The present study is based on the interactions caused by 340-GeV negative pions with emulsion nuclei. The main aim of this paper is to investigate some aspects of central collision events. Thus, the events in which the total number of charged shower particles is greater than or equal to twenty eight (Ns ≥ 28) were chosen for the analysis. They are not exactly central collision events, but may be considered

Quasielastic Raman scattering arising from spin energy fluctuations is used to extract the magnetic specific heat. To test the applicability of a Raman scattering technique for probing magnetic specific heat, we choose three different classes of quantum magnets: (i) a quasi-1D s = 1/2 antiferromagnetic chain CuSe2O5, (ii) a 3D Kitaev honeycomb magnet γ-Li2IrO3, and (iii) a coupled-spin tetrahedral

In extremely low-dose protocols to reduce radiation dose to patients, computed tomography (CT) images suffer from increased bias and low signal-to-noise ratio in measurements. In this study, we consider three different non-positive corrections, flip, truncation and mean-preserving filter (MPF), affecting the measurement mean, propose a new variance expression for weights in weighted least-squares (WLS)

The nonlinear propagation of self-gravitational shock structures (SGSSs) in a self-gravitating, super-dense, degenerate quantum plasma system (containing non-degenerate extremely heavy nuclei and ultra-relativistic degenerate electrons) has been investigated. The well-known reductive perturbation technique, which is valid in the small but finite amplitude limit, has been used to examine the nonlinear

Hot electrons in metal nanostructures can be exploited in a wide range of optical functions, including photocatalysis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, photodetectors and photovoltaics. Here, we report the sub-band-gap (Eg) photoresponse in Au-nanorod decorated van der Waals (vdW) semiconductor, MoS2 and WSe2, monolayers (MLs). We found that hot electrons, optically excited in Au nanorod (NR) arrays

Scanning tunneling luminescence (STL) can be used to investigate the optical properties of nanostructures with high spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of light. To get appropriate STL spectra, one needs to modify the tip repeatedly. However, such irreversible tip modification often leads to very unstable tips. Here, by using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip, we demonstrate that

The Feynman machine is a unique model expressing spiking-timing-dependent neural interactions through path integrals. It provides the capability to predict neural firing statistics very precisely. If time-ordered neural interactions are to be represented more properly, however, the classical form of the model needs to be improved. We here introduce how to describe neural interactions by adopting the

In this paper, we study the effect of both the electric and the magnetic fields on the rate of complexity growth. Our system is a charged quantum oscillator and over a period of time, we study the maximum dynamic evolution of quantum states which might lead to a strong bound on the rate of computation. We show that by turning on the electric field, the rate of complexity decreases whereas this rate

A chaotic simple jerk system (SJS) that belongs to systems with self-excited and hidden attractors is introduced in this paper. The dynamics of the proposed SJS is analytically and numerically investigated. Interestingly, the influence of the time delay on the proposed chaotic SJS is studied. In addition, the physical existence of self-excited and hidden chaotic attractors found in the proposed SJS

In this research, we measured the chemical and the physical parameters of increasing ultrasonic power amplitude at a small-diameter ultrasonic horn tip in a volume of 50 ml. This work was done using KI dosimeter, a calorimetric method, electrical power measurements, and photographs of the bubble cloud. Then, the effects of increasing ultrasonic amplitude on the synthesis and the characteristics of

We have investigated the gauge parameter dependence of the Higgs pole masses in the multi-Higgs model in two different types of gauge fixing conditions. The Higgs pole masses of the multi-Higgs model when expressed in terms of the Lagrangian parameters, turn to be independent of the gauge parameter for both cases.

We control the deposition probability p (the evaporation probability 1 − p) in a restricted solid-on-solid model and monitor the surface width W(L, t) as a function of time t, where L is the system size in d = 4 + 1 dimensions. At p =1/2, the surface becomes flat, following the Edwards and Wilkinson universality class. At p = 0.88, W2(t) grows logarithmically at the beginning and becomes saturated

Surface swelling caused by He implantation was studied for newly-developed Ti/Ta-added reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. Post-implantation annealing at 623 K for 2 h of He-implanted RAFM-steel samples led to surface-step formation because of surface swelling induced by He bubbles formed inside the samples. Pre-implantation of a small number of H ions was found to cause an increase

The Contamination resistance of SiO2 optical films prepared by using sol-gel method was investigated and improved in this research. FDTS (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane) was used to modify SiO2 thin films. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the components on surface of the SiO2 thin films. The optical properties

The geometric structures, relative stabilities, growth-pattern behaviors, and electronic properties of neutral and charged CsAu(0,±1)n clusters have been systematically investigated with the general gradient approximation (GGA) exchange correlation density functional theory (TPSSTPSS) and a relativistic effective core potential, together with a vibrational frequency anslysis. The optimized geometric

A histology coil is a U-shaped radio-frequency (RF) coil that is designed to provide a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of microscopically thin samples. In this work, we demonstrate an inductively coupled histology coil that can be easily integrated with a human MRI scanner, providing a simple method to conduct novel, microscopic imaging experiments in a clinical

In this paper, decay constants, lepton and photon decay widths for radially and orbitally excited conventional, as well as hybrid, charmonium mesons are calculated. The Schrödinger equation with non-relativistic potential model is used to obtain the spectrum and the radial wave function at the origin for the S and the P states conventional, as well as hybrid, charmonium mesons. The calculated spectrum

Interference-induced photon antibunching is investigated for a three-level system coupled to a cavity mode, in which the level scheme is of a lambda type. One of the transitions is weakly coupled to the cavity mode while the other is driven by a control field. Without the control field, i.e., in the conventional cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) scheme in the weak coupling regime, photon antibunching

In this paper, we estimate the production cross section of the unknown super-heavy nuclei 309,312126 via 58Ni + 251Cf and 64Zn + 248Cm combinations by using approximation methods. For each reaction, the competition between compound nucleus (CN) formation and quasi-fission process is also analyzed. We found that the synthesis cross section for the 309126 isotope is about 3 fb, which is about 5 orders

In the present work, we determined the structural, electronic and optical properties of HgSiX2 (X = P, As) chalcopyrite materials by using the density functional theory (DFT). Our calculated results showed alignment with the data drawn from other experimental and theoretical studies. Therefore including the lattice parameters, bulk moduli, band gaps, the total and partial densities of states and the

We investigate over a period of a 500 hours the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the retention loss in ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) thin films by using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). When the copolymer films are exposed to more water molecules, more domain reversal is observed, especially in upward domains. Interestingly, the retention loss behavior based on a stretched exponential model can

A transparent light emitting diode (LED) panel with a 16 × 16 multicolor LED array for a signage application is proposed and studied based on experimental and simulation results. As a transparent electrode, oxide/metal/oxide (OMO) trilayers with various Al interlayer thicknesses were fabricated and characterized using an established a simulation model. Using commercial ray tracing optical and SPICE

We determined the quark mass matrix in terms of a small expansion parameter \(\sqrt \varepsilon \), which gives correctly all the quark masses and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements on the electroweak (EW) scale, and we obtained a progenitor form at the grand unified theory (GUT) scale by running the EW scale mass matrix. Finally, a possible texture form for the progenitor quark mass

We propose a deep learning analysis technique with a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the evolutionary track of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) from the 21-cm differential brightness temperature tomography images. We use 21cmFAST, a fast semi-numerical cosmological 21-cm signal simulator, to produce mock 21-cm maps between z = 6–13. We then apply two observational effects, such as instrumental

Although many technologies, such as an electronic portal imaging device, a software-based quality assurance system, an ion chamber array, etc., have been developed for the purpose of quality assurance of radiotherapy planning, radiochromic film is still one of the most reliable technologies and is being widely used. In particular, compared with other technologies, EBT3 film has unique advantages, including

The first author’s name should be changed from “BongJun KIM” to “Bongjoon KIM”.

In this research, Dy3+-doped Lu3Ga2Al3O12 phosphor was synthesized by using the combustion method with a solid state reaction at 1500 °C for 12 hours in a furnace. Host materials such as Lu2O3, Ga2O3, Al2O3 and activator such as Dy2O3 were used. The crystal structure and the lattice constants were confirmed by using X-ray diffraction. The emission spectrum of the Dy3+-doped Lu3Ga2Al3O12 phosphor under

This paper reports the structural optimization and the temperature-dependent electrical characterization of GaAs single-junction solar cells (SJSCs) based on the p+-n-n+ junction structure. First, the effects of the p+-Al0.9Ga0.1As window layer were investigated using illuminated current density-voltage (LJ−V) and photoreflectance measurements to determine the optimal structure of the SJSC. In addition

Planar lighting devices are ideal for many applications. Requirements for planar lighting devices are high luminance and good luminance uniformity, together with low power consumption. In this article, a large-area, planar lighting device with high luminance, excellent luminance uniformity, and controllable luminance characteristic that was successfully demonstrated for visible light emission is discussed

This study presents results showing that oxygen adsorption can significantly affect the morphological evolution of silver island films epitaxially grown on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates. The effects of oxygen adsorption are characterized by analyzing the morphologies formed during the thermal annealing of the island films under different annealing gas compositions. Silver island films are shown to

In this research, we studied the characteristics of the member firms on the Korea Exchange. The member firms intermediate between the market participants and the exchange, and all the participants trade stocks through members. To identify the characteristics of member firms, we categorized all member firms in terms of the type of investor into three groups, domestic members similar to individuals (DIMs)

We studied the properties of electron transport in mesoscopic GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure without any intentional dopants in which an external electric field defined the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). An electrically formed 2DEG without intentional doping offers many advantages because of the absence of high concentrations of charged scattering centers. We demonstrate that the electron concentration

This paper report on the significantly improved performance of InP/ZnSeS/ZnS quantum dot (QD) devices with multi-functional ligands. These quantum dots in which the monodentate ligand oleylamine is coordinated to the shell surface are reacted with the delocalized bipyridine bidentate ligand, where some oleylamine is replaced by bipyridine. The coordination of the delocalized bidentate bipyridine ligand

Excited states of 113In have been populated through the heavy-ion fusion evaporation reaction 110Pd(7Li, 4n)113In. A new band with the configuration of a proton d5/2 orbital is identified. Two ΔI = 2 intruder bands, built on the πh11/2 and the πg7/2 orbitals, have been extended to spins (63/2−ħ and (55/2+)ħ, respectively. The negative-parity πh11/2 intruder band shows a smooth increase in aligned spin

The Advanced Molybdenum-based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE) searches for neutrino-less double-beta (0νββ) decay of 100Mo in enriched molybdate crystals. The AMoRE crystals must have low levels of radioactive contamination to achieve low background signals with energies near the Q-value of the 100Mo 0νββ decay. To produce low-activity crystals, radioactive contaminants in the raw materials used to

For achieving a highly selective polishing rate between a tungsten (W) film and a silicon-dioxide (SiO2) film in W chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP), we designed W-film CMP slurry by mixing a small-molecule having two carboxylic functional groups (i.e., malic acid) as a selectivity agent. The selectivity was principally controlled by the malic acid concentration: it rapidly increased with increasing

CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSC) fabricated by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) processes was investigated, and a rate-equation model for the trapinduced power conversion efficiency (PCE) limit was developed and used to explain the experimental results. The cascade structure with a CdS:CdSe (7:7) cycle ratio showed the highest PCE of 2.55%. However, excess cycles

The feasibility of useing a flexible, printed indium-tin-oxide (ITO) sensor to detect hazardous and noxious substances was investigated. The resistivities of this printed ITO (P-ITO) film and that of a commercial sputtered ITO (S-ITO) film were 35.9 and 1.5 × 10 −4 Ω·cm, respectively. The corresponding grain sizes, a determined via X-ray diffractometry, were 31.7 and 102.6 nm. This difference in grain

We studied Zn0.75Ni0.25Fe 2O4 magnetic nanoparticles before and after plasma treatment by employing X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements, hyperthermia measurements using the mag-neTherm device, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra of Zn0.75Ni0.25Fe 2O4 were recorded at various temperatures from 4.2 to 295 K. The Mössbauer spectra for temperatures below the superparamagnetic transition

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) devices are known to be able to detect traces of chemicals and can, therefore, be applied to a variety of applications. However, in order to define the sensitivity of such a device, one must obtain its minimum detectability. Nevertheless, the standard way to define the lower limit of detectability of an SPR device has not yet been established. In this paper, we propose

We present a simulation of the effective electromagnetic (EM) parameters of a carbonyl iron (CI) powder - polyurethane (PU) composite based on a realistic micrometer-level 3-dimensional model by fractions. CI particles, 10 × 10 × 10, were randomly modeled in a PU matrix, and the optimized meshing condition was adapted to simulation. The calculated effective complex permittivity and permeability were

We report the synthesis and the characterization of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO4) crystals prepared using a hydrothermal process. To prepare an aqueous solution containing Ca2+ and \(HPO_4^{2-}\) ion precursors, we dissolved calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and ammonium phosphate dibasic, respectively, in deionized water at room temperature without adding a hydroxide precursor. The pH value

The adsorption of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) by a transition metal-porphyrin structure embedded on the surface of graphene (MN4-graphene) was evaluated using first-principles density functional theory calculations by constructing the adsorption energy profile. The mutual balance between physisorption and chemisorption was assessed by analyzing the characteristics of the interaction between each central

Separation of two-dimensional thin-film-materials into single layers had been considered very challenging both theoretically and experimentally until the mechanical exfoliation method was discovered. After the successful separation of single- and/or few-layer graphene, the possibility of wrinkle formation has been one of the main open topics because they were not readily observed in experiments. Here

The effects of Ca atoms adsorbed on the C-incorporated Si(001)-4°-off substrate have been investigated by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and synchrotron photoemission spectroscopy (PES). The C atoms incorporated into the subsurface by C2H2 exposure and postannealing at 630 °C induce the c(4 × 4) structure and debunch the double-layer DB steps. The Ca atoms additionally adsorbed on this C-incorporated

We demonstrate a flexible, low-cost, and highly reproducible hydrophobic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate produced by inkjet printing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on a commercial overhead projector (OHP) film. Unlike a conventional Raman substrate such as glass or a silicon wafer, the OHP film is flexible, is easy and safe to handle, and has extremely low fabrication cost. Furthermore

The remarkable advances of quantum computation technology with superconducting qubits based on circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED) architecture have been achieved by improving control, protection and measurement of the quantum states at the same time. At the heart of all these quantum operations, the significant enhancement of the qubit coherence time during the last decades was the key. Even after

In this work, a 10Ni-WC/NiCrBSi composite coating was fabricated on a Q235 substrate by using vacuum brazing. The bonding strength, surface hardness and corrosion behavior of the coating were characterized by using shearing, a Vickers hardness test and an electrochemical measurement. The results showed that the bonding strength was 365.1 MPa and that the surface hardness of the coating reached nearly

In this study, we developed a Gd2O2S:Tb screen with a parylene-C-based antireflective (AR) layer and evaluated its optical and X-ray response properties; in particular, we focused on developing an AR coating layer to improve transmission efficiency. The phosphor screen with the parylene-Cbased AR layer can be fabricated via screen printing and chemical vapor deposition. In particular, experimental

In this study, we have proposed a simple method to produce temperature-dependent variablesize of MoS2 nanodots (NDTs) by using MoS2 powder as a pre-cursor and KNa-tartrate as the intercalant. Due to defects in MoS2, the optical properties are strongly modified and show blue luminescence under UV irradiation of MoS2 NDTs. The temperature variable is used to gradually introduce defects in 2D materials

An attempt has been made theoretically to observe the different anisotropic properties of optimally doped iron-pnictide superconductors in the presence of an applied magnetic field. For this analysis, the modified phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory applicable to two-band superconducting systems has been used and found to be successful. In doing so, the anisotropic ratio with respect to the

One of the major theoretical challenges in high-Tc superconductivity is to first reproduce the observed phase diagrams that display the monotonously decreasing pseudogap temperature T* and the dome-shaped superconducting phase transition temperature Tc in the plane of temperature vs. hole concentration. Earlier Lee and Salk [J. Korean Phys. Soc. 37, 545 (2000); Phys. Rev. B 64, 052501 (2001)] reported

A gas electron multiplier (GEM) detector with a gadolinium cathode has been developed to explore its potential application as a neutron detector. It consists of three standard-sized (10 × 10 cm2) GEM foils and a thin gadolinium plate as the cathode, which is used as a neutron converter. The neutron detection efficiencies were measured for two different cathode setups and for two different drift gaps

Among the fluorinated compounds (FCs) used in the semiconductor and display industries, NF3 gas is a popular gas for etching processes, and due to the high global warming potential (GWP), emission regulations are becoming more stringent. In the semiconductor process, a point of use (POU) scrubber is attached to the rear stage to remove fluorinated compounds. The field industry continues to increase

The structural and electronic properties of AgGaX2(X = S, Se, Te) nanolayers were studied by using a full potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) based on density functional theory. To investigate the structural and electronic properties of nanolayers, the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew, Becke and Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) and modified Becke-Johnson (MBJ) exchange potential were used

Conventional high-temperature (800 °C) synthesis of fluoride-substituted samples from LiF has been found to encounter the volatilization of fluorine and to limit the fluorine content, as reported in our earlier paper. In the present study, a fluoride-substituted spinel LiMn2O4 material was synthesized by using a solid-state reaction method with (NH4)HF2 as the fluorine source. The structure and the

Thickness control of a semiconductor thin film in the multistack layer (MSL) deposition process is important for improving the reliability and the performance of devices based on 3-dimensional stacked layers. The “first wafer effect” refers to the phenomenon where the thickness and the map profile of the first prepared wafer differ from those of the wafer prepared via the continuous process when deposition

We report on the variations of the astrophysical rates due to mass uncertainties of the exotic nuclei in rp-process reactions. With the current mass precision obtained in the AME2016 database, only the 71Br(p, γ)72Kr and the 65AS(p, γ)66Se reactions have rate uncertainties of about 10% - 20% at T9 = 0.5 while the 61Ga(p, γ)62Ge, 61,64,65Ge(p, γ)62,65,66As, 68,69Se(p, γ)69,70Br, 69,70Br(p, γ)70,71Kr

In the field of piezoelectric energy harvesting, a cantilever is widely used in a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) because it easily deforms under various forces and, generally, the output of the cantilever increases proportionally with the deformation. Naturally, many previous studies focused on how to obtain a higher PEH output. However, the power of the input source is limited, so the efficiency

For successful targeted alpha radiotherapy (TAT), verifying the accurate position and distribution of a targeted radiotherapeutic agent in a patient or phantom is important. This paper, describes our investigation of depth-of-interaction (DOI) Compton imaging for the two γ-rays emitted during TAT with the 225Ac radioactive isotope. We optimized the design parameters of the DOI Compton camera, for example