The International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) published report No. 90 (i.e., Key Data for Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications) in 2016. The present study explores the impact of ICRU 90 on the primary standards of the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). To this end, first, two new correction factors (kii and kw) for the

We discuss the evolution of single particle state (SPS) energies by the deformation within a deformed Woods–Saxon potential. Since the SPS energy (SPSE) is based on the concept of one-body potential, we decompose it into kinetic and potential energy, and consider the modification of total binding energy (TBE) beyond the one-body potential by the pairing correlations. Evolution of each energy is detailed

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for flexible and transparent electronic applications. Here, we introduce non-volatile charge trapping memory devices, based on the 2D heterostructure field-effect transistor consisting of a few-layer MoS2 channel and CrPS4 charge-trapping gate stack. Clockwise hysteresis behaviors in transfer curves measured at room

Conventional chest-radiography images are the most basic X-ray imaging system for diagnosing lung diseases. However, space-averaging increases due to the overlapping of anatomy structures as three-dimensional information are reduced in two-dimensions. A dual-energy X-ray imaging (DEI) technique for resolve space-averaging is used to increase the conspicuity of the lesion (i.e., lung nodule and calcification)

The Belle II experiment is constructed at the KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Japan. Due to the high luminosity of the beam, a trigger that effectively rejects beam-induced background is required. For this purpose, a level-1 trigger board with field-programmable gate arrays and high speed optical transceivers is developed for the central drift chamber trigger readout. Utilizing

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40042-021-00155-6

A hierarchical graph is a kind of self-similar network, which is widely discussed and has a wide range of applications. In this paper, we introduce a class of weighted hierarchical graphs H (n, k), which is constructed using the hierarchical product of complete graphs. The weighted hierarchical graph depends on two parameters: the weighted factor r \((0

In recent years, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been attracted promising candidates for imminent electrical and optical device applications owing to their remarkable properties and unique structures. In this study, we report the optical and electrical characteristics of the newest member of the TMD family, i.e. monolayer of rhenium disulfide (ReS2) field effect transistor

The new compact ICRH antenna (CIA) with low electric field and conjugate-T has been installed in KSTAR. It is essential for studying the effect on the KSTAR plasma of H minority heating as a main ICRH scheme. The TRANSP-TORIC code has been adopted for analyzing the ICRH effect. The calculation using TRANSP-TORIC has been conducted with an additional 1 MW of ICRH power to the KSTAR operation at B0 = 2

Lately we have proposed an atomic polarizability model, viz. \(\alpha \propto \left({r}^{3}/{Z}_{\mathrm{eff}}{e}^{2}\right)\), through an empirical approach. As the results obtained using the model were remarkable, we have tried to explore the efficacy of this polarizability model by using four different types of radii for 96 atoms invoking a regression analysis. Further, we have performed a study

Conventional white lightings based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lack deep red, which is responsible for their low color rendering index (CRI). To apply red quantum-dot (QD) caps is one way to improve the color-rendering property of white LEDs. Red QD caps were fabricated using CdSe/ZnS QDs in the acrylic resin matrix and applied to conventional white LED lighting, which clearly showed a significant

This work models the Kerr effect in double quantum dot (DQD) ladder-plus-Y system using the density matrix theory. The QD inhomogeneity and wetting layer effect are considered. The Kerr effect is shown to be increased at small pumping where the linear absorption is inhibited. Under very weak probe field in comparison to the pump field, no electromagnetically induced transparency window is shown.

This study aims to investigate the frequency-dependent characteristics of the focal length of an acoustic lens made of a material with a frequency-dependent acoustic refractive index (ARI). For this purpose, an exchangeable plano-spherical convex subsonic index lens (PSCSIL) was fabricated using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material. The ARI of the lens material was evaluated via the tone-burst through-transmission

The dependence of tunneling conductance on the barrier thickness was investigated theoretically by using a tight-binding model. In order to calculate the tunneling conductance, full-band calculations were carried out with a model tunnel junction. In addition to an exponential decay, it was shown that the tunneling conductance may oscillate strongly as a function of the barrier thickness due to the

To obtain efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the degradation in the surface properties of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode during the device fabrication should be prevented. In this study, we investigated the effect of the waiting time of ITO in the entry chamber before the transfer to the deposition chamber on the device performances of OLEDs. The current density and luminance of

The internal target volume (ITV)-based IMRT method can be used to reduce the effect of respiratory tumor motion. In this study, the effect of tumor motion on the dosimetric accuracy during ITV-based IMRT was investigated. ITV-based IMRT plans for a total of ten cases of liver cancer were prepared in TomoTherapy (Tomo) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Delivery quality assurance (DQA) plans

Currently, the quantitative analysis methods for uranium that are widely used in laboratories, such as the volumetric method and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) cannot achieve low cost, simple operation, and little influence by other elements. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) has a wide linear range, and high stability, and can be used to

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40042-021-00140-z

Multimessenger astronomy aims to utilize all accessible information from the universe: electromagnetic waves, particles (e.g., neutrinos), and gravitational waves. The discovery of GW170817/GRB170817A and the international follow-up observations showed the power of multimessenger astronomy in understanding cosmic phenomena. The best candidates for multimessenger astronomy are compact binary coalescences

High-order silane precursors, including trisilane, are candidates for the low-temperature epitaxy process owing to the low energy of Si–Si bond. Higher order silanes are regarded as being more reactive than lower order ones. We compared the SiGe epitaxial growth behaviors of high-order silane precursors on Si substrates in an ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition chamber without a carrier gas

Rare-earth-doped upconverison luminescent (UCL) materials have wide application prospects in the field of nanoptoelectronics technology. However, achieving highly efficient UCL materials is still a big challenge due to the serious nonradiative energy loss in the host materials. In this research, Gd2(WO4)3: Yb3+, Er3+ inverse opal photonic crystals (IOPCs) were prepared using a polymethylmethacrylate

The electronic and magnetic properties of Ti–Fe defects substitution for two adjacent aluminum ions in blue kyanite with various spin configurations, charges, and alignments have been investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Based on the total-energy calculations, we find two possible ground-state spin configurations: high-spin states of TiIV–FeII and TiIII–FeIII

In celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Korean Physical Society Astrophysics Division, reflecting on the progress in cosmic-ray astrophysics seems worthwhile. Significant advances have been made in cosmic-ray measurements in recent years, particularly with successful space missions and long-duration balloon flights over Antarctica. The high precision data from these missions over a wide energy

We conducted a study to explore a real-time monitoring variable of a coherently combined beam returned from a scattering target. The effect of a spatial filtering on the speckle pattern generated from the interference of the scattered beam was examined in a coherent beam combining (CBC) system, including three-channel laser output, the scattering target, and receiver optics in free space. We were able

We have investigated Schottky barrier diode based on MoTe\(_2\) with Au and Cr/Au asymmetric contacts. While many metals show strong Fermi level pinning close to the valence band of MoTe\(_2\), one can change MoTe\(_2\)-Au Schottky contact via simple thermal annealing. The Schottky diode showed a clear rectification operation with a rectification ratio of 10–100 and the ideality factor of \(\sim\)

We use a physical model to optimize the mechanical and magnetic properties of a magneto-thermoelectric generator (MTG) device to improve its performance. The key to the MTG device designed for thermal energy harvesting is the use of the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition of Gd metal induced by a temperature difference between two heat sources. To increase the heat transfer between the Gd and the

The aim of this study is to provide an effective method to construct a three-dimensionally (3D) printed scaffold to reconstruct a damaged bone. The tibia of a rabbit with a comminuted fracture was scanned by computed tomography. A bio-scaffold was designed using a 3D modeling program for its reconstruction and fabricated by a 3D printer. As the tibia could tolerate a large stress, pure biodegradable

We have theoretically investigated the modulation structures of the excited-state population of an argon atom exposed to a linearly polarized 800-nm laser pulse in the tunneling region. The numerical result identifies a nearly opposite phase modulation structure between the low-lying n = 4–7 states and over all higher \(n>7\) states. This phase-dependent alternating population phenomenon is found to

We investigate the high-purity polarization-entangled photon-pair generation in niobium-doped potassium titanyl phosphate (Nb:KTP). The technique is based on Type II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). Two kinds of Nb:KTPs with Nb-doping concentrations of 3.4 mol% and 7.5 mol% will be considered in each periodically poled and non-poled case. The properties of Type II SPDC, including the

The dream of observing our universe through neutrinos is rapidly becoming a reality. More than three decades after the first observation of neutrinos from beyond our solar system associated with Supernova SN1987A, neutrino astronomy is in the midst of a revolution. Extraterrestrial neutrinos are now routinely detected, following the discovery of a high-energy diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in

The series of Italian–Korean Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics began in 1987, well before the Astrophysics Division of the Korean Physical Society was established in 1995. The symposiums brought together young researchers and scientists of both nations and formed the foundation that would lead to the establishment of the astrophysics division. In this essay, I want to describe a brief history for

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by sol–gel coating and hydrothermal method to produce a film with self-cleaning and transmittance properties. To improve hydrophilic and photocatalytic activity of the film, zinc oxide titanium dioxide (ZnO@TiO2) core–shell NPs were synthesized using two different amounts of TiO2. The ZnO@TiO2 array

In this paper, the structure evolution in 158Er and185Os isotopes is calculated using the projected shell model (PSM) framework. The yrast spectrum, nucleon-rich effects, back-bending phenomenon, and the ratio of reduced electromagnetic transition probabilities, B(M1)/B(E2), are calculated in the spins ranges 8+–22+ and 17/2+–45/2+ for the mentioned isotopes, respectively. In the yrast spectrum, band

The Houston states (Krieger and Iafrate in Phys Rev B 33: 5494 1986), which are instantaneous eigenstates of the time-dependent Hamiltonian, are known as an appropriate basis function to observe the role of each band in high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in solids. However, due to the sharp blow-up of the transition matrix elements between the Houston states (Wu et al. in Phys Rev A 91: 043839 2015)

InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with small active diameter and backside microlens was fabricated and its dark count and after-pulse noises were characterized. In addition, by optimizing multiplication layer and reducing the active diameter, high photon detection efficiency (PDE) was achieved as well as suppressed dark count probability (DCP) and after-pulse probability (APP) near room

In this review, we briefly introduce particle absorption as an approach for investigating the weak cosmic censorship conjecture with regard to Kerr-(anti-)de Sitter black holes as the simplest example. The conjecture can be tested by determining whether the horizon of a black hole is stable under a perturbation. Here, we consider the perturbation from an ingoing particle to the black hole. Through

In this study, we used square-type organic scintillating fibers and polymethyl methacrylate phantoms to develop an all-in-one phantom dosimeter measure the multidimensional dose distributions for a 60Co radiotherapy source. Multidimensional dose distributions, which include the transverse, depth, and surface dose distributions, can be obtained by measuring scintillating light simultaneously in real

Appropriate consideration of the electron correlation is essential to reproduce the intriguing metal-insulator transition accompanying the Peierls-type structural transition in VO\(_2\). In the density functional theory-based approach, this depends on the choice of the exchange-correlation functional. Here, using a newly developed strongly constrained and appropriately norm (SCAN) functional, we investigate

We study the record statistics in the Korean housing market. To characterize the statistical properties of records, we analyze the record rate and the expected number of records for the transaction price of apartments and the volatility. From the numerical analysis, we find that the record rate of price in the overheated region is well described by the record rate obtained from the symmetric independent

The behavior of nuclear structures with an increase in atomic number from \({}^{150}\)Nd to \({}^{158}\)Er was investigated in this study. \({}^{152}\)Sm and \({}^{154}\)Gd are typical nuclei lying between the rotational and vibrational states, which can be explained by a slight breaking of the SU(3) symmetry in the U(5)-direction via the interacting boson model (IBM). Furthermore, \(N=90\) isotones

The behaviors of Sc and Ce segregation at Al (100)/δ´(100), Al (110)/δ´(110), and Al (111)/δ´(111) interfaces were theoretically predicted to explore the differences in the segregation effects in Al–Li alloys. The results show that Sc exhibits an evident trend to segregation to the Al/δ´ interface whereas this effect for Ce seems to be weak. The variation of the segregation energy is associated with

Potassium-tantalate crystals were implanted with helium ions at 190 keV and then thermally treated at different temperatures to study their blistering. The surface blistering, hydrogen depth distribution, and lattice damage induced by He+ implantation were characterized using secondary ion mass spectroscopy, optical and transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The

The variables of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator were analyzed for the application of a cogeneration system in a coal-fired power station. The MHD generator system is more efficient than other generation systems, owing to its high working temperature. The system is typically combined with a steam generator because high-temperature conditions result in significant residual heat. The magnetic and

The origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is a long-standing mystery in astrophysics. Two collaborations are running experiments, the Telescope Array in the northern hemisphere and the Pierre Auger Observatory in the southern hemisphere, recording the signals coming from the extensive air showers made by the most energetic particles observed in nature, in search of their origin. We review

We investigate whether CP phases in the neutrino mixing matrix can be the source of the CP violation necessary to achieve leptogenesis. In general, low-energy CP violation in the neutrino sector is not directly linked to leptogenesis, but we show that the low-energy leptonic CP violation can give rise to the CP asymmetry required for leptogenesis in a minimal seesaw model where the Dirac neutrino mass

We present a new event trigger generator based on the Hilbert–Huang transform, named EtaGen (\(\eta\)Gen). It decomposes time-series data into several adaptive modes without imposing a priori bases on the data. The adaptive modes are used to find transients (excesses) in the background noises. A clustering algorithm is used to gather excesses corresponding to a single event and to reconstruct its waveform

A bit of historical review is given for the concept of gravitational waves and detection experiments. In the presence of gravitational waves, it is frequently asked whether the laser light gets stretched and shrunk in the same way as the mirror distances in the interferometer so that gravitational waves cannot be measured. To answer this question, we have reviewed the interaction between light and

We review the recent progress in Higgs inflation focusing on Higgs-\(R^2\) inflation, primordial black hole production and the \(R^3\) term.

Herein we describe theoretical and experimental analysis of the source resistance (Rs) components in In0.7Ga0.3As/In0.52Al0.48As quantum-well (QW) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) on an InP substrate. First, we analytically modeled Rs using a three-layer formula, separately modeling the regions of the ohmic contact, the gate-to-source access, and the side-recessed regions. The resistances

In vivo measurement of radiotherapeutic doses is an important procedure for ensuring the accuracy of radiation treatments. The glass rod dosimeter is a known dosimeter for in vivo dosimetry, which has high reproducibility and low dependencies with respect to major radiotherapeutic conditions. A hemispherical buildup cap made of brass was fabricated to avoid a large measurement error owing to the partial

This article has been published with an error in the name of the supporting institution on page 10.

We analyze the average fidelity (say, F) and the fidelity deviation (say, D) in noisy-channel quantum teleportation. Here, F represents how well teleportation is performed on average and D quantifies whether the teleportation is performed impartially on the given inputs, that is, the condition of universality. Our analysis results prove that the achievable maximum average fidelity ensures zero fidelity

We calculate BAS-TR imaging plate (IP) responses to laser-accelerated heavy ion beams such as carbon ion beam and titanium ion beam. We introduce two theoretical models widely used for the prediction of an IP response. We perform Monte Carlo simulations based on these two models, and compare the predictions with the available experimental data. Our calculations of the IP response to carbon ions show

Highly reliable Monte-Carlo event generators and detector simulation programs are important for the precision measurement in the high energy physics. Huge amounts of computing resources are required to produce a sufficient number of simulated events. Moreover, simulation parameters have to be fine-tuned to reproduce situations in the high-energy particle interactions which is not trivial in some phase

We study the bipartite entanglement entropy of a model for two-species hard-core bosons in one dimension. In this model, the same-species bosons satisfy hard-core conditions while the different-species bosons are allowed to occupy the same site with a local interaction strength U. We measure the bipartite entanglement entropy of the ground states of an infinite-size system as a function of U in the

In this study, the neutron shielding capabilities of boron carbide (B4C)-reinforced polyester-matrix composite materials were investigated. For the study, 20- 40- and 60-mm-thick specimens were first prepared by reinforcing with 10–50% B4C, and later their neutron shielding characteristics were studied by using various characterization techniques. The shielding capability of the composite materials

We propose a stabilization method for a Q-switched composite YAG/Yb:YAG/Cr:YAG laser configured for use as a laser igniter. The method is based on reducing the fluctuations in the magnitude of the initial seed signal caused by interference of the initial resonator modes. We have shown that a stable laser output could be achieved using a Fabry-Pérot etalon, which can reduce the number of modes, to reduce

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the developed auxiliary head alignment device for true X-ray skull lateral projection and evaluate the accuracy of skull true lateral imaging according to the use of this device by applying a skull phantom. The developed non-contact patient head alignment device (HEAD) for radiography was intended to enable someone with minimal experience with

The mechanism for the deposition of zinc to form porous thin films is not clearly understood. In this study, a modified direct current (DC) sputtering system was used to deposit polycrystalline porous zinc thin films on an amorphous glass substrate to elucidate the mechanism. Subsequently, the properties of the thin films, such as its film thickness, the average particle size, and its porosity, were

The purpose of this study was to check the applicability of radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RPLGD) for in vivo dosimetry in external photon beams radiotherapy. The entrance dose measurements were performed. The influence of beam set-up parameters on the entrance dose was investigated using the RPLGDs. In this study, the RPLGD and 6-MV photon beam produced by a linear accelerator were used. The