Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the urinary system with a high recurrence rate. As of today, bladder carcinoma does not sufficiently benefit from new therapeutic strategies. The molecularly heterogeneous landscape contributes an enormous challenge in the management of this cancer. Consensus clustering based on gene expression data from muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive tumors

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that reside in various parts of the body like adipose tissue, bone marrow and umbilical cord with an ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes. Rigorous research has helped us understand that MSCs home to wound sites and this homing mechanism has been used in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. It is now emerging

The ability of cells to assume different phenotypes without changing their genotype is referred to as cellular plasticity. It is increasingly being recognized as a fundamental and essential property of cancer cells, which enables their adaptation to the changing environmental conditions, imposed by both disease progression and therapeutic intervention. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a classical

The concept of genetic determinism as illustrated by the metaphors such as ‘genetic blueprint’, or ‘genetic program’ had its beginning immediately after the rediscovery of growth lag observed when bacteria were exposed to a mixture of glucose and galactose or lactose. This concept got reinforced with the discovery of the mechanisms of how lactose activates the transcription of lac operon of E. coli

Cellular plasticity, by large, is the ability through which cells morph into new phenotypic identity by trading-off with the previous one. This phenomenon has been observed in the normal and tumor cells in a very similar fashion. Occurrence of cellular plasticity, in malignancies like epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) are well known but highly debated in terms of origin of the tumor for the inherent

Tumors exhibit genetic and phenotypic diversity leading to intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH). Further complex ecosystem (stromal and immune cells) of tumors contributes into the ITH. This ITH allows tumors to overcome various selection pressures such as anti-cancer therapies and metastasis at distant organs. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has provided unprecedented insights into ITH and its implications

A cell’s phenotype is determined by its genome sequence and epigenetic state which translate into the biochemical reactions occurring inside the cells. As these biochemical processes are driven by small biological molecules, stochastic fluctuations may arise in the number of these biological molecules inside the cell and in the interactions between these molecules. These fluctuations can cause temporal

One of the most fascinating sights in nature is to witness certain insects, birds, and fish move together in a very coordinated and precise fashion for food search, to avoid predation and for migration. The collective movement is called swarming. In 1885, Gustav Hauser, a German pathologist discovered collective movement in a bacterium he later named Proteus mirabilis (Armbruster and Mobley in, Nat

Quorum sensing, or the ability of a population, to respond to an environmental cue in a coordinated manner has made fundamental changes about how we understand bacterial physiology. In this framework, a population, once it exceeds a certain threshold in size, and in the appropriate environmental conditions, coordinates expression of genes across individual members of the population in a fashion so

Change in the phenotype of a cell is considered as a transition of a cell from one cellular state to another. Cellular state transition can be driven by an external cue or by the noise in molecular processes. Over the years, generalized physical principles, and associated mathematical models have been developed to understand phenotypic state transition. Starting with Waddington’s epigenetic landscape

The term 5G refers to the fifth generation of cellular wireless standards. Following the first four generations which focused on evolving voice and data communications, 5G is expected to greatly expand the range of possible domains to which cellular communications can be applied. The aim of this article is to present an introduction to some guiding principles that provide shape to the physical layer

The traditional role of a communication engineer is to address the technical problem of transporting bits reliably over a noisy channel. With the emergence of 5G, and the availability of a variety of competing and coexisting wireless systems, wireless connectivity is becoming a commodity. This article argues that communication engineers in the post-5G era should extend the scope of their activity in

Future millimeter-wave systems, 5G cellular or WiFi, must rely on highly directional links to overcome severe pathloss in these frequency bands. Establishing such links requires the mutual discovery of the transmitter and the receiver, potentially leading to a large latency and high energy consumption. In this work, we show that both the discovery latency and energy consumption can be significantly

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are a main enabler of the excessive throughput requirements in 5G and future generation wireless networks as they can serve many users simultaneously with high spectral and energy efficiency. To achieve this massive MIMO systems require accurate and timely channel state information (CSI), which is acquired by a training process that involves pilot

In most developing countries across the world, cellular rural users are predominantly pedestrian and indoor users within village homes, and much less from vehicles, let alone fast-moving ones. Specifically, in India, 85% of the villages in the plains are spaced 2–3 km apart uniformly in every direction. The base station required for providing coverage in rural areas is starkly different from the base

Among the several emerging use case families in 5G, high-mobility use case family is a technologically challenging one. It is expected that there will be a growing demand for mobile services in vehicles, high-speed trains, and even aircraft. The degree of mobility support required (i.e., speed) will depend upon the specific use case (e.g., 500 km/h in bullet trains and 1000 km/h in airplanes). Mobility-on-demand

Automation enabled by ultra-reliable and low latency 5G connectivity is expected to transform the industrial landscape over the next decade. Given the spectrum crunch in bands below 6 GHz, there is significant interest in exploring the use of millimeter wave (mmWave) bands for industrial automation. The harsh propagation conditions at high frequencies raise questions about the viability of providing

The upcoming Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network aims to support a wide variety of services. In addition to the four standardized service use cases, network operators are also looking for the ability to deploy newer services in shorter timescales to quickly monetize the 5G network. This has resulted in the emergence of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) as

With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, their reconfigurability, networking, task automation, and control ability have been a boost to the evolution of traditional industries such as health-care, agriculture, power, education, and transport. However, the quantum of data produced by the IoT devices poses serious challenges on its storage, communication, computation, security, scalability

Two of the most challenging goals for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond communication systems are massive connectivity and higher capacity. The use of traditional orthogonal multiple access techniques limits the number of users that can be served using available resources due to orthogonality constraint. Moreover, the available resources may not be utilized effectively by alloted users thereby resulting

The primary approach to increase coverage and capacity in infrastructure-based wireless networks is densification. Densification, however, presents a major challenge when serving mobile users, which is the overhead associated with the increased rate of base station handovers. Assuming a prior knowledge of a mobile’s trajectory and base stations’ locations, we formulate the problem of determining the

The symbol ϖ appears erroneously in thirteen places in the text of this article. It should be replaced in each case by the symbol π.

Molecular dynamics simulations of benzene and 12 fluorobenzenes with various degrees of fluorine substitution in water reveal that the accumulation of water in the first solvent shell decreases with increase in number of fluorine atoms relative to benzene, with an exception of hexafluorobenzene. Further, the solute–solute radial density function indicates that partially substituted fluorobenzenes sample

This brief review presents an overview and analysis of the experimental studies performed recently in the laboratory of the authors demonstrating the role of hydrogen bonding as a promotional factor for intermolecular vibrational energy relaxation, and as a driving force for the occurrences of specific reaction channels in binary molecular complexes. Both vibrational and electronic spectroscopic methods

Studies on hydrogen bonding interaction in various systems, involving phenylacetylene (PhAc), propargyl alcohol (PA), borazine (BNH), propargyl amine (PAm) were performed using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and supported by ab initio computations. Weak intermolecular interactions of the above mentioned precursors with water, methanol, ether, acetylene and benzene were studied. These systems

Mapping of charge densities in molecular crystals has been contemplated ever since it was recognized that X-rays are scattered by the electron density in the crystal. The methodology both from the experimental and theoretical perspective was standardized and applied extensively only during the last few decades, as technological advances were a prerequisite in both data collection and computation. Multipole

Latimer and Rodebush (J Am Chem Soc 42: 1419–1433, 1920) discussed the ways a Lewis dot structure could be drawn for liquid water and proposed that the H held between two octets constitutes a bond in 1920. When it was realized that the other molecule of life, DNA, owes its double helix structure to specific hydrogen bonds between A–T (two) and C–G (three) base pairs, the interest in hydrogen bonding

Life makes extensive use of non-covalent interactions, as they are a convenient way to build complex structures that can be assembled or disassembled quickly, with a minimum energy consumption. Among the inter-molecular interactions, hydrogen bond plays a central role, and it is the main responsible of the structure of proteins, DNA, and several other superstructures in the cell. Characterization of

Halogen bonding (XB) is an attractive interaction between a halogen atom and an electron donor. Although halogens are electron-rich atoms, they act as electrophiles in these types of interactions. This is due to the presence of a significant positive charge (σ-hole) on the halogen atoms in organic halides along the R-X (R = carbon, nitrogen, halogen) bond. With an increase in the polarizability down

This article is a personal, chronological account of experimental work carried out on the hydrogen bond, the halogen bond and other non-covalent interactions by my research group using (mainly) rotational spectroscopy since 1974. It is not intended to be comprehensive, and therefore does not include contributions made by many groups in the last 40 years or so.

We present a spectroscopic overview of the C–H···Y (Y = hydrogen bond acceptors) hydrogen bonded (HB or H-bond) complexes in this article. Although C–H···Y interactions have been recognized as H-bonding interactions for quite some time, they have not been investigated spectroscopically until recently. Recent results indicated that unlike the conventional hydrogen bond, C–H···Y H-bond has interesting

We review the variation of X–Z stretching frequency in the formation of Z-bonds (X–Z···Y, Z = H, or other main group element). Majority of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) occur between a strongly polar X–H bond and an electron pair donor (H-bond acceptor) Y and show a red shift in the X–H stretch. In very weak H-bonds, there are several instances where the X–H bond is blue shifted. We show that X–H shifts

Molecular electrostatic potentials, in conjunction with polarization, provide the key to understanding hydrogen bonding. As required by the Hellmann–Feynman theorem, hydrogen bonding is a Coulombic interaction between (a) a positive electrostatic potential associated with a region of lower electronic density on the hydrogen (a σ-hole), and (b) a negative site on the hydrogen-bond acceptor. The charge

Bike-sharing systems (BSSs) are emerging as a popular type of shared vehicle platform where users can rent bicycles without having to own and maintain them. BSSs are ideal for short trips and for connecting to public transit systems. Bicycle usage is associated with several unique characteristics which make planning and operation of BSSs very different from car sharing problems and other traditional

The harmonious development of cities is a key problem of our times. Is it possible to have sustainable urban areas that enhance rather than diminish the standard of living of their inhabitants? To better understand the issues behind this question, we begin by defining sustainability and the factors that should be associated with a sustainable urban development. We then consider urban mobility, focusing

The field of intra- and intermolecular interactions has received a major boost in the past one decade. Significant advances in both instrumentation (for experimental purposes) and computational resources (development of theoretical models) have provided strong impetus to this area of research. The understanding of the nature, energetics and the topological characteristics of these interactions are

The multinomial logit (MNL) and probit (MNP) models dominated the literature on consumer behavior analysis, particularly in the transportation planning context where the focus is on future travel demand prediction as an aggregated outcome of individual traveler choices. While Gumbel kernel errors in the MNL model are unbounded and positively skewed, normal kernel errors in the MNP model are symmetric

There has been considerable interest recently in the development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). Automatic vehicle following capability is central for CAVs; in this article, we provide a review of the critical issues in the longitudinal control design for automatic vehicle following systems (AVFS) employed by CAVs. This expository review differs from others in providing a review of underlying

Disorderly traffic streams are those that, simply stated, do not have parallel lines (or lanes) of vehicles but have vehicles distributed more haphazardly in the road space. Vehicles in such streams, while moving longitudinally, change their lateral positions frequently. Their trajectories have a more pronounced wander along the width or the lateral dimension as opposed to those vehicles that primarily

Formic acid dimer as the prototypical doubly hydrogen-bonded gas-phase species is discussed from the perspective of the three translational and the three rotational degrees of freedom which are lost when two formic acid molecules form a stable complex. The experimental characterisation of these strongly hindered translations and rotations is reviewed, as are attempts to describe the associated fundamental

Since its original inception, a great deal has been learned about the nature, properties, and applications of the H-bond. This review summarizes some of the unexpected paths that inquiry into this phenomenon has taken researchers. The transfer of the bridging proton from one molecule to another can occur not only in the ground electronic state, but also in various excited states. Study of the latter

The hydrogen bond has justifiably been termed the ‘master key of molecular recognition’. It is an interaction that is weaker than the covalent bond and stronger than the van der Waals interaction. The ubiquity and flexibility of hydrogen bonds make them the most important physical interaction in systems of biomolecules in aqueous solution. Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in many chemical

Compared to conventional hydrogen bonds like (O–H···N, N–H···O, O–H···O, N–H···N), hydrogen bonds involving heavier chalcogens like sulfur, selenium, and tellurium have been considered weaker owing to less electronegativity of these elements. However, various instances exist to prove that these hydrogen bonds (H bonds) are of similar strength of conventional hydrogen bonds, although the nature of hydrogen

Household vehicle-ownership model is a critical part of urban transportation modeling system. This paper offers a comprehensive review on household vehicle demand models at disaggregate level, which consists of four aspects: data, methodology, application and prospect. The first section makes a relevant review on data source and type, and introduces the application of panel data and RP/SP data. In

Conventional approaches for the rescue and repair of the damaged neural tissue generally remain ineffective and do not provide functional recovery due to the difficulties in mimicking the complex anatomical functioning of the nervous system. Mimicking the natural microenvironment of the glial, neuronal, and stromal cells of the nervous system through the use of functional biomaterials-based platforms

It has been widely perceived that three-dimensional bioprinted synthetic tissues and organ can be a clinical treatment option for damaged or diseased tissue repair and replacement. Conventional tissue engineering approaches have limited control over the regeneration of scaffold geometries and cell distribution. With the advancement of new biomaterials and additive manufacturing techniques, it is possible

The rapid advancement of information and communication technology has brought a revolution in the domain of public transport (PT) planning alongside other areas of transport planning and operations. Of particular significance are the passively generated big data sources (e.g., smart cards, detailed vehicle location data, mobile phone traces, social media) which have started replacing the traditional

Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies have been developed to improve traffic safety, mobility, and environmental impacts throughout the years. One of the enabling CAV technologies is the lane-changing function, which has attracted much attention from both industry and academia in recent years. This paper provides an overview of representative studies on CAV lane-changing models, algorithms

Magnesium (Mg)-based material systems offer great potential for healing bone fracture and defects, in terms of reduced stress shielding effect and non-toxicity, due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, an issue with controlling degradation rate of Mg in an intraosseous (occurring within bone) environment has impeded their application in orthopaedics. As a solution to this problem

With the aim to develop biodegradable quality sanitary pads at affordable prices to the schoolgirls and women, locally available cotton waste materials and anti-bacterial nanocolorants are used to prepare anti-bacterial biodegradable absorbent material suitable for sanitary napkins and diapers. Cotton fluff from loom waste was collected, cleaned and hydro-entangled to form absorbent sheet. The sheet

Tissue engineering is widely accepted as an effective way to treat critical size bone defect. However, fabricating the scaffold functioning as an extracellular matrix and liable for cell proliferation with excellent material and design parameter to match closely with the natural bone property is still a challenge. The present paper focuses on finite element analysis (FEA) for getting the optimized

The present work focuses on three main aspects such as (1) extent of surgically managed human meniscal injury problem among the selected population (patients underwent meniscectomy), (2) viability of meniscus cells (isolated from surgical debri) at different age groups, and (3) simulation studies on model scaffolds to understand the biomechanical aspects. Thus, this study gives insights on the severity

With the increase in need of ideal bone graft materials, magnesium silicate has been explored as resorbable bioceramics. Calcium phosphate-based bioceramics are well studied and being implemented for several orthopaedic applications as they mimic the chemistry of the natural bone. Although extensively used, these materials do not satisfy all the essential requirements of an ideal temporary bone replacement

Negative Poisson’s ratio or auxetic foams were fabricated and studied for use in prosthetic applications. A thermomechanical process was used to convert conventional polyurethane (PU) foam into auxetic PU foam. Two types of auxetic PU foams were made using two different volumetric compression ratios, 3.02 and 3.86. Chemical composition analysis showed that chemical structure of the converted auxetic

Substantial progress in biomaterial research over the years has culminated in revolutionary technological advancements in the healthcare domain. This has triggered the quest for affordable healthcare solutions with focus on sustainable biomaterials with versatile applications endowed with green fabrication strategies. Silk as a biopolymer has garnered special attention which can largely be attributed

Owing to electroactive nature of living bone, the development of bone-mimicking mechano-electrically active prosthetic implants are in continuous thrust. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has long been studied for its osteoconductive behaviour due to its compositional and structural similarity with the bone apatite. Since last two decades, the understanding and development of induced electroactive response in HA

Among the several unresolved issues, profound/total loss of low-frequency residual hearing after cochlear implant fixation is the most frequent event. Even after several attempts such as modifications in the design of electrodes, improvement in the surgical procedures and use of protective drugs to minimize the trauma and its after-effects, residual hearing has been retained in less than 50% patients

Nanofiber features in a scaffold provide favorable niche for cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation propelling their interest in tissue engineering. However, the inability of seeded cells to infiltrate inside 3D structures of electrospun nanofibers has remained a persistent bottleneck for their greater applicability. In the present work, an approach to address this problem is presented

Combination of bioceramics with polymers to fabricate nanofibrous scaffolds holds enormous potential for bone tissue regeneration. In this study, we aim to incorporate HAp nanoparticles in trace doping amount in PVA-chitosan nanofiber matrix to fabricate PVA-chitosan composite nanofibers with improved performance for application as a bone tissue regeneration material. The diameter of the fabricated