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Are the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) Applicable in Determining the Optimal Fit and Simplicity of Mechanistic Models? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Jens Harbecke, Jonas Grunau, Philip Samanek
Over the past three decades, the discourse on the mechanistic approach to scientific modelling and explanation has notably sidestepped the topic of simplicity and fit within the process of model se...
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Reviewers Acknowledgement International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-31
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 36, No. 4, 2023)
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Explanations by Constraint: Not Just in Physics International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Marc Lange
Several philosophers have argued that ‘constraints’ constrain (and thereby explain) by virtue of being modally stronger than ordinary laws of nature. In this way, a constraint applies to all possib...
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Are There Experimental Arguments Independent of Theories? In Defense of a Hackingian Approach to the Scientific Realism Debate International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Ruey-Lin Chen
This paper defends a Hackingian approach to the scientific realism debate by arguing against mainstream realists’ and antirealists’ common claim that no experimental arguments for the reality of po...
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Some Explanatory Issues with Woodward’s Notion of Intervention International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-31 Dalibor Makovník
James Woodward’s manipulationist counterfactual theory of explanation offers strong tools for an adequate approach to explanation endeavours. One of these tools is the notion of intervention, which...
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Massive Modularity: An Ontological Hypothesis or an Adaptationist Discovery Heuristic? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-31 David Villena
Cognitive modules are internal mental structures. Some theorists and empirical researchers hypothesise that the human mind is either partially or massively comprised of structures that are modular ...
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Defending a Realist Stance International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Christopher Pincock
Should the scientific realist admit that their realism involves what Chakravartty has called an epistemic stance? I argue that the realist should accept the need for a realist stance that licenses ...
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Fake Research and Harmful Findings: Introduction to the Special Issue International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-18 Martin Carrier
The traditional mutual support of scientific progress and social advancement has given way to public reservation. Research is no longer considered worthwhile in general. Parts of the public have co...
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Race and Gender: Toward a Proper Pattern of Knowledge and Ignorance in Research International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-18 Janet A. Kourany
This paper concerns a project to right a wrong, an epistemic as well as social wrong. The wrong? Science was to serve all humankind; that is what Francis Bacon and the other founders of modern scie...
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Harmful Research and the Paradox of Credibility International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-18 Torsten Wilholt
This paper discusses how to deal with research that threatens to cause harm to society—in particular, whether and in what cases bans and moratoria are appropriate. First, it asks what normative res...
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What Exactly is Presupposed by Agnotology? The Challenge of Intentions International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-12-18 Mathias Girel
The paper seeks to contribute to clarifying agnotology as an ‘epistemic strategy’, conceived as ‘epistemically damaging and hurt[ing] the production of knowledge’. My general claim is that the gram...
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Beyond Structure: New Frontiers of the Philosophy of Thomas Kuhn International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-27 Vincenzo Politi, Yafeng Shan
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) is widely considered as one of the most important philosophers of science of the 20th century, while his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) is regarded as one of ...
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Linguistic Discrimination in Science: Can English Disfluency Help Debias Scientific Research? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-09-05 Uwe Peters
The English language now dominates scientific communications. Yet, many scientists have English as their second language. Their English proficiency may therefore often be more limited than that of ...
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The Normal and the Revolutionary: Kuhn’s Conversations with Rorty International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Juan V. Mayoral
In this paper I examine Thomas Kuhn’s epistolary and in-person exchanges with Richard Rorty, and their significance to the former’s work on the nature of scientific development during the years 197...
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A Scientometric Approach to the Integrated History and Philosophy of Science: Entrenched Biomedical Standardisation and Citation-Exemplar International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Karen Yan, Meng-Li Tsai, Tsung-Ren Huang
Is Kuhn’s notion of exemplar applicable to ongoing biomedical sciences? Many philosophers may be skeptical because Kuhn’s cases are mostly from physics and chemistry. However, how do philosophers t...
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Introduction International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Borut Trpin, Barbara Osimani
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 3-4, 2022)
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Reviewers Acknowledgement International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-08-01
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 3-4, 2022)
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Specialisation by Value Divergence: The Role of Epistemic Values in the Branching of Scientific Disciplines International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Matteo De Benedetto, Michele Luchetti
According to Kuhn's speciation analogy, scientific specialisation is fundamentally analogous to biological speciation. In this paper, we extend Kuhn's original language-centred formulation of the s...
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Incorrigible Science and Doctrinal Pseudoscience International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-06-05 Kåre Letrud
ABSTRACT I respond to Sven Ove Hansson’s [2020. "Disciplines, Doctrines, and Deviant Science." International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 33 (1): 43-52. doi:10.1080/02698595.2020.1831258] discussion note on my (Letrud 2019) critique of his (2013) pseudoscience definition. My critique addressed what I considered to be issues with his choice of definiendum, the efficiency of the definition for
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Kuhn's ‘The Natures of Conceptual Change’: the Search for a Theory of Meaning and the Birth of Taxonomies (1980–1994) International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Pablo Melogno
This paper examines ‘The Natures of Conceptual Change’, the Notre Dame lectures given by Kuhn in 1980. In particular, I aim to examine the content of these lectures which was not published before. ...
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The Challenge of Quantum Mechanics to the Rationality of Science: Philosophers of Science on Bohr International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Marij van Strien
ABSTRACT Bohr’s work in quantum mechanics posed a challenge to philosophers of science, who struggled with the question of whether and to what degree his theories and methods could be considered rational. This paper focuses on Popper, Feyerabend, Lakatos and Kuhn, all of whom recognized some irrational, dogmatic, paradoxical or even inconsistent features in Bohr’s work. Popper, Feyerabend, and Lakatos
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William H. Newton-Smith (1943–2023) International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-05-12 James Robert Brown, Cheryl Misak
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 2, 2022)
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Ernest Nagel's Model of Reduction and Theory Change International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Bohang Chen
ABSTRACT A longstanding criticism of Ernest Nagel's model of reduction is that it fails to take theory change into account. This criticism builds on the received view that Nagelian reductions are incompatible with theory change. This article challenges the received view by showing that Nagel's model can easily accommodate theory change. Indeed, Nagel's model is essentially static as it only gives unchanging
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Scientific Practices as Social Knowledge International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Juho Lindholm
ABSTRACT Practice-based philosophy of science has gradually arisen in the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and science and technology studies (STS) during the past decades. It studies science as an ensemble of practices and theorising as one of these practices. A recent study has shown how the practice-based approach can be methodologically justified with reference to Peirce and Dewey. In this
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Feyerabend and the Philosophy of Physics International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-04-06 Jamie Shaw, Michael T. Stuart
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2022)
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What is a Chemical Element? A Collection of Essays by Chemists, Philosophers, Historians, and Educators International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-04-06 Pieter Thyssen
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 3-4, 2022)
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Navigating Massimi’s Perspectival Garden with Inferential Forking Paths International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Daian Bica
ABSTRACT In this review article, I situate Michela Massimi’s 2022 Perspectival Realism book in the broader state of the art of the contemporary philosophy of science by examining critically its contribution to the perspectival realism debate. Setting up a new agenda of philosophical problems for the perspectival realist, Massimi’s book is the most comprehensive assessment of perspectival realism since
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Fake Research: How Can We Recognise it and Respond to it? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-21 Martin Carrier
Fake research produces results that are invalid from the start. I take such research to be characterised by three jointly sufficient features. It is severely methodologically defective, and the rel...
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Single Magnetic Northpoles and Southpoles and Their Importance for Science International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-13 Paul K. Feyerabend
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 1, 2022)
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On the Harms of Agnotological Practices and How to Address Them International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-02-19 Inmaculada de Melo-Martín
Although science is our most reliable producer of knowledge, it can also be used to create ignorance, unjustified doubt, and misinformation. In doing so, agnotological practices result not only in ...
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Travelling Around Kuhn’s Worlds International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2023-01-05 Juan V. Mayoral
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 3-4, 2022)
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Regulation and the Normativity Problem International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-19 Derek Bolton, Predrag Šustar
ABSTRACT The concept of regulation pervades biology, for example in models of genetic regulatory networks and the endocrine system. Regulation has a normative opposite, dysregulation, which figures prominently in biomedical models of disease. The use of normative concepts in biology, however, has been thought to present some challenges for the physicalist view of the world, and various resolutions
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Problem-Feeding as a Model for Interdisciplinary Research International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-06 Henrik Thorén, Johannes Persson
Philosophers of science have in recent years become increasingly interested in the notion of interdisciplinarity. One important form interdisciplinarity can take is that of a dynamic exchange of pr...
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The Curious Incident of Indistinguishable Selves A Reply to Nešić International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-05 Majid D. Beni
ABSTRACT This is a short discussion of Janko Nešić’s [2022. “Towards a Neutral-Structuralist Theory of Consciousness and Selfhood.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1–17], which conveys a critical review of Beni’s Structural Realist theory of the Self (SRS). Nešić’s critique indicates that there is an incongruity between the structuralist tendency of SRS and its commitment to panpsychism
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Representation and Spacetime: The Hole Argument Revisited International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-11-27 Aboutorab Yaghmaie, Bijan Ahmadi Kakavandi, Saeed Masoumi, Morteza Moniri
ABSTRACT Ladyman and Presnell have recently argued that the Hole argument is naturally resolved when spacetime is represented within homotopy type theory rather than set theory. The core idea behind their proposal is that the argument does not confront us with any indeterminism, since the set-theoretically different representations of spacetime involved in the argument are homotopy type-theoretically
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A Defence of Functional Kinds: Multiple Realisability and Explanatory Counterfactuals International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-11-13 Gareth Fuller
ABSTRACT In this paper, I defend an updated account of functional kinds, initially presented by Daniel Weiskopf, from the criticism that functional kinds will not qualify as scientific kinds. An important part of Weiskopf’s account is that functional kinds are multiply realisable. The criticisms I consider avoid discussion of multiple realisability. Instead, it is argued that functional kinds carry
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Ehrenhaft’s Experiments on Magnetic Monopoles: Reconsidering the Feyerabend-Ehrenhaft Connection International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-11-07 Matteo Collodel
ABSTRACT This paper introduces and reproduces a document from Feyerabend’s Nachlass including: (i) Feyerabend’s 1967 tentative translation into English of an original German typescript reporting the lecture notes of an academic course on magnetic monopoles delivered by physicist Felix Ehrenhaft (1879-1952) at the University of Vienna in the 1947 summer semester; and (ii) Feyerabend’s memoir focusing
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Einstein’s Theory of Theories and Mechanicism International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-11-07 Diego Maltrana, Manuel Herrera, Federico Benitez
ABSTRACT One of the most important contributions of Einstein to the philosophy of science is the distinction between two types of scientific theories: ‘principle’ and ‘constructive’ theories. More recently, Flores proposed a more general distinction, classifying scientific theories by their functional role into ‘framework’ and ‘interaction’ theories, attempting to solve some inadequacies in Einstein’s
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Scientific Realism and Blocking Strategies* International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-10-16 Raimund Pils
My target is the epistemological dimension of the realism debate. After establishing a stance voluntarist framework with a Jamesian background, drawing mostly on Wylie, Chakravarty, and van Fraasse...
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Induction, Rationality, and the Realism/Anti-realism Debate: A Reply to Shech International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-27 K. Brad Wray
ABSTRACT Shech (2022) offers a critical assessment of my defense of anti-realism, developed in Resisting Scientific Realism. Induction and inductive inferences play a central role in Shech’s critical analysis of my defense of realism. I argue that Shech’s criticisms that relate to induction and inductive inference are problematic, and do not constitute a threat to my defense of anti-realism. Contrary
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Reviewers Acknowledgement International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-27
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 34, No. 4, 2021)
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Bad Beliefs: Why They Happen to Good People International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 Eric Schliesser
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 35, No. 2, 2022)
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Feyerabend on the Quantum Theory of Measurement: A Reassessment International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-08-03 Daniel Kuby, Patrick Fraser
ABSTRACT In 1957, Feyerabend delivered a paper titled ‘On the Quantum-Theory of Measurement’ at the Colston Research Symposium in Bristol to sketch a completion of von Neumann's measurement scheme without collapse, using only unitary quantum dynamics and well-motivated statistical assumptions about macroscopic quantum systems. Feyerabend's paper has been recognised as an early contribution to quantum
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Darwinian-Selectionist Explanation, Radical Theory Change, and the Observable-Unobservable Dichotomy International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-07-11 Elay Shech
ABSTRACT In his recent 2018 book, Resisting Scientific Realism, K. Brad Wray provides a detailed, full-fledged defense of anti-realism about science. In this paper, I argue against the two main claims that constitute Wray’s positive and novel argument for his position, viz., his suggested Darwinian-selectionist explanation of the success of science and his skepticism about unobservables based on radical
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Towards a Neutral-Structuralist Theory of Consciousness and Selfhood International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Janko Nešić
ABSTRACT Recently, an information-theoretic structural realist theory of the self and consciousness has been put forward (Beni, M. D. 2019. Structuring the Self, Series New Directions in Philosophy and Cognitive Science. Palgrave Macmillan). The theory is presented as a form of panpsychism. I argue against this interpretation and show that Beni’s structuralist theory runs into the hard problem of consciousness
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The Tools of Metaphysics and the Metaphysics of Science International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Vassilis Livanios
Published in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 34, No. 4, 2021)
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On the Elusive Formalisation of the Risky Condition for Hypothesis Testing International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-19 José Díez, Albert Solé
ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine possible formalisations of the riskiness condition for hypothesis testing. First, we informally introduce derivability and riskiness as testing conditions together with the corresponding arguments for refutation and confirmation. Then, we distinguish two different senses of confirmation and focus our discussion on one of them with the aid of a historical example.
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The Uses of Truth: Is There Room for Reconciliation of Factivist and Non-Factivist Accounts of Scientific Understanding? International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-13 Lilia Gurova
ABSTRACT One of the most lively debates on scientific understanding is standardly presented as a controversy between the so-called factivists, who argue that understanding implies truth, and the non-factivists whose position is that truth is neither necessary nor sufficient for understanding. A closer look at the debate, however, reveals that the borderline between factivism and non-factivism is not
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Paul Feyerabend and the Dialectical Character of Quantum Mechanics: A Lesson in Philosophical Dadaism International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Rory Kent
ABSTRACT In 1966, Paul Feyerabend published a short essay on the relation between dialectical materialist philosophy and Niels Bohr’s quantum theory, in which he develops several provocative ideas about the relations between science, ideology and society. I use Feyerabend’s essay to construct an account of his ‘Dadaist’ philosophical methodology. I argue that Dadaism is an ironic form of intellectual
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Pseudoscience as a Negative Outcome of Scientific Dialogue: A Pragmatic-Naturalistic Approach to the Demarcation Problem International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-04-13 Stefaan Blancke, Maarten Boudry
ABSTRACT The demarcation between science and pseudoscience is a long-standing problem in philosophy of science. Although philosophers have been hesitant to engage in this project since Larry Laudan announced its demise in the 1980s, pseudoscience as a societal phenomenon did not disappear, and many policy makers and scientists continue to use the concept. Therefore, the philosophical challenge of explaining
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Treatment Effectiveness and the Russo–Williamson Thesis, EBM+, and Bradford Hill's Viewpoints International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-04-12 Steven Tresker
ABSTRACT Establishing the effectiveness of medical treatments is one of the most important aspects of medical practice. Bradford Hill's viewpoints play an important role in inferring causality in medicine, and EBM+ seeks to improve evidence-based medicine, which is influential in establishing treatment effectiveness. At EBM+'s foundations lies the Russo–Williamson thesis (RWT), which can be seen as
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Hempel’s Dilemma: Not Only for Physicalism* International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-03-17 Erez Firt, Meir Hemmo, Orly Shenker
ABSTRACT According to the so-called Hempel’s Dilemma, the thesis of physicalism is either false or empty. Our intention in this paper is not to propose a solution to the Dilemma, but rather to argue as follows: to the extent that Hempel’s Dilemma applies to physicalism it equally applies to any theory that gives a deep-structure and changeable account of our experience or of high-level theories. In
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Beyond Method: The Diatribe Between Feyerabend and Popper Over the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-02-09 Flavio Del Santo
ABSTRACT Karl Popper and Paul Feyerabend were among the most influential philosophers of science of the twentieth century. Extensive studies have been dedicated to the development of their controversial relationship, which saw Feyerabend turning from a student and supporter of Popper to one of his harshest critics. Yet, it is not as well known that the rift between Popper and Feyerabend arose mainly
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On The Methodological Arguments for Wave−Function Realism International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2022-01-30 Vera Matarese
ABSTRACT The paper explores a particular line of objection against wave-function realism. This view, advocated by Bell (1987) and presently defended by Albert (1996), North (2013) and Ney (2016), claims that the quantum wave function is a high-dimensional physical field. Normally, wave-function realism has been criticized for its ontological commitments, which are regarded as empirically unsupportable
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Symmetries, Indexicality and the Perspectivist Stance International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2021-11-19 Quentin Ruyant
ABSTRACT I critically examine the assumption that the theoretical structure that varies under theoretical symmetries is redundant and should be eliminated from a metaphysical picture of the universe, following a ‘symmetry to reality’ inference. I do so by analysing the status of coordinate change symmetries taking a pragmatic approach. I argue that coordinate systems function as indexical devices,
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Conceptual Change in Visual Neuroscience: The Receptive Field Concept International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2021-11-19 A. Nicolás Venturelli
ABSTRACT I focus on the concept of the receptive field of a sensory neuron, taking it as a prominent case to address conceptual change in the history of neuroscience. I argue for an interpretation of its role and evolution based on the idea, previously rehearsed in the philosophy of biology, of a problem agenda. I claim that the concept's main contribution to visual neuroscience was that of establishing
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In Defence of an Inferential Account of Extrapolation International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2021-12-19 Tudor M. Baetu
ABSTRACT According to the hypothesis-generator account, valid extrapolations from a source to a target system are circular, since they rely on knowledge of relevant similarities and differences that can only be obtained by investigating the target, thus removing the need to extrapolate; hence, extrapolative reasoning can only be useful as a method for generating hypotheses. I reject this view in favour
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Assessing the Overall Validity of Randomised Controlled Trials International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2021-11-22 Alexander Krauss
ABSTRACT In the biomedical, behavioural and social sciences, the leading method used to estimate causal effects is commonly randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that are generally viewed as both the source and justification of the most valid evidence. In studying the foundation and theory behind RCTs, the existing literature analyses important single issues and biases in isolation that influence causal
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Popper's ‘Rationality Principle’ and ‘Epistemic’ Rationality: an Attempt at Reconciliation International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2021-08-06 Alfonso Palacio-Vera
ABSTRACT ‘Situational Analysis’ (SA) constitutes Popper's methodological proposal for the social sciences. There is an apparent inconsistency in the fact that, on the one hand, Popper maintains that we learn by ‘trial and error-elimination’ and, on the other hand, he declares that his ‘Rationality Principle’ (RP) has nothing to do with the epistemic account of rationality implicit in his ‘evolutionary
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A Taxonomy of Major Premises and Implications for Falsification and Verification International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 2021-08-07 David Trafimow
ABSTRACT Both naïve and sophisticated falsification arguments depend upon using the logic of modus tollens to employ empirical defeats to conclude that the theory is not true (naïve falsification) or that the conjunction of theory and auxiliary assumptions is not true (sophisticated falsification). However, both types of modus tollens syllogisms depend strongly on the precise form of the major premise