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Drone photogrammetry as a tool for modern conflict archaeology: a case study of a Second World War armament bunker in Bavaria Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Roland Linck, Andreas Stele
Within this paper, a case study on the application of drone photogrammetry at the Second World War armament bunker Weingut I is presented. The aim of the project was the mapping of the preserved re...
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 19, No. 1, 2024)
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Geophysical approaches to the archaeological prospection of early modern battlefield landscapes: a review of methods and objectives Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Duncan Williams, Kate Welham, Stuart Eve, Philippe De Smedt
This paper reviews methodological approaches in battlefield archaeology with a focus on sites of the early modern period, ca. 17th-19th century. The challenges associated with the prospection of th...
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The archaeological survey of remains from the 1982 Falklands war Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2024-02-25 Tim Clack, Tony Pollard
This paper provides an introduction and progress report on the first season of fieldwork carried out by the Falklands War Mapping Project. In March and April 2022, a team including two Scots Guards...
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 18, No. 2-3, 2023)
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A multidisciplinary scientific investigation of the 1916 Hawthorn Mine Crater, Beaumont Hamel, Somme, Northern France Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2024-01-07 K.D. Wisniewski, P. Doyle, R.J.S. Hunter, J.K. Pringle, I.G. Stimpson, D. Wright, K. Squires, Z. Sutherland, J.P. Cassella, F.C. Graham, P. Ottey
Hawthorn Crater is a prominent feature of the former Somme battlefield near Beaumont Hamel, Northern France. It resulted from the detonation of arguably the most famous of nine mines that the Briti...
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“Hell camp” hidden in the forest – the materiality of Stalag VIII B (344) Lamsdorf Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Dawid Kobiałka, Mikołaj Kostyrko, Adam Lokś, Kamil Karski, Violetta Rezler-Wasielewska, Piotr Stanek, Anna Wickiewicz, Elżbieta Góra, Sonia Tomczak, Michał Pawleta
The history of imprisonment in Lamsdorf (in Polish: Łambinowice) is long and complicated – prisoner-of-war (POW) and resettlement camps were operating near the village from the times of the Franco-...
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Bioarchaeological investigation of WWI burials at Nowa Osuchowa, Poland Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-09-12 Anne Malcherek, Wiesław Więckowski
During construction works in eastern Poland, the remains of 25 individuals were discovered. The site near Nowa Osuchowa was excavated in 2016 and after osteological and taphonomical analyses the re...
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-08-20 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 18, No. 1, 2023)
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The reaction to the war which came: an examination of a cold war shelter from the 1960s and the Swedish response to the war in Ukraine Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-08-02 Adam Andersson
This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between civilians and politicians towards cold war air-raid shelters in Sweden, and how the encounter between Russia and Ukraine might affect how...
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“I have been Eighteen times since that awful day.” the Ker papers, relic collecting, and the origins of battlefield tourism at Waterloo Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-06-17 Tony Pollard
ABSTRACT This paper considers a previously unpublished collection of writings relating to the aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo, fought in Belgium on 18 June 1815.Footnote11. The papers are referred to in a newspaper article by Anne Johnstone from 2015, which is primarily concerned with a later member of the Kerr family who fought at Gallipoli during the First World War. That article, in the Glasgow
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Jekleni Pozdravi iz Zraka (trans: Iron Greetings from the Sky) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Daniel J. Leahy
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 18, No. 1, 2023)
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Nazis, we still hate those guys! Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-04-12 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 17, No. 3, 2022)
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The Battle of the Seelow Heights, April 1945: conflict archaeology in the forests of Eastern Brandenburg, Germany Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-03-15 Martin Weber, David G. Passmore, David Capps-Tunwell, H. G. W. Davie
ABSTRACT During the final days of World War II, the Red Army’s Berlin Operation culimnated in the capture of the Reich’s capital and the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht. Between 16 and 19 April 1945, the most intense fighting of the operation ensued in what is now called the Battle of the Seelow Heights. Due to the vast quantities of men and matériel involved in the fighting, an extensive
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Analysis of a world war II battle in the Gulf of Mexico: the German U-boat, U-166, and U.S. Navy Patrol Craft 566 Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-03-08 Robert A. Church, Daniel J. Warren
ABSTRACT The passenger freighter Robert E. Lee steamed through the Gulf of Mexico one hot July afternoon in 1942. With the danger of German U-boats in the Caribbean and along the United States Coast, the freighter was escorted by U.S. Patrol Craft 566, unaware U-166 lay in wait. As they neared the Mississippi River, a torpedo ripped through the freighter’s side. PC-566 engaged the U-boat with depth
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2023-02-21 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 17, No. 2, 2022)
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-11-12 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 17, No. 1, 2022)
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Sounds of patriotism and propaganda: the case of the church bell of Mar-quillies (département du Nord, France) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-10-20 Dirk HR Spennemann, Murray Parker
ABSTRACT In late nineteenth-century France, church bells were an integral part of society, sounding the quotidian rhythms of life. During WWI, a shortage of metals for the war effort resulted in German authorities requisitioning church bells in Germany and occupied territories. While the sequestration of the only bell from the church L’Eglise Sainte-Geneviève in the village of Marquillies (France)
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-10-16 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 16, No. 3, 2021)
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Evaluating settlement defensibility during the late classic: a geospatial approach to the study of conflict in ancient Aguascalientes, Mexico Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Manuel de Jesús Dueñas-Garcia, Miriam Selene Campos-Martinez, Nicola Lercari
ABSTRACT The study of conflict, warfare, and their impact on settlement patterns in the Northern Frontier of Mesoamerica during the Late Classic (500–900 CE) is hindered by colonial notions of warfare and fragmented archaeological records. This article proposes a new geospatial analytical framework to investigate conflict in ancient West Mexico. We present the results of our UAV-based aerial survey
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An archaeological evaluation of crimes committed in the Arnsberg Forest (South Westphalia, Germany) in the final months of the Second World War Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Michael Baales, Marcus Weidner, Manuel Zeiler
ABSTRACT In recent years an historical reappraisal has been carried out of one of the worst crimes – outside of prisons and concentration camps – committed in Germany by the SS and Wehrmacht in the final months of the Second World War: the execution of 208 forced labourers by firing squad in the Arnsberg Forest near Warstein and Meschede (Westphalia, western Germany) by the ‘Division for Vengeance’
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Archaeological investigations of the Porvenir Massacre, Presidio County, Texas Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-09-09 David W. Keller
ABSTRACT The Porvenir Massacre of 1918 was one of the darkest chapters in U.S.-Mexico relations during the bloody Mexican Revolution of 1910. It was an episode that saw fifteen men and boys of Mexican descent murdered in front of a low rock bluff on the U.S. side of the border. In spite of a military and a Texas Congressional investigation, no criminal charges were ever filed and the location of the
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‘Winter camp’ 1917: integrated conflict archaeology on the Messines Ridge 1914-1918 (Belgium) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-08-28 Wouter Gheyle, Jean Bourgeois, Nicolas Note, Timothy Saey, Veerle Van Eetvelde, Marc Van Meirvenne, Birger Stichelbaut
ABSTRACT Integrated research using aerial photography, proximal soil sensing, historical research and excavations of an unusual First World War site in Flanders (Belgium) is presented. Aerial photography revealed a grid of 5x6 huts unusually close to the front line. Geophysical research indicates good preservation of these structures. A targeted excavation was carried out. The results give insight
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Cold War conflicts and the USCG Afetna Point LORAN station in Saipan, CNMI Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Boyd Dixon
ABSTRACT This study focuses on the US Coast Guard LORAN station at Afetna Point in Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, to discern what social impact the Cold War facility and servicemen had on the local community. Archaeological and archival investigations indicate that the facility was built a few months after the American WWII invasion of Japanese-held Saipan in June 1944. Oral
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EXCAVATING WAR AND IDLENESS: THE CASE OF SVÆRHOLT Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-08-12 Stein Farstadvoll, Ingar O. Figenschau, Bjørnar J. Olsen, Christopher L. Witmore
ABSTRACT For the last decade, the World War II prisoner-of-war camp and battery at Sværholt in northernmost Norway have been objects of archaeological investigation. This article presents the results from excavations and associated studies, including new descriptions of extant structures and found artefacts, comparative osteological analyses of middens, and their implications. Our purpose in presenting
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The terrain around Stirling at the battle of Bannockburn 1314: combined scientific and documentary approaches to reconstruction. I. The ‘low road’ Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Richard Tipping, Gordon Cook, Derek Hamilton, John G Harrison, Jason Jordan, Danny Paterson, David E. Smith
ABSTRACT Bannockburn is of immense importance in the Medieval histories of England and Scotland. Where the battle took place is still unknown, as is the terrain, what the place looked like. The two parts of this paper examine these problems by generating new data on environmental and land use reconstruction. The physical appearance of the landscape was reconstructed from radiocarbon (14C) dating of
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The terrain around Stirling at the Battle of Bannockburn 1314: combined scientific and documentary approaches to reconstruction. II. The ‘High Road’ Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Richard Tipping, John G Harrison, Danny Paterson, Gordon Cook, Derek Hamilton
ABSTRACT In this second part, we analyse from new radiocarbon (14C) dating of landforms, palaeo-environmental analyses of sediment stratigraphies and documentary evidence for land use, the ‘high road’ to Stirling, across high ground west of the coastal plain, in the early 14th century. We identify a number of significant mis-perceptions of the landscape in the literature, and again stress the need
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-06-22 Iain Banks
Published in Journal of Conflict Archaeology (Vol. 16, No. 2, 2021)
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These spots of excavation tell: using early visitor accounts to map the missing graves of waterloo Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-06-17 Tony Pollard
ABSTRACT This paper uses the writings of early visitors to the field of Waterloo to examine the treatment of the dead following the battle fought on 18 June 1815. It is proposed that these memoirs and journals, along with various artworks, contain information that can assist not only in the explanation of the complexities of body disposal, but also guide us to the location of grave sites on the battlefield
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Archers at Ugarit: archaeology of archery at the site of Tel Ras Shamra Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-06-21 James Bowden
ABSTRACT This article examines the role of archery in the city-state of Ugarit and argues that archery was more central to the military establishment than previously suggested. The article examines key texts found at the site, archaeological remains dug up in the early stages of Ugaritic research, and looks at the focus of archaeology on chariots rather than any other forms of warfare to suggest that
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Iain Banks
(2021). Editorial. Journal of Conflict Archaeology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-4.
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The legacy of Mars: battlefield archaeology and improved military wellbeing Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2022-02-11 David Ulke, Rebecca Akhanemhe, Eleanora Steinberg, Neil Greenberg
ABSTRACT Engaging on challenging duties, and returning to civilian life, are part of a routine military life both of which may negatively impact on their wellbeing. Numerous initiatives exist which aim to support the wellbeing of serving/transitioning personnel including, more recently, archaeology-based programs. However, little is known about the impact of archaeology – based programs making it difficult
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-11-29 Iain Banks
(2020). Editorial. Journal of Conflict Archaeology: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 171-175.
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Preparation for the war which never came; the examination of a shelter inside an apartment building from the 1960’s Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-11-01 Adam Andersson
(2021). Preparation for the war which never came; the examination of a shelter inside an apartment building from the 1960’s. Journal of Conflict Archaeology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 46-63.
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O Penedo dos Lobos: Roman military activity in the uplands of the Galician Massif (Northwest Iberia) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-09-20 João Fonte, Jose Manuel Costa-García, Manuel Gago
ABSTRACT A new Roman military site was recently detected in Galicia, Spain, an area where the army presence had been challenging to trace until date. O Penedo dos Lobos is a playing-card shaped camp with very distinctive, fortified entrances. The archaeological survey conducted on this site in the summer of 2018 allowed us to recover some elements of Roman militaria, as well as numismatic evidence
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Panopticonism, Pines and POWs: Applying Conflict Landscape Tools to the Archaeology of Internment Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-09-16 Ryan K. McNutt
ABSTRACT The military terrain analysis system KOCOA (Key Terrain, Observation, Cover/concealment, Obstacles, and Avenues of approach; also OAKOC or OCOKA) was developed as part of the burgeoning discipline of military science around the start of the American Civil War. It is now part of the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program’s survey methodology, was introduced to conflict
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Occupied! A preliminary archaeological examination of the remains of the Japanese invasion and occupation of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean during World War II Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-09-04 Helena van der Riet, Jane Fyfe
ABSTRACT The Japanese occupation of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has been little mentioned in Australian wartime histories. There is scant reference during Australian memorials or in historical publications about the island’s experiences during the World War II (WWII), when ties with Australia were close. Christmas Island is 488 km from Jakarta and in WWII was in a key position between Japanese-occupied
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Concrete Reminders: Changing Perspectives on WWII Defences in Denmark Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-09-02 Camilla Damlund
ABSTRACT In Denmark, the most obvious and persistent evidence of the Second World War is concrete bunkers dotting the landscape. On the west coast of Jutland, facing the North Sea, the structures formed the Danish part of the Atlantic Wall, and today these bunkers have become an integral part of the landscape. This paper explores the ways in which this tangible proof of the Nazi occupation has been
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The Erkennungsmarke: the humanitarian duty to identify fallen German soldiers 1866-1918 Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-08-15 Sarah I. Ashbridge, David O'Mara
ABSTRACT Germany was the first Western nation to formally implement an object designed to assist with the identification of wounded and dead soldiers, introducing theRekognitionmarke in 1869 following the trial of an identity disc system in 1866. A new design, the Erkennungsmarke, was introduced in 1878, shaping the systems utilized in later wars. The German experience of wearing identifying objects
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The Prisoner of War Diet: A Material and Faunal Analysis of the Morrisey WWI Internment Camp Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-05-03 Sarah Beaulieu
ABSTRACT To date, very little is known archaeologically about First World War-era internment camps, especially in Canada, where this history was actively erased through the destruction of the Federal Internment records in the 1950s. Archaeologists can play a fundamental role in contributing knowledge where oral and documentary evidence is lacking. This paper focuses on one of Canada’s 24 WWI internment
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Rombon: biography of a great war landscape Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-05-17 Uroš Košir
ABSTRACT Mt. Rombon, located in north-western Slovenia, was a part of the Soča Front during the First World War. The conflict that lasted from the end of May 1915 until the end of October 1917 left numerous traces in the landscape, whose social meanings and understandings changed as it shifted from a landscape of peace to a place associated with war. Alongside social meanings, the human experiences
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-05-06 Iain Banks
(2020). Editorial. Journal of Conflict Archaeology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 168-170.
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Weapons, warfare, and women: the dangerous lives of Early Bronze Age women in central Anatolia Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-05-24 Stephanie Selover
ABSTRACT This article explores what the archaeological study of female-identified burials with weapons as grave goods reveals about our understanding and imposition of gender roles in past societies, and in particular, in Early Bronze Age central Anatolia (modern Turkey). By reframing our perceptions of gender roles through a study of weapons, violence and gender and their place in society, we can
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The materiality of forced labour: settlement waste of communities at WWII mining plant and PoW camp in Rolava (North-West Bohemia) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2021-03-25 Jan Hasil, Petr Hasil, Petr Kočár, René Kyselý
ABSTRACT The paper deals with archaeological, osteological and archaeobotanical analysis of the artefacts and ecofacts obtained by excavation in waste landfills from the Second World War. The settlement waste was produced by three communities with different social status, which were connected with the Rolava mining and processing plant in the Ore Mountains in western Bohemia. The plant was built to
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Editorial Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2020-12-15 Iain Banks
(2020). Editorial. Journal of Conflict Archaeology: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-3.
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Scallywag bunkers: geophysical investigations of WW2 Auxiliary Unit Operational Bases (OBs) in the UK Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 S. Carr, J.K. Pringle, P. Doyle, K.D. Wisniewski, I.G. Stimpson
ABSTRACT In 1940, with the fall of France imminent, Britain prepared secret ‘Auxiliary Units’ tasked with guerrilla activities [Scallywagging] in the invading army’s rear. Patrols of four to eight highly skilled men used below-ground Operational Bases (OBs) in remote locations to avoid detection. No official records are released, but OBs were ‘Mark I’, enlarged deer setts, smuggler caves, etc., and
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‘For you, the war is over? Not a chance!’ Captivity and escape at Cultybraggan prisoner of war camp, Comrie, Perthshire Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 Iain Banks
ABSTRACT A project to investigate stories of escape attempts at the Second World War Prisoner of War camp at Cultybraggan in Perthshire undertook geophysical survey and excavation to try to locate escape tunnels. While the limited fieldwork did not locate any traces of the tunnels themselves, the work provided insights into the psychology and practice of escape attempts amongst the German PoWs.
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‘Our shooting was far superior to theirs’: an archaeological investigation of the defence of West Australia Hill during the South African War (1899-1902) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2020-01-02 John Adeney
ABSTRACT The defence of West Australia Hill was a day-long encounter between 30 West Australians and 300-400 Boers during the South African War (1899-1902). An archaeological survey to test the applicability of Battlefield Patterning Analysis (PBA: as used on the Battle of Little Big Horn site, Montana, USA) was conducted to determine how the West Australians maintained tactical superiority throughout
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Editorial JCA 14.2&3 Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Iain Banks
The papers in this double issue of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology brings to publication material from across the world, with contributions relating to Europe, the UK, America, Africa and Centr...
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‘The sea shall have our weapons’: small arms and forced migration across the Baltic Sea during the Second World War Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Mirja Arnshav
During the Second World War, a large number of guns were brought to Sweden by refugees escaping the occupation powers of the eastern Baltic countries. Most people had very limited space for bringin...
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From conflict archaeology to archaeologies of conflict: remote survey in Kandahar, Afghanistan Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Emily Boak
Emerging from research with the Afghan Heritage Mapping Partnership, a multi-year project using satellite imagery to detect, record and manage archaeological heritage, this paper examines the poten...
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Review of the 6th PGCA conference Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Camilla Damlund, Sophie M. McMillan
This is a review of the 6th Postgraduate Conflict Archaeology conference held in Glasgow in October of 2019. It summarizes the presentations and keynotes delivered at the two-day conference, and re...
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For want of a nail? Proxies for analysing POW and guard access to supplies at a Confederate prison camp Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Ryan K. McNutt, Emily Jones
Camp Lawton is a Confederate camp for Union PoWs in Georgia, USA. Built in 1864, inhabited for six weeks, and abandoned in advance of Sherman’s march to the sea, it is the focus of an ongoing resea...
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‘Un engin de torture, une baïonnette à crochets; une arme blanche déshonorée’: an historical-archaeological evaluation of the Sawback bayonets of the Deutsches Heer Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Julian Bennett
The Imperial German Army (Deutsches Herr) was unique among the combatants in World War One (WW1) in issuing to a proportion of its soldiers a bayonet whose blade back was fashioned as a saw. A comm...
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Contested archaeological approaches to mass grave exhumations in Zimbabwe Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Njabulo Chipangura, Keith K. Silika
Within the last 50 years, present day Zimbabwe, (Figure 1), formerly Rhodesia, a Southern African country, has gone through various pogroms resulting in the death of over 50,000 people in total bot...
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Vernacular memorialization in the military: personal acts of remembrance at RAF Thorpe Abbotts Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-09-02 Derwin Gregory
In September 2017, an archaeological excavation at RAF Thorpe Abbotts (also known as Station 139) uncovered 7 identification ‘dog’ tags belonging to airmen of the United States Army Air Force (USAA...
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Examining lead bullets from the siege of Novi Zrin in 1664 Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-01-02 József Padányi, József Ondrék
ABSTRACT The fortress of Novi Zrin is a unique location, not only in Hungary, but also more generally in Europe. It was constructed by Miklós (VII) Zrínyi, the seventeenth-century poet, general and military scientist, and was a thorn in the side of the Ottoman Turkish armies occupying parts of Hungary at that time. This led to the subsequent destruction of the stronghold, and the abandonment of its
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Trench art between memory and oblivion: a report from Poland (and Syria) Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-01-02 Dawid Kobiałka
ABSTRACT This paper summarises some of the results of archaeological research on twentieth century military heritage in the Polish woodlands, namely the discovery of artefacts made, remade, and personalised by soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians during military conflicts. Such objects are examples of so-called ‘trench art’. I draw attention to the universality of trench art, a phenomenon that
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Body as weapon: the archaeology of a war victim’s narrative Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-01-02 Hassan Musavi Sharghi
ABSTRACT The soldier's body is the most important subject of violence and destruction in war. Humans live primarily through their body in the material world, and when the body is destroyed, their whole existence is affected, both physically and non-physically. Therefore, the first locus on which we can observe the effects of war and violence is the human body, mainly soldiers. In modern wars, the soldier’s
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The ballistics of seventeenth century musket balls Journal of Conflict Archaeology Pub Date : 2019-01-02 David P. Miller, Derek Allsop, Debra J. Carr
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the firing of seventeenth Century musket balls. Prior to this research, the main concerns with making range predictions were associated with the deformed shape of the musket balls affecting their drag coefficient and therefore their distance to ground impact. However, the distance due to bounce and roll after initial impact has been unknown. In this work, the distance