DNA has emerged as a useful building block for the construction of various one-, two- and three-dimensional structures. DNA structures embedded with functionalized nanomaterials are emerging for various applications, especially for biophysical applications such as drug delivery, diagnostics, biolabeling, biosensing and biodevices. This review outlines the broad spectrum of recent advances in applied

Gene expression begins with transcription, in which the information in the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA. The process of transcription can be divided into three distinct steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. In this review, we discuss how the time rates of these three steps can be obtained by analyzing fluorescence signals from the transcription sites of mRNA labeled with the

Significant figures are one of the basic starting steps in natural science, even for high school students. The convenient rule-of-thumb on handling significant figures comes from the top constraint that the answer you obtain should not be more precise than the numbers you measured with. Recently, we found a kind of ‘significant error’ in the conventional use of the rule-of-thumb for handling significant

4D digital tomosynthesis (DTS) techniques for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) are able to reduce radiation dose, scan and reconstruction time compared to 4D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In spite of these benefits, the 4D DTS techniques cause the degradation of image quality due to an intrinsic imaging strategy and consequently reduce treatment accuracy. In this study, a deep learning-based

Temperature-dependent Raman scattering provides valuable information on electron–phonon coupling and phonon anharmonicity of graphene. In this study, we show an enhancement of Joule heating in graphene by confining the current flow in a narrow channel. In addition, we performed a detailed analysis of the anharmonic effect in the hBN/monolayer graphene/hBN heterostructure based on the behaviour of the

We propose a new approach to calculate the relativistic scalar and vector potentials using a non-relativistic nuclear potential. We first transform the Dirac equation for a nucleon so that the upper component of the Dirac equation becomes a “Schrödinger-like” equation by eliminating the lower component. In the transformation, we can associate the central and the spin-orbit parts of the non-relativistic

When evolution algorithms are used to unfold the neutron energy spectrum, fitness function design is an important fundamental work for evaluating the quality of the solution, but it has not attracted much attention. In this work, we investigated the performance of eight fitness functions attached to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the differential evolution algorithm (DEA) used for unfolding four neutron

In this work, we explore the superposition of two well-known chaotic oscillators, namely, the Duffing double-well and the forced van der Pol with the fractional order derivative. The proportional fractional derivative has been taken for numerical simulations and highly chaotic solution to improve some information of security systems has been found. The existence and the uniqueness of a super system

A potential way to tune the electronic band structure of graphene is to intercalate foreign atoms in the interface between graphene and substrate. However, such an intercalate layer covered by graphene is difficult to directly study with microscopic probes, and relatively little is known about its crystal and electronic structures. In this work, we study epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) intercalated

We calculated the scalar wave scattering by an infinitely long circular cylinder on or near a planar substrate. Our calculation is based on a rigorous theoretical solution. We present the angular distributions of the scattered and the transmitted waves due to the cylinder and those of the reflected and the transmitted waves due to the planar substrate. The numerical simulations show the importance

In this study, two types of ZnO nanorods (NRs) were hydrothermally grown on Si substrates by controlling the location of the Ga dopant. The growth behavior of ZnO NRs grown on the Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) seed layer (NR1s) was affected by the particle size controlled by the Ga dopant, while that of ZnO NRs grown in a Ga-doped aqueous solution (NR2s) was affected by complexes caused by the Ga dopant in the

Describing the evolution of science is a salient work not only for revealing the scientific trend but also for establishing a scientific classification system. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of science by observing the structure of and the change on keyword co-occurrence networks. Starting from seven target physics fields and their initial keywords selected by experts from the Korean Physical

Many studies have recently been conducted to replace the mercury manometer that has been used as a national standard because of the prohibition of mercury. In particular, ‘the new realization of the Pascal’ by using photon technology shows some comparable results in terms of performance compared to the existing primary pressure standard based on the mercury manometer. In this study, we describe the

Single-molecule (SM) techniques have been contributing to unraveling the detailed mechanisms underlying DNA metabolic processes with superior spatiotemporal resolution beyond the limit of traditional biochemical assays. However, SM techniques need to gather a great deal of data to guarantee statistical reliability. The ‘DNA curtain’ technique is a high-throughput system integrating fluorescence imaging

The quantum–classical crossover of the escape rate is studied in a nanomagnetic Josephson \(\varphi _0\) junction within the framework of the spin-coherent-state path integral method. The nonlinear perturbation approach is employed to obtain the crossover boundary separating the first- and the second-order crossovers. The region for the first-order crossover is greatly suppressed by the bias current

A positive feedback loop, where the gene product directly activates its own production, is the simplest form of a gene regulatory network that exhibits a bistable behavior. An analytic solution for the steady state can be obtained only under various simplifying assumptions, such as simultaneous binding of the activator molecules to the gene or complete inactivation of the gene in the absence of protein

In the last decades, various biophysical techniques have been developed to provide more detailed pictures of biological systems of interest. Virus is one of the systems where these new approaches have been most successful. Different stages of the viral replication cycle have been probed with a multitude of biophysical approaches, producing numerous novel findings. To do so, researchers adopted various

The theoretical model, which is based on the density functional approach, has been developed for studying the electrostatic properties of colloidal dispersions (modified colloidal primitive model; MCPM) containing hard-spherical ions with a homogeneous surface charge distribution. The mean-spherical approximation for the multi-component charged ions has been used to account for the electrostatic ion

We study how the information of the beam path is related to the Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with two pulsed light sources. Through a simple model in which two photons in the form of pulses pass a beam splitter and are observed at two detectors, we investigate how, during the measurement process, information about the paths of the two photons can be erased. There are two ways to clear the information

We propose a model for dark matter and dark radiation, based on a strongly-coupled dark \(\mathrm{SU}(5)\) gauge theory with fundamental and decuplet dark-quarks. The model supports light dark-baryons, respecting the chiral symmetry, which are electrically neutral but have electromagnetic form factors, and also a light dark-axion. Since the coupling of dark baryons to the (electrically charged) standard

The present study is devoted to an investigation of the (n, p) and the (n, α) modifications created by neutrons in AlN nanoparticles at different energies using computer modeling. The possible modifications under the influence of neutrons have been separately studied for the Al and the N atoms that forming AlN nanoparticles. Because the effective cross sections of the probable modifications are different

As the rapid development of electronic technology, the amount of unavoidable heat from electronic components is also increasing. Therefore, the demand for efficient heat dissipation materials with high performance is continuously increasing. Graphene is one of the best candidates in terms of heat dissipation property and intrinsic flexibility. In this work, we show that chemical doping is an effective

Relativistic coupled channel analyses based on the Dirac equation are presented for polarized 800-MeV proton inelastic scatterings from an axially symmetric deformed nucleus \(^{92}{\text {Zr}}\) by using an optical potential model and the first-order collective model. The sequential iteration method using a computer program is employed to solve the complicated Dirac coupled channel equations. The

We have investigated a heterojunction intrinsic thin-layer (HIT) solar cell with a boron-doped hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon-oxide emitter layer. First, we researched the band-gap engineering of boron (B2H6)-doped wide-gap hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon-oxide (p-type nc-SiO:H) films with good electrical properties in terms of the dark conductivity and the activation energy. The films prepared

We propose a method to fabricate the chemical p-n junction in wafer-scale epitaxial graphene. In the case of Au intercalation in between graphene and SiC(0001), there exist two structurally distinct phases that result in p-type and n-type doping in the graphene layer, respectively. In the process of in situ Au deposition on our samples, we used a shadow mask to form a sharp junction of different Au

Delivery quality assurance (DQA) is the process of establishing a treatment plan and verifying that the pre-treatment dose is delivered without any problems through a simulation. If the result does not meet certain criteria, the dose delivered to the patient is judged to be inaccurate, and the measurement or the treatment plan should be reconsidered. Therefore, it is important to analyze the plan parameters

In 3-dimensional memories such as NAND flash and cross-point memory, the integration fabrication processes face a notable initial-step-height of an isolated SiO2-film deposition, which is an extremely critical process removing such initial-step-height perfectly via chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). The SiO2-film polishing-rate difference was generated between upper and lower locations of initial-step-height

The growth of high-quality single crystalline nano- and microwires of VO2 is necessary to study the Mott transition and to expand its applications. Here, we propose a modified vapor-transport method characterized by a one-step process that does not require a vacuum and can be performed at the atmospheric pressure conditions with a nitrogen gas flow. This, so called atmospheric vapor-transport (AVT)

The doping of a host glass with rare-earth ions is quite interesting when investigating their wide applications in several fields, such as laser and optical fibers. In this study, the glass medium had a composition of (70 − x) P2O5–10Bi2O3–10Na2O–10Gd2O3–xSm2O3 with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 mol% and were fabricated using melt-quenching method. The optical properties of Sm3+-doped samples with

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a recurrent neural network (RNN)-based prediction algorithm to compensate for respiratory movement using an articulated robotic couch system. A prototype of a real-time respiratory motion compensation couch was built using an optical 3D motion tracking system and a six-degree-of-freedom-articulated robotic system. To compensate for the system

Brain images acquired using the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) method indicate that the diagnostic efficiency of infarction improves and the noise increases as the b-value increases. In this study, we designed a fast nonlocal means (FNLM) noise reduction algorithm and evaluated its effectiveness for de-noising brain images with high b-values. The designed algorithm uses an approach that measures

In this letter, the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker model with a traversable wormhole is considered from the view point of Visser’s massive gravity theory. If the matter in the universe is assumed to be divided into two parts, the cosmic part, which depends on time only, and the wormhole part which depends on space only, a late-time acceleratedly expanding universe with a traversable wormhole and dominated

A pedestrian floor tile energy harvesting system (PFEH) capable of accommodating harvesters of variable widths (20, 30, and 40 mm) is designed for operating Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. The electrical characteristics of the piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) were measured using an impedance analyzer. The PEHs in the PFEH are displaced following a cantilever mechanism, over a distance of 4 mm

In this study, electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers containing filler materials composed of copper oxide and calcium carbonate with different contents were prepared to enhance the electroactive β phase content in the PVDF matrix. The fillers were synthesized using the plasma–liquid electrochemical synthesis method, where copper, a tungsten electrode, and seawater were used as the anode

The low-energy electron band structure of Cu\(_2\)Si on Si(111) has been investigated using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Cu\(_2\)Si exhibits two Dirac nodal-lines, stemming from the crossing of one electron-pocket with two hole-pockets, that are protected by mirror reflection symmetry. When Cu\(_2\)Si is placed on Si(111), the hole-pockets and their satellite bands due to the quasi-\(5\times

Topological Josephson junctions (JJs), which contain Majorana bound states, are expected to exhibit 4π-periodic current–phase relation, thereby resulting in doubled Shapiro steps under microwave irradiation. We performed numerical calculations of dynamical properties of topological JJs using a modified resistively and capacitively shunted junction model and extensively investigated the progressive

We have generated a system concept for a non-destructive assay (NDA) system to certify identified isotopes and their activity concentrations for radioactive waste in a large container. Various optimization studies have evaluated the system performance in terms of the MDA (minimum detectable activity) results using the Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with experimental studies. The proposed system

We study the spatial distributions of the spin and mass currents generated by a moving Gaussian magnetic obstacle in a symmetric, two-component Bose–Einstein condensate in two dimensions. We analytically describe the current distributions for a slow obstacle and show that the spin and the mass currents exhibit characteristic spatial structures resembling those of electromagnetic fields around dipole

Shingled string technology can be used to maximize the output power of photovoltaic modules. The maximum power (Pmax) of a shingled photovoltaic module can be increased by using a bifacial heterojunction with an intrinsic thin layer (HIT) of cells. To fabricate the shingled strings for a high power module, we first cut 6-inch solar cells by laser scribing while minimizing cutting loss. Unlike standard

The dispersion relation of a new electrostatic ion cyclotron (IC) instability of a plasma with a sheared current of the oxygen ions along the magnetic field is investigated analytically and solved by numerical analysis. The considered case corresponds to the upward sheared flow of the oxygen ions in the aurora where the velocity shearing rate of ion current may be larger than the cyclotron frequency

Shingled string photovoltaic (PV) cells have a larger active area, and they significantly reduced damage from the interconnection process using electrically conductive adhesives. This new method using a shingled design provides increased PV module power compared with the conventional PV module for the same installed area. In this work, we study the optimization of shingled string PV cells for high-power

The dielectric functions of biaxial α-SnS at temperatures from 27 to 350 K are modeled with an analytic expression for Tauc-Lorentz oscillators. The temperature dependence of all the obtained parameters are fitted to third-order polynomial equations. The results provide a comprehensive database of the coefficients, which allows the construction of the dielectric function of biaxial α-SnS at arbitrary

In this study, the influence of the seed-layer thickness of photoelectrodes on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated. Al-doped ZnO films deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates by using facing targets sputtering systems of various thicknesses were used as seed layers, and ZnO rod array photoelectrodes were synthesized on the AZO seed layers via the hydrothermal process

We simulated a study on a tunable metamaterial absorber using ferrite rubber as a dielectric substrate with ferromagnetic properties. The proposed structure employs ferromagnetic resonance, which utilizes the coupling of an applied magnetic field and an incident electromagnetic wave. As the magnitude of the applied magnetic field increases, it can be seen that the absorption peak moves to a higher

Pulse-shape discrimination plays a key role in improving the signal-to-background ratio in NEOS analysis by removing fast neutrons. Identifying particles by looking at the tail of the waveform has been an effective and plausible approach for pulse-shape discrimination, but has the limitation in sorting low energy particles. As a good alternative, the convolutional neural network can scan the entire

Ionospheric models aim to simulate and predict variations in the ionosphere. In this study, we attempt to develop a regional ionospheric model to predict hourly the foF2s (peak frequencies of the F2 layer) and the hmF2s (peak heights of the F2 layer) over the Jeju station (33.43°N, 126.30°E) for up to 24 hours by using a deep learning method. For forecasting the F2 parameters, we adopt the method of

The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a deep learning tumor segmentation network trained by merged tumor dataset. PET-CT datasets for head-and-neck (H&N) and limb tumors were used to train three different networks: H&N, Limb, and merged (H&N + Limb). Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the merged network (0.89) in limb tumors was the same as that of the Limb network. In H&N tumor

The periodic arrangement in metamaterial (MM) should be maintained to ensure the extraordinary properties, but how much periodic irregularity is allowed generally without degrading the properties is not only important for the tolerance in fabrication but interesting scientifically. We introduce the wrecked effect in MM utilizing perfect MM absorber in visible and GHz ranges. The original perfect MM

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a more efficient cancer treatment method compared to direct radiation therapy using charged particles such as protons or carbon beams. Particularly, accelerator-based BNCT (AB-BNCT) is attracting attention due to easy construction in a hospital. The Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS) has constructed an injection system for an electrostatic

In this study, Zn(OH)F nanorods were synthesized via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process and employed for NO2 gas sensor, for the first time. Without adding NH4F in the synthesis process, caltrop-like ZnO structure was formed. The characteristics of Zn(OH)F nanorods were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

In this study, Bi4−xNdxTi3O12 (BNdT), in which neodymium is substituted into Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) with a bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSFs) structure, was deposited on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The BNdT film is known to exhibit structural and electrical anisotropy with the reported maximum spontaneous polarization (Ps) along the a axis (∼55 μC/cm2)and

In clinical studies, the effect of heart rate (HR) alone as feedback for maintaining homeostasis cannot be observed. Therefore, in this study, the effect of HR on pulse wave velocity (PWV) was investigated using a simulator without feedback. This was achieved via a one-tube model that simplifies the human arterial system and an arterial tree model similar to the human body, using a cardiovascular simulator

The relationship of free surface area with temperature, power, and oxygen concentration in a silicon ingot grown by Czochralski method for solar cells was investigated by simulating the growing process of 4-, 6-, and 8-inch diameter ingots with a 24-inch quartz crucible. It was confirmed that the temperature at auto-temperature-control (ATC) sensor of 4-inch diameter ingot was higher than 6- and 8-inch

Vanadium oxides (VOx) are among the most widely used materials that undergo a metal-insulator transition (MIT). A sharp difference in their electrical resistance is observed before and after they reach the transition temperature. A great deal of research is currently underway to apply these materials to various applications. However, vanadium oxides generally have varied phases, and thin films made

Ultrasonic imaging is able to detect structural changes due to chemical reactions occurring due to ionizing irradiation. The purpose of this study to create a gel phantom dosimeter (developed MAGIC gel), which has ultrasonic properties equivalent to human tissue for readout with ultrasonic imaging. The speed of sound and the attenuation coefficient were determined as a function of the absorbed dose

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a group of multiferroic candidates that exhibit various optical, electrical, magnetic, and structural properties depending on the type of organic cations, transition metals and halogen elements, and their molar ratio. (C6H5CH2NH3)2[CuCl4] (BZACC), one of the MOF materials, has a special hybrid layered structure of organic and inorganic layers. Magnetic property measurement

We report the dielectric function ε = ε1 + iε2 and the critical point (CP) energies of the orthorhombic SnS0.52Se0.48 alloy for the zigzag (a)and thearmchair(6) directions in the spectral energy range from 0.74 to 6.42 eV and the temperature range from 27 to 350 K using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The CP energies were determined from the 2nd derivative spectra by using the standard analytic method

β-Ni(OH)2 and NiO nanostructured films were prepared on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by using chemical bath deposition (CBD) at different concentrations of a complexing agent (i.e., NH3). The as-deposited β-Ni(OH)2 films exhibited various porous structures, such as nanoislands, nanoflakes, nanosheets and nanoplatelets, depending on the concentration of the complexing agent, and they

We constructed a high-speed X-ray projection microscope at beamline 9D of the Pohang Light Source-II (PLS-II). The microscope was able to take X-ray projection micrographs with a submil-lisecond exposure time by using whitebeam X-rays from the PLS-II bending-magnet synchrotron radiation. It also takes advantage of edge enhancement in phase-contrast imaging, which significantly improves the visibility

This paper reports the digital implementation of analog shaping amplifiers by digital pulse processing in gamma-ray spectroscopy. For digital implementation, a numerical algorithm was developed by referring to the semi-Gaussian filter of the analog shaping amplifier. In order to verify the developed algorithm, we evaluated the obtained energy spectrum and compared the energy resolution with the existing