian Lin
This article reviews and summarizes research conducted during and related to ASHRAE RP-1675, Guidance for Data Center CFD. The ultimate objective is to provide users and vendors of computational fl...
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Energy consumption disaggregation in commercial buildings: a time series decomposition approach Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Narges Zaeri Esfahani, Araz Ashouri, H. Burak Gunay, Farid Bahiraei
As commonly stated, we cannot manage what we do not measure. Understanding the flow of energy and its end-uses within a building is critical for energy management. Therefore, the lack of high resol...
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GA-BP based daylight prediction and sensor placement in residential areas Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Gucheng Liu, Ying Wang, Zhenghua Sun
This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the light environment in different areas of residential houses located in Beijing’s Guangyuanli neighborhood. The main objective of this study is to ...
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Performance comparison of a mobile air conditioning system using an orifice tube as an expansion device for R1234yf and R134a Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Umut Gungor, Murat Hosoz
The performance merits of a mobile air conditioning (MAC) system with an orifice tube (OT) were experimentally evaluated for R1234yf relative to R134a. The effect of employing a suction/liquid line...
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Impact of thermal zone modeling on a small office building with all-electric HVAC systems in hot-humid and cold-humid climates Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Chul Kim, Jeff Haberl
In code-compliant simulations, the impact of thermal zoning method is significant on building energy use of building systems. However, in practice, thermal zone modeling is often determined by gene...
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Analysis of demisting strategies for electric vehicles Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Alexandra Elena Ene, Catalin Teodosiu
Worldwide expansion of electric vehicles is more than obvious nowadays. However, there are still problems related to their driving range. Consequently, solutions for continuous improvement of elect...
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Code generation for embedded predictive control of gas water heaters Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 André Quintã, Cheila Conceição, Nelson Martins, Jorge A. F. Ferreira
Conventional control strategies usually employed in tankless gas water heaters present difficulty in controlling the hot water temperature when subjected to sudden changes in water flow rate. Inade...
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Developing a standardized categorization system for energy efficiency measures (1836-RP) Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Amanda L. Webb, Apoorv Khanuja
The growth of legislation to reduce energy use in existing buildings is producing a rich new trove of data about energy efficiency measures (EEMs), which has the potential to unlock new insights in...
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Spatio-temporal electrical grid emission factors effects on calculated GHG emissions of buildings in mixed-grid environments Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Max St-Jacques, Scott Bucking, William O’Brien, Iain Macdonald
This study compares the calculated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of buildings using two different methodologies in mixed-grid environments. Simulations were conducted using virtual models of 25 bu...
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Tube bundle evaporators with LGWP refrigerant R1234ze(E) Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Joshua Rothe, Jerin Robins Ebanesar, Lorenzo Cremaschi
With new low-GWP HFO refrigerants, the heat transfer performances and methods for decreasing system refrigerant inventory are receiving increasing interest. In shell-and-tube heat exchangers, refri...
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Sensitivity analysis of sensor placement in energy-efficient, grid-interactive ready small office buildings with dynamic shading and lighting control Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Hao Dong, Soham Vanage, Kristen Cetin
In smart buildings, dynamically controlled lighting and shading devices have a direct impact on occupants’ thermal and visual comfort, building energy use, and peak demand. This study aims to asses...
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Influence of self-shading building form on indoor solar gains and energy performance in different climates of China Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Xudong Zhang, Qiao Ning, Hengchen Zhang
Self-shading building form has a significant influence on indoor solar gains and energy performance. This paper presented a methodology for quantifying self-shading building forms, which categorize...
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Removal of microbial aerosol using titania/chitosan composites in air conditioning systems Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-25 Jihong Ling, Meng Wang, Zhenghao Liu, Jincheng Xing
The humid environment of the air conditioning system promotes the growth of microorganisms on the filter media. Using filter media with antibacterial properties can solve this problem. As a photoca...
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Simulation and performance assessment of a heat pump coupled to a sub-slab thermal storage system Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Luminita Dumitrascu, Ian Beausoleil-Morrison
The paper explores the performance of a sub-slab ground heat exchanger, coupled to a heat pump, and the ability of the system to provide space conditioning and domestic hot water (DHW) for a multi-...
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Energy modeling of typical commercial buildings in support of ASHRAE building energy quotient energy rating program (ASHRAE RP-1771) Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Yingli Lou, Yunyang Ye, Yizhi Yang, Wangda Zuo, Gang Wang
In the practice of building energy performance evaluation, two types of rating systems are widely used in building energy performance evaluation: empirical baseline energy use intensity (EUI) for e...
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Improved engineering model for water absorption in softwoods Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Samuel V. Glass, Charles R. Boardman, Natalia Farkas, Eleanor Q. D. Lazarcik, Samuel L. Zelinka
Modeling of moisture transfer in porous materials is typically partitioned into liquid transport and vapor diffusion. Coefficients for liquid transport are often derived from laboratory measurement...
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Numerical investigation on high-temperature thermoacoustic heat pump with a work recovery displacer Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Tian YE, Xi Chen, Shenglin Zhu, Yankang Wu, Pu Zheng
Spacecraft commonly dissipate heat into space through radiation. In the current development of spacecraft radiators, two major challenges are encountered: effective dissipation of heat in high-temp...
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How does indoor environment affect people’s comfort and exercise performance in sports buildings? Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Yongxiang Shi, Zhiwei Lian, Shengqian Hu, Yingying Hu
Different from the typical residential or office environments, individuals in indoor sports buildings are often in a state of physical activity. Specific requirements for the sports buildings are n...
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A field study on thermal acceptability and energy consumption of mixed-mode offices building located in the hot-dry climate of Burkina Faso Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Césaire Hema, Arnaud Louis Sountong-Noma Ouédraogo, Gnidouignè Bazomboè Bationo, Madi Kabore, Philbert Nshimiyimana, Adamah Messan
To ensure thermal comfort in hot dry climates such as the climate of Burkina Faso, occupants of buildings often rely on air conditioning systems. Defining the appropriate conditions for thermal com...
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Unlocking energy savings and emissions reduction: A comparative study of fixed-speed and variable-speed room air conditioners in high ambient temperature environments Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Omar M. Zaki, Mohamed El-Morsi, Omar Abdelaziz
Developing countries, particularly those with high ambient temperatures (HAT), are experiencing a surge in air conditioner (AC) installations. Fixed-speed ACs, which rely on on–off control, are the...
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A variable speed water-to-water heat pump model used for ground-source applications Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-18 Geoffrey Viviescas, Michel Bernier
The main objective of this study is to model variable speed water-to-water heat pumps ( VSHP ) and to examine the impact of the operation of such devices on ground heat exchanger sizing and energy ...
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Deployment of real-time building automation system-integrated inverse-model-based fault detection and diagnostics algorithms Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Andre A. Markus, Brodie W. Hobson, Jayson Bursill, H. Burak Gunay
The complex operation of HVAC systems in large commercial buildings warrants regular implementation of advanced analytical approaches to operations and maintenance, and subsequent corrective measur...
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Optimal discretization of geothermal boreholes for the calculation of g-functions Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Massimo Cimmino, Jonathan C. Cook, José A. Isiordia Farrera
The effect of the discretization of geothermal boreholes on the accuracy of g-function evaluations is studied. A data set of 557,056 bore field configurations covering a large range of geometrical ...
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Influence of outdoor temperature on thermal adaptation: Annual neutral temperature and thermal sensitivity Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Xue Wang, Liu Yang
Building evaluation and guidance for naturally ventilated buildings rely on adaptive comfort models and standards. This study aims to establish an analytical and predictive thermal sensation and ad...
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Performance assessment of a real water source heat pump within a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing environment Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Caleb Calfa, Zhiyao Yang, Yicheng Li, Zhelun Chen, Zheng O’Neill, Jin Wen
Over the last decade, the global fight against climate change through electrification has led to an increase in research on building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that u...
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On the use of drones for vision-based digitalization, diagnostics and energy efficiency assessment of buildings Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Kevin Autelitano, Michele Bolognini, Enrico De Angelis, Lorenzo Fagiano, Marco Scaioni
The adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for energy efficiency assessment is a promising technique. Although there are some interesting ideas to automate the process, most of the operations are sti...
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Empirical analysis of the prevalence of HVAC faults in commercial buildings Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Eliot Crowe, Yimin Chen, Hayden Reeve, David Yuill, Amir Ebrahimifakhar, Yuxuan Chen, Lucas Troup, Amanda Smith, Jessica Granderson
Commercial building HVAC systems experience many sensing, mechanical, and control-related faults that increase energy consumption and impact occupant comfort. Fault detection & diagnostics (FDD) so...
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Variable refrigerant flow heat pump model with estimated parameters and emulated controller based on manufacturer data Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-12 Aziz Mbaye, Massimo Cimmino
A new physics-based and modular variable refrigerant flow (VRF) heat pump model aimed towards multi-year simulations is presented. The model allows the simulation of any number of indoor units (IU)...
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Multi-scenario Extreme Weather Simulator Application to Heat Waves: Ko’olauloa Community Resilience Hub Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Daniel L. Villa, Sang Hoon Lee, Carlo Bianchi, Juan Pablo Carvallo, Illya Azaroff, Andrea Mammoli, Tyler Schostek
Heat waves are increasing in severity, duration, and frequency. The multi-scenario extreme weather simulator (MEWS) models this using historical data, climate model outputs, and heat wave multiplie...
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New formulations and experimental validation of non-stationary convolutions for the fast simulation of time-variant flowrates in ground heat exchangers Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Gabrielle Beaudry, Philippe Pasquier, Alain Nguyen
Flowrate control can have a significant positive impact on the thermal performance and economic profitability of ground-source heat pump systems. Including dynamic advective processes in the design...
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Model-based Data Center Cooling Controls Comparative Co-design Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 Milica Grahovac, Paul Ehrlich, Jianjun Hu, Michael Wetter
The paper presents a comparative simulation-based control logic design process. It uses the Control Description Language (CDL) and the ASHRAE Guideline 36 high-performing building control sequences...
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The clinical and environmental effects of an advanced air purification technology in multiple healthcare settings Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Alicia R. Urrutia, Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Charles N. Kimble, Kathryn C. Worrilow
Many facility acquired infection (FAI) causing pathogens are airborne and controlling them is critical to preventing illness. An advanced air purification technology (AAPT) was designed to inactiva...
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Broadening participation in ASHRAE conferences: Innovative research in the built environment presented at the 2022 ASHRAE Annual Conference Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Kristen Cetin, Brian M. Fronk
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment (Vol. 29, No. 9, 2023)
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Topology optimization of geothermal bore fields using the method of moving asymptotes Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Alexandre Noël, Massimo Cimmino
A new method is proposed to optimize the configurations of vertical ground heat exchangers using topology optimization and the method of moving asymptotes. The problem formulation minimizes the req...
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Detailed evaluation of electric demand load shifting potential of heat pump water heaters in a hot humid climate Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Karen Fenaughty, Danny S. Parker, Joshua Butzbaugh, Carlos Colon
Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) are a proven method of reducing water heating energy use over prevailing electric resistance systems (ERWH). Both technologies lend themselves to enhanced control for...
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IAQ 2020: Indoor environmental quality performance approaches transitioning from IAQ to IEQ, part 2 May 4–6, 2022 | Athens, Greece Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-30 Chandra Sekhar, William Bahnfleth
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment (Vol. 29, No. 7, 2023)
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Numerical simulation on flow boiling heat transfer of R1234ze(E)/R152a in a horizontal smooth tube Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-14 Yuande Dai, Ziyu Wang, Jiahuan Wu, Chaoping Xu
The understanding of two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of refrigerants in tubes is important for guiding the design and optimization of heat exchangers. Based on the volume of fluid ...
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Phase change materials embedded in expanded clay aggregates to develop energy storage concrete: A review Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Mahsa Salimi, Luigi de Nardo, Valter Carvelli
Thermal energy storage (TES) based on phase change materials (PCM) is an effective strategy to reduce energy consumption in buildings. The efficient implementation of TES in building through PCMs, ...
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Sensitivity analysis of indoor air distribution performances in an office room with ceiling cooling and mechanical ventilation Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-07 Xiaozhou Wu, Hao Gao, Diqi Yu, Jiying Liu, Jie Gao, Zhen Tian, Xiangli Li
A hybrid system with a ceiling cooling (CC) system and a mechanical ventilation system has been extensively applied in modern office buildings with large sensible cooling loads. Both the chilled ce...
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In-situ empirical validation of common indoor climate parameters in an inhabited multizone dwelling Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Matthias Yvan Chris Van Hove, Josué Borrajo Bastero, Marc Delghust, Jelle Laverge
Combined building indoor climate and energy simulation models only recently gained vast popularity and their application has been moving from the research community to a broader audience. Yet, in-s...
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Model-free MIMO control tuning of a chiller process using reinforcement learning Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Christian Rosdahl, Bo Bernhardsson, Bryan Eisenhower
The performance of HVAC equipment, including chillers, is continuing to be pushed to theoretical limits, which impacts the necessity for advanced control logic to operate them efficiently and robus...
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Quantitative analysis of cost savings and occupants’ preferences in grid-interactive smart home operation Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Yilin Jiang, Junke Wang, Li Song
Many utility companies in the United States have introduced time-of-use (TOU) rates for homeowners with the goal of regulating electricity consumption during peak hours. The electrical appliances i...
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Reducing microgrid availability to reduce costs for coastal Puerto Rican communities Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Daniel L. Villa, Jimmy E. Quiroz
Renewable microgrids are sustainable, resilient solutions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Making electric loads nearly 100% available (i.e., power remains on) during outages increases cost...
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Chemical stability investigation of haloolefin refrigerants and their blends with lubricants Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Steve Kujak, Morgan Leehey
This paper examines the findings of highly accelerated life tests (HALT), conducted according to ASHRAE Standard 97 sealed glass tube methodology for R-123 like, R-134a like and R-410A/R-404A like ...
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Development of a crankshaft driven single long NiTi tube compressive elastocaloric cooler Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Siyuan Cheng, Zhengyu Li, Weng Zak Lee, Shuoyang Liu, Yang Fu, Yatao Zhao, Mengyi Zhang
Elastocaloric cooling has no environmental effects during operation, and achieving a compact structure especially the driver is significant for its commercialization. In this article, a compact, st...
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Data analysis and interpretable machine learning for HVAC predictive control: A case-study based implementation Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Jianqiao Mao, Ryan Grammenos, Konstantinos Karagiannis
Energy efficiency and thermal comfort levels are key attributes to be considered in the design and implementation of a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. With the increased av...
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CFD modeling of room airflow effects on inactivation of aerosol SARS-CoV-2 by an upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Youngbo Won, Donghyun Rim, Richard Mistrick, William Bahnfleth
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems inactivate microorganisms indoors. Upper-room UVGI systems use wall- or ceiling-mounted fixtures to create an air disinfection zone above the occup...
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Within- and cross-domain effects of environmental factors on students’ perception in educational buildings Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Ilaria Pittana, Federica Morandi, Francesca Cappelletti, Andrea Gasparella, Athanasios Tzempelikos
Students in classrooms are exposed to environmental stimuli in the thermal, visual, acoustic and air quality domains, which affect their overall comfort and performance. Therefore, in recent studie...
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Simulating the electrical demand variations of air-source heat pumps in Canadian single-family housing Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Sarah Mollier, Charles-Antoine Deslauriers, Justin Tamasauskas, Solange Prud’Homme, Martin Kegel
Heat pumps offer an efficient electrification of space heating but can significantly vary the magnitude and duration of house-level electrical demand, especially when replacing fuel-fired heating s...
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Dynamic model-based feature extraction for fault detection and diagnosis of a supermarket refrigeration system† Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Jian Sun, Teja Kuruganti, Brian Fricke, Yanfei Li, Shenglan Xuan, Wenhua Li
With the increasing concerns over climate change and carbon emissions, fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) of low–global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant supermarket refrigeration systems has ...
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Automated fault detection and diagnosis of airflow and refrigerant charge faults in residential HVAC systems using IoT-enabled measurements Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Kevwe Andrew Ejenakevwe, Junke Wang, Yilin Jiang, Li Song, Roshan L. Kini
While automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD) in residential heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) using smart thermostat data is gaining increasing attention in recent times, it...
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Using smart thermostat override data to provide insights for improving heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system scheduling in a portfolio of small commercial buildings Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Farid Bahiraei, Justin Berquist, Saptak Dutta, Brent Huchuk
Managers of small commercial building (SCB) portfolios need to understand occupant interactions with heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to reduce energy use and greenhouse ga...
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ASHRAE URP-1883: Development and Analysis of the ASHRAE Global Occupant Behavior Database Sci. Tech. Built Environ. (IF 1.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 Yapan Liu, Bing Dong, Tianzhen Hong, Bjarne Olesen, Thomas Lawrence, Zheng O’Neill
In developed countries, people spend nearly 90% of their time in buildings or during transportation. Recent research studies demonstrated that occupant behaviors have a significant impact on buildi...