In the present paper, some new exact solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional sinh-Gorden equation are displayed. First, based on the Lie point symmetry, basic infinitesimal generators given; also, and the Lie algebra and commutative relations are shown. Second, some exact solutions are obtained using the F-expansion method, and a great many Jacobian-elliptic function solutions are presented. Finally, other

Magnetic semiconductors with high Curie temper (TC) and inherent ferromagnetism, which not only provide a data-processing function via semiconductors' properties, but also offer a data-storage function through intrinsic ferromagnetism, have become key materials in the field of spintronics. We studied the electronic structures and magnetic properties of Mn-doped cubic (3C) SiC using first-principles

We study the dissipative dynamics of a single quantum harmonic oscillator subjected to parametric driving within an effective Hamiltonian approach. Using the Liouville–von Neumann approach, we show that the time evolution of a parametrically driven dissipative quantum oscillator has a strong connection with the classical, damped Mathieu equation. Based on the numerical analysis of the Monodromy matrix

Boron-lined gaseous neutron detectors are being widely used in neutron detection to replace 3He proportional counters, and the boron film’s parameters comprise the key factors influencing the performance of such detectors. However, the method of characterizing boron film is relatively simple at present. In this study, boron films stuck to ultrathin glass substrate with different mass proportions of

This paper presents a novel model of artificial biological time series generation. We employed a cellular automata (CA) system that comprises self-replicating and mutually competing loops. Our self-replicating system is an advanced version of Chou & Reggia’s system (Physica D 110, 252–276). The complex self-replicating CA loops were developed using a construction scheme in which we introduce a unique

A space-divided plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) system in which disk and wafer rotate at the same time was developed. In the space-divided PE-ALD system, the disk and the wafer are each independently rotated and deposited. It has the advantage that high productivity and dispersion can be improved by controlling the rotation speed of the disk and wafer. Also, it can be applied to various

In this work, we investigated bimetallic CumMn (m + n = 6, M = Fe, Co, Ni) clusters on the basis of the density functional theory at the M06L level. While changing the structure and composition, our team studied the geometrical structures, relative stabilities and electronic magnetic moments of these clusters. We found that the average atomic binding energies vary linearly with the number of doping

This paper presents the analytical and experimental results for transient temperature fields induced in a stainless steel plate by a low-powered arc plasma torch for plasma-assisted milling. For this purpose, we first measured arc efficiencies by using the calorimetric method for plasma power levels of (3–4) kW. The measurement results showed that low arc currents of ≤ 30 A can produce relatively low

We have experimentally studied the oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) strength in synthetic antiferromagnets consisting of [Pt/Co]4/Ir/(Ru, Mo or W)/Ir/[Co/Pt]4 with perpendicular magnetization. The Ir/(Ru, Mo or W)/Ir composite spacer enables us to obtain a substantial IEC in perpendicular synthetic antiferromagnets. The IEC with Ir/Ru/Ir spacers is as large as that with a single Ru or

We introduce a method to train a bio-inspired neural network model, having the characteristics of spiking-timing-dependent interaction and learning, in a manner of supervised learning. We assume the spiking neural network model has the tendency to obey the charge conservation principle or the junction rule on a long (or the learning dynamics) time scale. The tendency makes the distribution of connectivities

We investigate the effects of logarithmic corrections to the minimal Kähler potential in supergravity. They provide a constant Fayet–Iliopoulos term, but can induce singularities in the “F-term” scalar potential. If a proper superpotential is supplemented, such singularities can be avoided at the minimum of the scalar potential and the relevant U(1) gauge symmetry as well as supersymmetry can be broken

Reactive ion etching of silicon oxide and silicon nitride was conducted by the injection of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) and nitrogen oxide trifluoride gas (F3NO). The etching process was studied using a residual gas analyzer (RGA) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES); this included confirming and comparing the characteristics of the F3NO plasma to that of the NF3 plasma by discharging and measuring

A special DC-to-DC converter is designed to supply low-power to the detector system of the J-PARC \(g-2\)/EDM experiment, which aims to measure the anomaly of the muon magnetic dipole moment, \(a_{\mu } = (g -2 ) / 2\). The important requirement of the DC-to-DC converter is that the stray magnetic field from the converter should be less than 30 \({ {\mu }}\)T to reach the experimental sensitivity of

In this experiment, with the help of a Langmuir probe we estimated the plasma parameters at different axial positions inside a multi-dipole magnetic cage. At one end of the multi-dipole magnetic cage, a negatively biased mesh grid is placed. Important plasma parameter such as the electron density, plasma potential and electron temperature are seen to vary significantly towards the grid from the end

On the basis of soft-rotor model, a good description of nucleon scattering on tungsten and neighboring nuclei was achieved in J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 48, 075101 (2021), and the nuclear volume conservation condition was introduced. The effect of volume conservation on calculations for tungsten isotopes is further investigated by defining the ratio R for cross sections, scattering angular distributions

We examine the effect of the broadband wake on the longitudinal and transverse beam distributions in the low-emittance Hybrid Multi-bend Achromat (HMBA) storage ring. We utilize the Vlasov equation and a multi-particle tracking method to examine the equilibrium longitudinal beam distributions due to the broadband wake. The beam distributions from the Vlasov method is shown to agree well with the multi-particle

The J-PARC muon \(g-2\)/EDM experiment aims to measure the muon magnetic moment anomaly \(a_{\mu } = (g -2 ) / 2 ~ \). The target sensitivity for \(a_{\mu }\) is a statistical uncertainty of \(450 \times 10^{-9}\), and \(a_{\mu }\) can be extracted by measuring the spin precession of muons (\(\omega _{\text {a}}\)). The \(\omega _{\text {a}}\) can be extracted from the distribution of muon decay time

In a laser-plasma electron acceleration, the quality of electron beams is sensitive to the parameters of a laser and a plasma density. With a given laser, higher plasma density may be good for higher charge, while lower density is better for longer acceleration channel, generating higher peak energy at the expense of charge. The dependence of electron beam parameters on the plasma density is, therefore

In this work, an ecological population model with the Allee effect is studied, and the dispersal rate in a one-dimensional patch is estimated. The population is observed to grow in accordance with the logistic-type map with the Allee effect, and the dynamics of the population growth is observed to be controlled by the growth rate and the threshold of the Allee effect. The spread of the species in a

A Korean demand survey indicates that the number of stations (1070) that the government currently plans to install does not satisfy the demand (1371) for charging stations. Therefore, this study aims to identify the planned 1070 stations’ proper locations across the nation and select the same number out of 1371 points by deciding the optimal number and locations required by the Korean government to

In this paper, we show that a pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson (PNGB) quintessence of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) is responsible for an epoch of late-time cosmic acceleration. We suggest that an N = 2PNGB quintessence with SSB can give rise to the fast-roll cosmic acceleration in the evolution of the Universe. In the N = 2 PNGB quintessence model, the standard slow-roll condition in which the absolute

We report on the structural transformation of VO\(_2\) particles from the insulating monoclinic to the metallic rutile phase using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a grain-orientation-specific manner using a two-dimensional X-ray pixel detector. The XRD data averaged in all grain orientations corresponding to a typical powder XRD profile show that the transition occurred over a broad

This paper describes solutions to calibrate the photon beam from the gradient bending magnet and to minimize the cross-talk between blades in the photon-beam position monitors in beamlines at Pohang Light Source II. The cross-talk was reduced by 99% applying the sensitivity normalization for each electrodes. The precise calibration was also achieved by considering additional kicks in the gradient bending

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40042-021-00222-y

The erosion-corrosion behaviors of Z2CN19·10N austenitic stainless steel in a 3.5-wt% NaCl solution with various sediment contents (7 wt%, 10 wt%, 20 wt%) and flow rates (1 m/s, 3 m/s, 5 m/s) were studied using a rotary disk erosion-corrosion test device, scanning election microscopy (SEM), potentiodynamic polarization test and potentiostatic polarization test. The results showed that sediment concentration

We derived a general Onsager variational principle in an intuitive and simple manner. Our variational method is similar to the Gauss principle of least constraint rather than the principle of least action. Our result becomes the original Onsager principle if dissipation function is a quadratic function of fluxes and sources. Our result also agrees with previous thermodynamic theories.

We analyze the charmonium states by testing a phenomenological nonrelativistic potential and propose a new set of parameters. This new set of parameters is fixed using only the lowest lying S-wave states of charmonia where the spin-orbit and the tensor interactions will not contribute. After fitting the parameters, we analyze the whole fine structure of charmonium states taking into account the spin-orbit

The flow and force chain characteristics of metal powder in high-velocity compaction are not fundamentally understood because of the complexities and discreteness of these particle systems. A 2D discrete element model of a metal powder subjected to uniaxial compaction is developed. The flow state of particles, the force chain distribution, and the influence of the main model parameters on the force

Quasi-phase matching (QPM) enables flexible and efficient second-order nonlinearity ranging from bulk nonlinear crystals to integrated nonlinear photonic devices. Here, we propose a QPM nonlinear photonic device constructed using monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) arrays attached on a silicon nitride waveguide. QPM second harmonic generation comes from a nonlinear interaction between

We present a new viable modified theory of gravity in which the matter sector is characterized by a logarithmic Lagrangian density. The modified Einstein’s field equations are derived, and they are characterized by the emergence of an effective gravitational coupling constant and an effective negative cosmological constant both coupled to the Lagrangian of matter. Applied to the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker

An antianemic medication, Aronamin C Plus, which has simple iron-bearing ingredients, was studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Aronamin C Plus tablet consisted of ferrous fumarate (FeC4H2O4) and other ferric compounds and ferrous phases. A magnetic hyperfine field of ~ 235.7 kOe for ferrous fumarate was measured at 4.2 K. The absorption ratio of ferrous fumarate in Aronamin C Plus was estimated to

A neutron beam, generated from a proton beam with an energy of 26.5 MeV, is used to modify the polymer films annealed at different temperatures, and the effects of neutron irradiation on the crystallinity and ordering of the polymer chains and hence the ferroelectric properties of the films are analyzed. The ferroelectric properties are characterized using piezoresponse force microscopy and polarization-voltage

A quartz tuning fork is an electromechanical resonator with self-actuating and self-sensing capabilities and is widely used as a force sensor in atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy. While the electrical response of a tuning fork is affected by the two prongs’ mechanical motion and stray capacitive current, a purely mechanical motion signal of the tuning fork is required for a quantitative analysis

Localized-surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of nanoscale particles (NPs) has been widely used for the enhancement of light-harvesting capability and current density in solar cells. Here, the LSPR was modulated through selective plasmon nanocrystals (NCs) with tuning the morphology (size and interparticle-spacing) using thermal evaporation. The selective NCs were implemented between the hole-transport

We report a theoretical investigation of field emission from metals in n-dimension. The field-emission current density is derived as a function of the electric field in one to three dimensions. Then, the generalized field-emission current density is calculated for arbitrary n dimensions, is shown as a function of electric field for different work functions of one-, two- and three-dimensional materials

The transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurs via contact with contaminated surfaces and inhalation of large airborne droplets and aerosols. As growing evidence of airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been reported worldwide, ventilation is an effective method of reducing the infection probability of SARS-CoV-2. This leads to such questions as “What is a sufficient

We investigated the structural characteristics and defect states of intrinsic GaN epi-layers in a high power device structures grown on GaN and sapphire substrates by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). From X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence measurements, the structural properties of the GaN epi-structures were improved clearly using GaN substrates. Through optical

In medicine, X-ray imaging has to have stable image quality while minimizing radiation exposure. In recent digital radiography (DR), the radiation exposure and image quality are controlled by employing automatic exposure control (AEC) technology. In such an environment, the technology needs the capability of accurately classifying the level of radiation exposure despite statistical X-ray fluctuations

Recently, solution-processable polymeric semiconductors have been applied in various optoelectronic devices. To improve the surface properties of polymeric films, ultraviolet–ozone (UV–O3) treatment is commonly used. However, the electronic structures of polymeric films altered by UV–O3 treatment are not sufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the electronic structures of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40042-021-00226-8

The general lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) recovery method from waste cathode materials has environmental problems due to the use of strong acids and economic problems associated with the process of converting to LiOH·H2O. In this study, surprisingly, LiOH·H2O was successfully recovered from the LiNi0.92Co0.07Al0.11O2 cathode materials through a novel vacuum heat-treatment method. Due to

We have investigated the contact electrification mechanism of identical materials using micro-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers. Commercially available sandpapers with various grit sizes were used for systematic control of the micro-patterns. Microstructure and hardness measurements revealed that the micro-patterns of sandpaper were successfully transferred to PDMS without significant

In this paper, we critically revisit the Horowitz–Maldacena proposal and its generalization by Lloyd. In the original proposal, as well as in Lloyd’s generalization, Hawking radiation involves a pair of maximally entangled quantum states in which the ingoing partner state and the collapsed matter form either a maximally entangled pair or a Schmidt decomposed random state near the singularity. We point

The Barabási’s priority queuing model (Barabási, Nature 435:207, 2005) and its variants have been extensively studied to understand heavy-tailed distributions of the inter-event times and the response times observed in various empirical analyses of human dynamics. In this paper, we focus on the effects of deadlines assigned to the tasks in a queue of fixed size on the response-time distributions. Here

Nowadays, plasma treatments are one of the powerful techniques usually accomplished to change the surface characteristics of polymeric films. This study presents the influence of oxygen plasma irradiation on the structural and the optical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films that will be used in optoelectronic devices. The films were irradiated with

The effects of lattice-mismatched strain on the optical properties of type-I core/shell quantum dot nanostructures are investigated theoretically using the simple continuum elasticity and the effective mass quantum mechanics models. The misfit strains are calculated based on the spherically anisotropic linear elasticity solution for a misfitted inclusion embedded in a finite matrix. The effective mass

We present a generating-function representation of a vector defined in either Euclidean or Hilbert space with arbitrary dimensions. The generating function is constructed as a power series in a complex variable whose coefficients are the components of a vector. As an application, we employ the generating-function formalism to solve the eigenproblem of a vibrating string loaded with identical beads

Ultrathin and biocompatible heating systems offer several advantages in thermotherapy and thermal imaging applications. Here, we report a biocompatible, ultrathin, and optically activated single-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) coated silk nanofiber (SNF) heating system. The CNT/SNF membrane heater showed a broadband absorption in the UV–Vis range that was intrinsic to metallic CNTs in the sample. The photothermal

Nowadays, Neutron Transmutation Doping (NTD) of silicon ingots is successfully used to produce the n-type semiconductor. NTD’s main advantage, which is to say its uniform resistivity distribution, leads to semiconductor materials with fewer defects and, accordingly, better performance. Radial uniformity usually is achieved by rotating the ingot during irradiation. However, due to neutron attenuation

Attenuation correction (AC) and scatter correction (SC) are essential steps for accurate PET quantification in positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and PET/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. SC with a single scatter simulation (SSS) algorithm is usually performed by employing an attenuation map using CT and MR data for AC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of

Current annealing behaviors that directly contribute to excellent electrical transport properties in suspended graphene devices are investigated. All successful annealing data for various thicknesses of graphene exhibit three different stages in current–voltage curves upon bias voltage application: (1) sublinear increase in current, (2) abrupt current decrease, and (3) current saturation. This can

In this study, a novel chemical–mechanical planarization (CMP) slurry that can perform self-stop polishing was designed. The essential aspects for self-stop polishing are precise design of a nonionic polymer type, molecular weight, and molecular concentration of a self-stopping chemical agent. A good example is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with a molecular weight of 1300 k and molecular concentration

The rapid proton capture process (rp-process) is believed to be responsible for energy production and the synthesis of elements in X-ray bursts. Although understanding the \((p,\gamma )\)–\((\gamma ,p)\) equilibrium for a wide range of masses during the process is essential, it is hampered by the large uncertainties of several key isotopes participating in the rp-process. In the present work, we investigate

In this work, the effect of parabolic potential on the properties of strongly coupled polaron in an asymmetric Gaussian quantum well (QW) has been studied. Relations of the frequency vibration and the strongly coupled polaron’s ground-state energy in an asymmetric Gaussian QW for RbCl crystals at different confinement strengths along the x and the y directions, the asymmetric Gaussian QW barrier heights

We report change in the structural and the magnetic properties of a gamma-irradiated sample of CoBi0.1Fe1.9O4 nanoparticles synthesized using the co-precipitation method. All samples were exposed to low doses of γ-radiation (i.e., 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 Gy). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) evaluations indicated that all samples had a single-phase cubic spinel structure in space group Fd3m. The crystal

This paper presents a phenomenological study for the differential cross section of the forward Z boson production in leptonic decay channels as a function of the angular variable \(\phi ^{*}_{\eta }\) in proton–proton collisions. The \(\phi ^{*}_{\eta }\) distribution is predicted for the forward pseudorapidity region \(2.0< \eta _{\text {l}} < 4.5\) of the decay leptons at center-of-mass energies

Tributyrin, tricaproin and tricaprylin molecules are typical representatives of short-medium chain-saturated triglycerides and maybe used as additives to improve the viscosity of natural ester insulating oil. In this work, we study the effect of an electric field on the molecular properties of the three molecules using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT)

For detector of a radiation source, a system for radiation positioning using radiation spectroscopy detectors was constructed. This method can be used to measure a two-dimensional position using three detectors. For this, a basic system was constructed using three scintillation crystals and three optical sensors. The error between the actual position and the calculated position of the radiation source

Orange-light-emitting ZnS:Mn nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared by capping their surface with chitosan (Chit) molecules in water. The characterization works for the freshly prepared colloidal NCs were performed using various spectroscopic methods. The optical properties of the NCs were thoroughly investigated using UV–Visible absorption and solution photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The solution PL

The formation of stacking faults and polytypes in \({\hbox {ZnSnN}_2}\), \({\hbox {ZnGeN}_2}\), and \({\hbox {ZnSiN}_2}\) was investigated by the first-principles density functional theory calculations. To analyze the interactions between the layers of polytypes, we constructed an anisotropic next-nearest neighbor interaction model that reproduced the DFT fitted total energies. Our calculation showed