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Aspiring and Becoming Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Maximilian Lasa
Research into Islamic higher education tends to focus primarily on the educational institution as the object of the analysis and neglects the perspectives of students. To tackle this research desideratum, this article investigates students’ educational paths in the field of Islamic higher education. Based on in-depth interviews and extensive fieldwork among German students and alumni from the International
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Being/Having a Muslim Voice Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Simon Stjernholm
This article investigates attempts at, and the implications of, speaking publicly for Islam in Denmark, with special attention to the notion of “voice.” First, I present a theoretical framework for an analytical focus on voice, and develop a distinction between “being” and “having” a voice. In the analysis that follows, I focus on three recent Danish podcast series produced by and featuring Muslims
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Continuously Striving Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Maria Lindebæk Lyngsøe
Engagements in Islamic knowledge search have proved an important aspect of the religious path for Muslim women worldwide. This article testifies that that is also the case for pious Danish Muslim women. Based on extensive fieldwork, it describes how pious Danish Muslim women make an effort to find time for Islamic educational engagements in an everyday life of other obligations to maintain a continuous
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Corruption and Religion in Europe and Beyond Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Carlo Berti
The concept of corruption is historically linked to religion, but research on the relationship between religion and corruption is scarce, coming mainly from the fields of economics and statistics, and partially from anthropology and cultural studies. This article aims to offer a critical review of the relevant international literature on religion, religiosity, and corruption, ranging from large, quantitative
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Event Religion Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Sára Eszter Heidl
This article examines some of the changing forms of religion in contemporary Hungary, with a focus on a case study conducted at a mindfulness and lifestyle festival called Everness. The emerging need for an alternative kind of spirituality supplementing or opposed to traditional forms of religion has generated a new conceptual approach that I call event religion. In inductive empirical research, I
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From the Religious Field to the Alternative Field Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Loïc Bawidamann
This article examines the link between religion and conspiracy theories by focusing on religious agents operating two alternative media outlets in Switzerland, opposing perceived mainstream opinions. Informed by Bourdieu’s field theory, the article elaborates on the agents’ surpassing of field boundaries, spawning an alternative field that accommodates all agents expelled from their initial fields
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A Religiously Pluralistic Milieu in Austria during the Interwar Period Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Karsten Lehmann
The article focuses on what the author describes as a religiously pluralistic milieu. It proposes that religious plurality is very much part and parcel of the recollections of the interwar period in Vienna, Austria. First, the article underlines the significance of sociocultural milieus, family upbringing, and school interaction for the constructions of religious plurality. Second, it raises the question
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Two Decades of Church Management in the Context of Restitution Processes Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Tereza Parks, Vilem Paril, Vojtech Mullner
This study examines the transformation of the economic relations between the state and church in the Czech Republic, focusing on changes since 2012 when a legislative framework for the separation of state and church was accepted. Our article aims to assess the changing financial relations between the church and state by emphasizing future development financial scenarios for churches in the Czech Republic
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Singing Apart Together: Communities and the Heritagization and Eventization of Genemuider bovenstem Psalm Singing in the Netherlands Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-09-08 Henk Vogel, Mirella Klomp, Marcel Barnard
Genemuider bovenstem is a particular style of psalm singing, originating from the town of Genemuiden in the Netherlands, in which a higher voice is added to the Genevan melody of the psalms. It has roots in liturgical contexts, and has been designated as Intangible Cultural Heritage. This article discusses the construction of singing communities in Genemuider bovenstem psalm singing as performed both
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Children Vicariously Bearing the Future of the Faiths Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Mary Darmanin
This article assesses the role of children in perpetuating the chain of memory of the faiths in Europe. Drawing on indepth interviews with parents/guardians and fifty-two children on the religious socialization of Roman Catholic, Muslim, and non-religious children in Malta, it argues that Roman Catholic children are now the bearers of “vicarious religion” of communities that have become “unchurched
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Is Secularization a Pervasive Trend in Europe? Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Heiner Meulemann, Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran
Between 2002 and 2016, church attendance and self-attributed religiosity declines linearly, if all countries included in the European Social Survey are taken together. This analysis differentiates within Europe between two ideological and three denominational divides. Two questions are examined. First, is secularization pervasive across these groups? Second, how pervasive does secularization remain
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Youth Religiosity in Catholic European Countries Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-08-30 José Pereira Coutinho, Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme
This article compares youth religiosity in each Catholic European country (CEC) in two perspectives: with the rest of the population (35+) and among youth over time. Based on EVS (European Values Study) and ISSP (International Social Survey Programme), data comparisons are also made between CEC s, as well as between and within European regions. Three dimensions of religiosity are examined: community
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From Missed Tolerance to Civil Equality: The Jews in Transylvania until the Middle of the Nineteenth Century Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-08-16 Daniel Dumitran
The analysis dedicated to the history of Transylvanian Jews follows their communities’ evolution in a regional context, from the perspective of integration projects, through the policy of tolerance and civil equality recognition, to see whether the tendencies characteristic of Central Europe, and especially Hungary, were relevant for them. The investigation refers to the last quarter of the eighteenth
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Configurations of Islam in Contemporary Art in Norway Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati
In this article, I explore how Islam is configured in two creative universes that have recently affected the cultural and political scene in Norway. I compare the enactment in Oslo (2019) of Disgraced by the American playwright Ayad Akhtar to parts of the artistic project Heisann Montebello (2015–2017) by the Norwegian rap duo Karpe. In both fictional universes, references to Islam, Muslims, xenophobia
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Muslims’ Experience with Islamophobia in Slovakia Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Dominika Kosárová
In several European countries, Slovakia included, Islamophobia has been shaped by the challenges faced by Europe (an influx of refugees, terrorism, rise of the far right) since circa 2015. Anti-Muslim narratives have penetrated politics as well as the media and are shared by a significant part of the Slovak population. This article aims at contributing to the existing research on Islamophobia in Slovakia
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The Northern League (1991–2020) Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Christophe Bouillaud
This article aims to clarify the attitude of the Italian Northern League (Lega Nord) toward the Catholic Church and Catholic faith, since its creation in 1991. The article examines the evolution of the party from the merger of the northern regionalist parties under the leadership of Umberto Bossi (1991–2012) until its current form and its reengineering by its new leader, Matteo Salvini, as a national(ist)
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Russian Orthodox Imaginaries and Their Family Resemblance to Populism Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Kathy Rousselet
This article sets out to demonstrate how some Russian Orthodox imaginaries bear a family resemblance to populism. These imaginaries have a distinctive ideological anchor. The influential religious figures who convey them lay claim to a legacy of political thought that can be traced back to a specific form of narodnichestvo, which is Slavophile and associated with aspirations for monarchy. This investigation
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“Ghosts of Missionaries”: On Contemporary Baptist Mission in Ukraine Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Eugenijus Liutkevičius
From the late 1980s, foreign—primarily American—missionaries started to travel to Ukraine in large numbers. This article is concerned with the impact of American Baptist missionaries and how their influence was perceived locally in 2016, the time of my fieldwork. When I set out to conduct my fieldwork research among Baptist believers in Lviv, I was surprised that local believers denied the impact of
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Apostasy and Freedom of Choosing to Leave Religion Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Teemu T. Mantsinen
This article discusses the possibility and consequences of the idea, concept, and discourses of freedom and free choice in apostasy. The issue is explored from theoretical perspectives of discrepancy, rational choice, and free will and grounded with examples from original research on Finnish ex-Pentecostals and comparison to previous research on apostasy. The article claims that even though our choices
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Online Strategies of Nonreligious and Atheistic Organizations in Croatia Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Nikolina Hazdovac Bajić
Croatian society is traditionally and dominantly religious (Catholic), and there are few organizations that gather together nonreligious people and atheists. Starting from three theoretical perspectives on organized nonreligiosity (identity theory, cultural approach to social movements theory, and mediatization theory) this article’s aim is to analyze various strategies these organizations employ in
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Transitions from the Evangelical Lutheran to the Orthodox Church in Finland: An Application of the Conversion Career Approach Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Helena Kupari
Since the turn of the millennium, the Orthodox Church of Finland has welcomed up to 1,000 new members annually, excluding infant baptisms. This is over 1.5 percent of the church’s current total membership. In this study, I investigate Finnish cultural workers’ transitions to Orthodox Christianity, based on interviews of twenty-nine people. As a theoretical framework, I use Henri Gooren’s conversion
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The Church Sinister: The Devil’s Works and the Anglican Church on British Television Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2023-01-18 Marcus Harmes, Meredith Harmes, Barbara Harmes
The exorcism of Michael Taylor in 1974, which led to murder, pushed Anglican exorcisms into the public gaze. This article proposes a particular trajectory of Anglicanism and the preternatural into popular culture and popular awareness of religion. The Taylor case was one of the catalysts for private anxiety among clergy about the preternatural in the Church of England. By the early 1970s, some clergy
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Religious Tastes in a Gentrified Neighbourhood Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-10-26 Anna Clot-Garrell, Víctor Albert-Blanco, Rosa Martínez-Cuadros, Carolina Esteso
This article examines how religious diversity is manifested and represented in contexts undergoing intense urban pressures. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in the Raval quarter of Barcelona, we analyse the open-air festivities of religious minorities and the emergence of new neighbourhood associations’ mobilizations. Specifically, we focus on the role of food in these events as a way to
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Right-Wing Populism and Political Instrumentalization of Religion: The Italian Debate on Matteo Salvini’s Use of Religious Symbols on Facebook Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-08-30 Rita Marchetti, Nicola Righetti, Susanna Pagiotti, Anna Stanziano
The study investigates the online debate sparked by the political instrumentalization of religious symbols by right-wing populist leaders, taking as a case study the campaign communication of Matteo Salvini—leader of the Italian “Lega” party—in the run-up to the 2018 and 2019 general and European elections. Against the backdrop of theories on populism, religious publicization and politicization in
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Christmas and Revolution Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-19 Oleh Melnychenko
The discourse of the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity (2013–2014) abundantly adopted religious themes. In my article, I show how the theme of Christmas, with its specific images and vocabulary, has been used in the rhetoric of the participants of the Revolution. In three sections, I demonstrate the three lines in which the protesters, speakers, and commenters drew parallels between the course of the
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Depolarising Nationalism Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-19 Philipp Rückheim
This study looks at a cultural component of Scottish nationalism and presents a novel understanding of state-church relations concerning nationalism in the twenty-first century. It offers an in-depth analysis of decisions and strategies employed by religious actors in dealing with the Scottish independence referendum of 2014. In contrast to the nationalist polarisation fuelled by exclusionary claims
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Prolegomena to a New Methodological Approach to the Pagan Divine Man (θεῖος ἀνήρ) in Late Antiquity Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-19 Marco Alviz Fernández
With this article I propose a new methodological approach in the field of pagan divine men studies in late antiquity. The “Divine Men” were the last representatives of ancient παιδεία (education) in a context where religion, education, and philosophy were inextricably intertwined. Decades of scholarly claims bring the research path towards a multidisciplinary focus in which I suggest applying the Weberian
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Muslim Women’s Narratives of Veiling and Identity in Post-Soviet Contexts Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-10 Alena Shisheliakina
Based on ethnographic materials, the article discusses Muslim women’s narratives as an expression of the process of identity negotiation in the post-Soviet cultural context. Muslim women’s narratives based on Islamic, ethnic, gendered epistemologies are intertwined with each other and hybrid. Muslim-Tatar women’s identity as women, Muslims and Tatars is tied together, while simultaneously being fragmented
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Post-Soviet Believers in Migration Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-10 Maija Tuuli Penttilä
Understanding of space is central in migrant identity-building and integration to a host society. Identity also relates to time, which is effectuated by memory. This article shows how the interplay between religiosity and space may be central to believers’ identity narratives. Religiosity and memories of the past may affiliate migrants to a specific country. Through narrative analysis, I have shown
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On the Wrong Side of History Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-07 Richard Schaefer
This article investigates an episode of anti-Catholic polemic in the late eighteenth century in Germany. It shows how fear over the influence of “crypto-Catholics” masquerading as Protestants and exponents of Enlightenment triggered the conceptualization of “Catholicism” as a social and cultural force beyond Church membership. It shows how Friedrich Nicolai played a leading role in suggesting that
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Biodynamic Wine-Crafting and the Spiritualization of the Workplace Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-05 Alexandre Grandjean
In recent years, the involvement of Swiss wine-crafters (vignerons) with ‘holistic spiritualities’ has become more visible. Through the use of esoterically driven preparations, energetic crystals, and neo-shamanic ‘vision questing’ practices, vignerons have incorporated alternative self-healing practices in their workplace. Under the umbrella term ‘biodynamic farming,’ vignerons are experimenting and
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Cross Pendants as Memory Objects Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-05 Randi Marselis
This article explores the potential of combining material analysis with object-elicited memory work in order to explore the role of objects in lived religion. It presents a case study on two traditional cross pendants, a Dagmar Cross and a Huguenot Cross, and analyses the cultural-historical contexts of the two crosses, including their importance for specific national and religious memory communities
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Early Quaker Identity from the Perspective of Some Ecclesiastical Anti-Quakers Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-05 Judith Roads
This empirical case study provides a new approach to the understanding of discursively constructed Quaker identity in the seventeenth century, from the point of view of those opposed to the dissenting Christian movement. This article asks how others may have viewed adherents to the Quaker communities in England. The findings illustrate a range of negative and denigrating discourses that go beyond abstract
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Secularization or Alternative Faith? Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2022-07-05 Isabella Kasselstrand
In the debate on European secularization, it has been argued that conventional religion has given way to spirituality, and that religion is thus changing as opposed to diminishing. Focusing on northern Europe, this study uses semi-structured interviews and survey data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) to explore meanings and trends of spirituality and religious beliefs. Findings highlight
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Baptizing into Kin: Religion and Peace in a Multi-ethnic Village in Georgia Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Ketevan Gurchiani
Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a multi-ethnic village in Georgia, this paper shows how everyday peace is continuously reaffirmed in the tradition of inviting Muslim godparents to baptize Christian children. The Muslim godparents perform the roles of the chosen Christians while at the same time remaining Muslim. Hybrid local lay-religious practices around the ritual of christening are analyzed within
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Georgian Israelites or Jews of Georgia: Religious and National Dimensions of the Georgian-Jewish Identity Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Ketevan Kakitelashvili
The paper explores the evolution of Georgian-Jewish identity in different political, ideological, and cultural contexts from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first centuries. It is focused on the beginning of the twentieth century when religious and national dimensions of Georgian-Jewish identity were developed as competing identity models. This paper addresses the impact of these identity models
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Identifying Major Actors of Shi’i Revival in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Altay Goyushov, Kanan Rovshanoglu
This article is an attempt to describe, analyze, and evaluate the major players who contributed to the rise of transnational Shi’i activism in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. The article is based on a chronology of the most important events, and internet resources, personal contacts, observations, and interviews have been the primary source of this research.
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In Chase of ‘Modern Religiosity’: Georgia’s Secular Moderns Challenge the ‘Spoon-Worshippers’ Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Mariam Goshadze
In the spring of 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly spread through the four corners of the world, Christian Orthodox churches were caught in the age-old altercation with science. Tensions condensed around a small material object—the communion spoon—and its potential to transmit the virus. The article examines the ensuing Eucharist-related debates between ‘liberal secularists’ and followers of
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Informal Networks in the Black Sea Region: The Case of Georgian Muslim Boarding Houses Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Mariam Darchiashvili
In 2014, local community members nailed a pig’s head to the door of a Muslim boarding house in Kobuleti, a small town in Adjara, to argue that ‘this is a Christian place.’ They expressed fears about the building owner, who was thought to be of Turkish origin. Enlargement of the boarding house was perceived as a possible Islamization of the town and an increase of transborder flows in the region. In
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Orthodox Mobilizations and Political Identities in Post-Soviet Georgia Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Silvia Serrano
Based on field research carried out over the last two decades, this article analyzes the labile nature of the relationship between religion and politics in Georgia. It aims to understand not only the rational and deliberate processes in which elites engage for political ends but also to grasp the diversity of actors and patterns of religion mobilization. It argues that three main types of articulations
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Synagogue as Infrastructure in Everyday Life of Batumi Jewish Community Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Nino Abakelia
The subject under scrutiny is Sephardic and Ashkenazi synagogues in Batumi (the Black Sea Region of Georgia) that reveal both universal and culturally specific forms. The paper is based on ethnographic data gathered during fieldwork in Batumi, in 2019, and on the theoretical postulates of anthropology of infrastructure. The article argues that the Batumi synagogues could be viewed and understood as
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Worship of Shrines in Armenia: Between Soviet and Post-Soviet Modernities Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Yulia Antonyan
In this article, the author tries to trace the trajectories of Soviet and post-Soviet transformations of vernacular religiosity in Armenia, in particular, the cult of shrines. She argues that the cult of shrines and related manifestations of vernacular religion were consistently reconceptualized, first, in the period of Soviet secularization and modernization, and, secondly, in the period of post-Soviet
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Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus since the Fall of the Soviet Union, by Bayram Balchi Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-12-20 Anna Cieślewska
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The Buddhist Style in Consumer Culture: From Aesthetics to Emotional Patterns Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Zuzana Bártová
This paper contributes to the sociological theorization of religious lifestyles in consumer culture, analyzing one of its most important identity markers: style. Based on a three-year comparative ethnographic research project into five convert Buddhist organizations in France and the Czech Republic, it finds that style is expressed through aesthetics with its adornment practices apparent in everyday
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Bypassing the Social Distance: International Catholic Community, Friendship, and Homemaking among Expatriates in Brno Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Milan Fujda, Michaela Ondrašinová, Miroslav Vrzal
We analyze the role of intimate social ties and community in the processes of homemaking and social integration of highly skilled migrants who are members of the local international Catholic community in Brno, Czech Republic. We use the concepts of bonding and bridging social capital developed by Michael W. Foley and Dean R. Hoge and follow their attention to the effects of the worship communities’
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Denial and Pragmatism: Islam and the Danish State Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Kasper Ly Netterstrøm
From halal food to the veil, this article analyses the relationship between Islam and the Danish state. It finds a coexistence of two modes of dealing with Islam: an official approach dominated by denial of the existence of Islam within Danish society and an unwillingness to recognise Muslim religious practices; and a pragmatic approach, mostly found at the local level, that focuses on finding practical
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Depictions of God in the Drawings of German-Muslim Children Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Yasemin Güleç
This empirical inquiry aimed to examine the qualitative differences of the ‘God’ concept of Turkish-German Sunni Muslim children living in Germany. In this study, non-anthropomorphic drawings did not increase gradually with age. Anthromoporphic God depictions seem to be ontologically moving away from people with age. In the present study, indirect God depictions occurred six times more than the direct
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New Sacred Places in Contemporary Poland: Ethnographic Case Study of Two Miracles in Sokółka and Legnica Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Tomasz Kalniuk
Events that happened in Poland in 2008 and 2013 related to the alleged miracles in Sokółka (in the Podlasie region) and Legnica (in the Silesia region) seriously affected the native ‘sacrosphere.’ Sensational information about the unusual events polarized public opinion by confronting secular and religious worldviews. At the same time, the increase in the devotion of the faithful was accompanied by
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Proselytism and Ostentation: a Critical Discourse Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights’ Case Law on Religious Symbols Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Giulia Evolvi, Mauro Gatti
This article focuses on the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) case law about religious symbols (N=27) from 2001 to 2018, exploring the following questions: What discourses does the ECtHR employ in cases about religious symbols? How do ECtHR’s discourses about religious symbols evolve in time? The data is innovatively analyzed through critical discourse analysis and leads to two findings: first
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Marian Burchardt, Regulating Difference: Religious Diversity and Nationhood in the Secular West Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Avi Astor
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Ahmet T. Kuru, Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 Mark Sedgwick
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Russell Sandberg (ed), Leading Works in Law and Religion Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-07-26 James Richardson
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Angel Spirituality in the World’s Happiest Country: The Attraction of Lorna Byrne among Finnish Women Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-06-02 Elisa Mikkola
This article discusses how women in Finland, the happiest country in the world in 2019, use new spiritual services and angels to cope with everyday life. Should not the high living standard and level of happiness decrease spirituality, as Norris and Inglehart suggest? The research material was collected using questionnaires in talks given by Irish mystic Lorna Byrne in Helsinki in 2011 and 2015. For
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Angels as the Shape of Energy: How the Threshold Narratives Shaped the Meaning Construction of ‘Angel’ and ‘Energy’ in a Central and Eastern European New Religious Group Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-06-02 László Koppány Csáji
The status-dependent access to information results in multilevel meaning construction in a charismatic Christian group. The notion of ‘angel’ is discursively transforming (during evangelization rituals, healing, angel visions, etc.). To acquire language skills, one may encounter and accept threshold narratives. After the notion of energy was introduced into the group (2012), former ideas (‘rectangular
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Embodied Engagements with the Megaliths of Carnac: Somatic Experience, Somatic Imagery, and Bodily Techniques in Contemporary Spiritual Practices Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-06-02 Yael Dansac
This article explores bodily interactions, somatic experiences, and embodiment of New Age and contemporary Paganism practitioners conducting spiritual practices in the megaliths of Carnac in northwest France. Inspired from the sensory ethnography approach and applying a specific methodological framework elaborated for this study, the article argues that participants’ spiritual experiences are constructed
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From the Trees to the Wood: Alternative Spirituality as an Emergent ‘Official Religion’? Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-06-02 Jan Kapusta, Zuzana Marie Kostićová
In this introductory study, we place the articles collected in this special issue on ‘spirituality’ in a more general context. In so doing, we contest the idea that alternative spirituality is best studied within the conceptual framework of the ‘vernacular.’ We argue that such an approach tends to unintentionally overstate the empirical particularities and overlook the broader aspects of the subject
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A Hundred Forms of Spirituality in the Least Religious Country in the World Journal of Religion in Europe Pub Date : 2021-06-02 Reet Hiiemäe
This paper is mainly based on interviews and observations that the author made during the process of writing a book about a hundred forms of religious and spiritual movements, teachings, and techniques in Estonia, thus being a reflection of trends and transformations of spiritual thought and practice in a country that has been repeatedly called the least religious country in Europe or even the whole