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America and the Trade Regime: What Went Wrong? International Organization Pub Date : 2021-04-12 Judith Goldstein, Robert Gulotty
The era of American leadership in the multilateral trading regime has ended. This paper argues that this current antipathy to trade is unsurprising: support for US leadership of the regime has always rested on a precarious balance among domestic interests. To overcome a historic bias in favor of home market production, American leaders created incentives for exporters to organize while creating roadblocks
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Globalization, Institutions, and Ethnic Inequality International Organization Pub Date : 2021-04-12 Nils-Christian Bormann, Yannick I. Pengl, Lars-Erik Cederman, Nils B. Weidmann
Recent research has shown that inequality between ethnic groups is strongly driven by politics, where powerful groups and elites channel the state's resources toward their constituencies. Most of the existing literature assumes that these politically induced inequalities are static and rarely change over time. We challenge this claim and argue that economic globalization and domestic institutions interact
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Rising Inequality As a Threat to the Liberal International Order International Organization Pub Date : 2021-04-12 Thomas M. Flaherty, Ronald Rogowski
The rise of top-heavy inequality—earnings concentration in a very thin layer of elites—calls into question our understanding of the distributional effects of the Liberal International Order. Far more people lose from globalization, and fewer gain, than traditional economic models suggest. We review three modern trade theories (neo-Heckscher-Ohlin-Stolper-Samuelson or H-O-S-S, new new trade theory,
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Fair Share? Equality and Equity in American Attitudes Toward Trade International Organization Pub Date : 2021-04-05 Ryan Brutger, Brian Rathbun
American politicians repeatedly and strenuously invoke concerns about fairness when pitching their trade policies to their constituents, unsurprisingly since fairness is one of the most fundamental and universal moral concepts. Yet studies to date on public opinion about trade have not been designed in such a way that they test whether fairness is important, nor whether the mass public applies fairness
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Robustness of Empirical Evidence for the Democratic Peace: A Nonparametric Sensitivity Analysis International Organization Pub Date : 2021-04-05 Kosuke Imai, James Lo
The democratic peace—the idea that democracies rarely fight one another—has been called “the closest thing we have to an empirical law in the study of international relations.” Yet, some contend that this relationship is spurious and suggest alternative explanations. Unfortunately, in the absence of randomized experiments, we can never rule out the possible existence of such confounding biases. Rather
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Threats at Home and Abroad: Interstate War, Civil War, and Alliance Formation International Organization Pub Date : 2021-04-05 Jessica Edry, Jesse C. Johnson, Brett Ashley Leeds
In the current era, many of the military threats that state leaders face come from domestic and transnational nonstate actors. Military alliances are recognized as an important policy strategy to counter military threats, but existing research has primarily been focused on threats from other states and has difficulty uncovering a consistent relationship between external threat and alliance formation
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Regaining Control? The Political Impact of Policy Responses to Refugee Crises International Organization Pub Date : 2021-03-16 Omer Solodoch
In response to the political turmoil surrounding the recent refugee crisis, destination countries swiftly implemented new immigration and asylum policies. Are such countercrisis policies effective in mitigating political instability by reducing anti-immigrant backlash and support for radical-right parties? The present study exploits two surveys that were coincidentally fielded during significant policy
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Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism International Organization Pub Date : 2021-03-16 Jakana L. Thomas
Although a substantial body of research argues that women provide terrorist organizations with important tactical benefits, few studies draw out the implications of this argument or examine whether female recruits affect the outcomes of terrorist operations. Using data on individual suicide attacks from 1985 to 2015, I show that an attacker's gender influences the lethality of an attack. However, this
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Testing for Negative Spillovers: Is Promoting Human Rights Really Part of the “Problem”? International Organization Pub Date : 2021-01-25 Anton Strezhnev, Judith G. Kelley, Beth A. Simmons
The international community often seeks to promote political reforms in recalcitrant states. Recently, some scholars have argued that, rather than helping, international law and advocacy create new problems because they have negative spillovers that increase rights violations. We review three mechanisms for such spillovers: backlash, trade-offs, and counteraction and concentrate on the last of these
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The Exclusionary Foundations of Embedded Liberalism International Organization Pub Date : 2021-03-09 Sara Wallace Goodman, Thomas B. Pepinsky
Analyses of embedded liberalism have focused overwhelmingly on trade in goods and capital, to the exclusion of migration. We argue that much as capital controls were essential components of the embedded liberal compromise, so too were restrictions on the democratic and social rights of labor migrants. Generous welfare programs in labor-receiving countries thrived alongside inclusionary immigration
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Challenges to the Liberal Order: Reflections on International Organization International Organization Pub Date : 2021-03-08 David A. Lake, Lisa L. Martin, Thomas Risse
As International Organization commemorates its seventy-fifth anniversary, the Liberal International Order (LIO) that authors in this journal have long analyzed is under challenge, perhaps as never before. The articles in this issue explore the nature of these challenges by examining how the Westphalian order and the LIO have co-constituted one another over time; how both political and economic dynamics
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The Epistemological Challenge of Truth Subversion to the Liberal International Order International Organization Pub Date : 2021-03-08 Emanuel Adler, Alena Drieschova
Truth-subversion practices, which populist leaders utilize for political domination, are a significant source of current pressure on the Liberal International Order (LIO). Truth-subversion practices include false speak (flagrant lying to subvert the concept of facts), double speak (intentional internal contradictions in speech to erode reason), and flooding (the emission of many messages into the public
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Democratization in the Shadow of Globalization International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-26 Jacque Gao
In this article I develop a new theory of how globalization in the form of increasing potential foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows affects democratization. As the level of potential FDI inflows increases, workers become more willing to support democratization because of the large wage benefits from liberalizing FDI under democracy, while capitalists become less willing to support democratization
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The Co-Constitution of Order International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-22 Marcos Tourinho
The idea of liberal international order as a world order is understood to be constituted as a result of disproportionate Anglo-American influences. This is in line with much of international relations (IR) theory, which typically characterizes the emergence of order as resulting from the diffusion or imposition of norms and institutions from the world's centers of power. This article argues otherwise
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Contestations of the Liberal International Order: From Liberal Multilateralism to Postnational Liberalism International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-16 Tanja A. Börzel, Michael Zürn
The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order of liberal multilateralism (LIO I) to a post–Cold War international order of postnational liberalism (LIO II). LIO II has not been only rule-based but has openly pursued a liberal social purpose with a significant amount of authority beyond the nation-state. While postnational liberal institutions helped increase
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Built on Borders: Tensions with the Institution Liberalism (Thought It) Left Behind International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-09 Beth A. Simmons, Hein E. Goemans
The Liberal International Order is in crisis. While the symptoms are clear to many, the deep roots of this crisis remain obscured. We propose that the Liberal International Order is in tension with the older Sovereign Territorial Order, which is founded on territoriality and borders to create group identities, the territorial state, and the modern international system. The Liberal International Order
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Digital Authoritarianism and the Future of Human Rights International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-09 Tiberiu Dragu, Yonatan Lupu
How will advances in digital technology affect the future of human rights and authoritarian rule? Media figures, public intellectuals, and scholars have debated this relationship for decades, with some arguing that new technologies facilitate mobilization against the state and others countering that the same technologies allow authoritarians to strengthen their grip on power. We address this issue
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The Janus Face of the Liberal International Information Order: When Global Institutions Are Self-Undermining International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-09 Henry Farrell, Abraham L. Newman
Scholars and policymakers long believed that norms of global information openness and private-sector governance helped to sustain and promote liberalism. These norms are being increasingly contested within liberal democracies. In this article, we argue that a key source of debate over the Liberal International Information Order (LIIO), a sub-order of the Liberal International Order (LIO), is generated
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Politicizing International Cooperation: The Mass Public, Political Entrepreneurs, and Political Opportunity Structures International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-09 Catherine E. De Vries, Sara B. Hobolt, Stefanie Walter
International institutions are increasingly being challenged by domestic opposition and nationalist political forces. Yet, levels of politicization differ significantly across countries facing the same international authority as well as within countries over time. This raises the question of when and why the mass public poses a challenge to international cooperation. In this article, we develop a theoretical
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Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash International Organization Pub Date : 2021-02-09 J. Lawrence Broz, Jeffry Frieden, Stephen Weymouth
A populist backlash to globalization has ushered in nationalist governments and challenged core features of the Liberal International Order. Although startling in scope and urgency, the populist wave has been developing in declining regions of wealthy countries for some time. Trade, offshoring, and automation have steadily reduced the number of available jobs and the wages of industrial workers since
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Racism and Antiracism in the Liberal International Order International Organization Pub Date : 2020-12-29 Zoltán I. Búzás
Formal racial equality is a key aspect of the current Liberal International Order (LIO). It is subject to two main challenges: resurgent racial nationalism and substantive racial inequality. Combining work in International Relations with interdisciplinary studies on race, I submit that these challenges are the latest iteration of struggles between two transnational coalitions over the LIO's central
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Asset Revaluation and the Existential Politics of Climate Change International Organization Pub Date : 2020-12-21 Jeff D. Colgan, Jessica F. Green, Thomas N. Hale
Whereas scholars have typically modeled climate change as a global collective action challenge, we offer a dynamic theory of climate politics based on the present and future revaluation of assets. Climate politics can be understood as a contest between owners of assets that accelerate climate change, such as fossil fuel plants, and owners of assets vulnerable to climate change, such as coastal property
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Struggles for Recognition: The Liberal International Order and the Merger of Its Discontents International Organization Pub Date : 2020-12-21 Rebecca Adler-Nissen, Ayşe Zarakol
The Liberal International Order (LIO) is currently being undermined not only by states such as Russia but also by voters in the West. We argue that both veins of discontent are driven by resentment toward the LIO's status hierarchy, rather than simply by economic grievances. Approaching discontent historically and sociologically, we show that there are two strains of recognition struggles against the
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Systemic Instability and the Emergence of Border Disputes International Organization Pub Date : 2020-12-09 Scott F Abramson, David B. Carter
Although evidence shows that territorial disputes fundamentally shape relations among states, we know surprisingly little about when territorial claims are made. We argue that revisionist states have incentives to make territorial claims when the great powers that manage the system are in crisis. We identify five main sources of systemic instability and develop measures of each of them, demonstrating
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Political Exclusion, Lost Autonomy, and Escalating Conflict over Self-Determination International Organization Pub Date : 2020-11-05 Micha Germann, Nicholas Sambanis
Most civil wars are preceded by nonviolent forms of conflict. While it is often assumed that violent and nonviolent conflicts are qualitatively different and have different causes, that assumption is rarely tested empirically. We use a two-step approach to explore whether political exclusion and lost autonomy—two common causes of civil war according to extant literature—are associated with the emergence
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What's in a Name? Metaphors and Cybersecurity International Organization Pub Date : 2020-09-24 Jordan Branch
For more than a decade, the United States military has conceptualized and discussed the Internet and related systems as “cyberspace,” understood as a “domain” of conflict like land, sea, air, and outer space. How and why did this concept become entrenched in US doctrine? What are its effects? Focusing on the emergence and consolidation of this terminology, I make three arguments about the role of language
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Health Diplomacy in Pandemical Times International Organization Pub Date : 2020-09-16 Tanisha M. Fazal
One likely effect of the COVID-19 pandemic will be an increased focus on health diplomacy, a topic that has rarely been taken up by international relations scholars After reviewing existing literature on health diplomacy, I argue for the utility of distinguishing states' aims from their practices of health diplomacy in advancing our understanding of when states engage in health diplomacy with a bilateral
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The Big Reveal: COVID-19 and Globalization's Great Transformations International Organization Pub Date : 2020-09-14 Kathleen R. McNamara, Abraham L. Newman
Analysis of the post-COVID world tends to gravitate to one of two poles For some, the pandemic is a crisis that will reshuffle the decks, producing a fundamental reordering of global politics For others, the basic principles of the international order are likely to remain much the same, driven largely by the emerging bipolar system between the US and China We find both narratives dissatisfying, as
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The Past, Present, and Future of Behavioral IR International Organization Pub Date : 2020-09-07 James W. Davis, Rose McDermott
Originally developed by applying models from cognitive psychology to the study of foreign policy decision making, the field of behavioral IR is undergoing important transformations. Building on a broader range of models, methods, and data from the fields of neuroscience, biology, and genetics, behavioral IR has moved beyond the staid debate between rational choice and psychology and instead investigates
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The Collapse of State Power, the Cluniac Reform Movement, and the Origins of Urban Self-Government in Medieval Europe International Organization Pub Date : 2020-09-07 Jonathan Stavnskær Doucette, Jørgen Møller
Several generations of scholarship have identified the medieval development of urban self-government as crucial for European patterns of state formation. However, extant theories, emphasizing structural factors such as initial endowments and warfare, do little to explain the initial emergence of institutions of urban self-government before CE 1200 or why similar institutions did not emerge outside
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Pandemic Response as Border Politics International Organization Pub Date : 2020-08-19 Michael R. Kenwick, Beth A. Simmons
Pandemics are imbued with the politics of bordering For centuries, border closures and restrictions on foreign travelers have been the most persistent and pervasive means by which states have responded to global health crises The ubiquity of these policies is not driven by any clear scientific consensus about their utility in the face of myriad pandemic threats Instead, we show they are influenced
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Explaining Population Displacement Strategies in Civil Wars: A Cross-National Analysis International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Adam G. Lichtenheld
Why do combatants uproot civilians in wartime? In this paper I identify cross-national variation in three population-displacement strategies—cleansing, depopulation, and forced relocation—and test different explanations for their use by state actors. I advance a new “assortative” theory to explain forced relocation, the most common type. I argue that combatants displace not only to expel undesirable
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Autocratic Consent to International Law: The Case of the International Criminal Court's Jurisdiction, 1998–2017 International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Barry Hashimoto
This article contributes to an understanding of why autocrats have accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Leveraging their ability to obstruct their own prosecution, autocrats have traded off the risk of unwanted prosecutions against the deterrent threat that prosecutions pose to political rivals and patrons of their enemies conspiring to oust them. The risk of unwanted prosecutions
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Foreign Meddling and Mass Attitudes Toward International Economic Engagement International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Sarah Sunn Bush, Lauren Prather
What explains variation in individual preferences for foreign economic engagement? Although a large and growing literature addresses that question, little research examines how partner countries affect public opinion on policies such as trade, foreign aid, and investment. We construct a new theory arguing that political side-taking by outside powers shapes individuals’ support for engaging economically
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Recapturing Regime Type in International Relations: Leaders, Institutions, and Agency Space International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Susan D. Hyde, Elizabeth N. Saunders
A wave of recent research challenges the role of regime type in international relations. One striking takeaway is that democratic and autocratic leaders can often achieve similar levels of domestic constraint, which in many issue areas results in similar international outcomes—leading many to question traditional views of democracies as distinctive in their international relations. In this review essay
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Explaining Migration Timing: Political Information and Opportunities International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Alisha C. Holland, Margaret E. Peters
How do migrants decide when to leave? Conventional wisdom is that violence and economic deprivation force migrants to leave their homes. However, long-standing problems of violence and poverty often cannot explain sudden spikes in migration. We study the timing of migration decisions in the critical case of Syrian and Iraqi migration to Europe using an original survey and embedded experiment, as well
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The Political Economy of Bilateral Bailouts International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Christina J. Schneider, Jennifer L. Tobin
IMF loans during times of financial crisis often occur in conjunction with bilateral financial rescues. These bilateral bailouts are substantial in size and a central component of international cooperation during financial crises. We analyze the political economy of bilateral bailouts and study the trade-offs that potential creditor governments experience when other countries find themselves in financial
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Correlates of Warning: Territory, Democracy, and Casualty Aversion in Terrorist Tactics International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Joseph M. Brown
Terrorists attack civilian targets but there is variation in how many civilians they kill. Terrorists may deliberately harm civilians, or they may adopt a less bloody approach, demolishing businesses, transit systems, and other civilian property while employing tactics to avert civilian casualties. One such tactic is to warn civilians before an attack, allowing them to flee the area. With warnings
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Mingling and Strategic Augmentation of International Legal Obligations International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Tonya L. Putnam
Managing foreign affairs is in no small measure about anticipating the actions (and non-actions) of others, and about taking steps to limit the unexpected—and the undesired. Law has long been recognized as important to these tasks. Nevertheless, standard IR treatments often overlook important properties of law, even when trying to account for international law's effects on behavior. Chief among these
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Rebel Groups, International Humanitarian Law, and Civil War Outcomes in the Post-Cold War Era International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Jessica A. Stanton
Do rebel group violations of international humanitarian law during civil war—in particular, attacks on noncombatant civilians—affect conflict outcomes? I argue that in the post-Cold War era, rebel groups that do not target civilians have used the framework of international humanitarian law to appeal for diplomatic support from Western governments and intergovernmental organizations. However, rebel
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The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Dan Altman
Past studies conclude that a territorial integrity norm caused territorial conquest to decline sharply after 1945, virtually subsiding after 1975. However, using new and more comprehensive data on territorial conquest attempts, this study presents a revised history of conquest after 1945. Unlike attempts to conquer entire states, attempts to conquer parts of states remained far more common than previously
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The Enemy of My Enemy: When Firms Support Climate Change Regulation International Organization Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Amanda Kennard
Policies to mitigate global climate change entail significant economic costs. Yet a growing number of firms lobby in favor of regulation to mitigate carbon emissions. Why do firms support environmental regulations that directly increase production costs? This question is all the more puzzling in a globalized economy where regulation may undermine the competitiveness of domestic firms at home and abroad
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Barriers to Trade: How Border Walls Affect Trade Relations International Organization Pub Date : 2019-12-23 David B. Carter, Paul Poast
Since trade must cross borders, to what extent do border walls affect trade flows? We argue that border walls can reduce trade flows. Even if the objective is to only stem illicit flows, border walls heighten “border effects†that can also inhibit legal cross-border flows. Using a gravity model of trade that reflects recent developments in both economic theory and econometrics, we find that the
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Public Opinion and Decisions About Military Force in Democracies International Organization Pub Date : 2019-12-06 Michael Tomz, Jessica L.P. Weeks, Keren Yarhi-Milo
Many theories of international relations assume that public opinion exerts a powerful effect on foreign policy in democracies. Previous research, based on observational data, has reached conflicting conclusions about this foundational assumption. We use experiments to examine two mechanisms—responsiveness and selection—through which opinion could shape decisions about the use of military force
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Dangerous Contenders: Election Monitors, Islamic Opposition Parties, and Terrorism International Organization Pub Date : 2019-11-11 Kerim Can Kavakli, Patrick M. Kuhn
How do international observers decide whether to criticize or condone electoral fraud in a country? We argue that this decision depends on the identity of the victims of electoral fraud. A monitoring organization is more likely to overlook fraud committed against groups that are deemed dangerous by its sponsor. Based on this insight, we hypothesize that in the post-Cold War era election monitors are
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The Price of Peace: Motivated Reasoning and Costly Signaling in International Relations International Organization Pub Date : 2019-11-05 Joshua D. Kertzer, Brian C. Rathbun, Nina Srinivasan Rathbun
Canonical models of costly signaling in international relations (IR) tend to assume costly signals speak for themselves: a signal's costliness is typically understood to be a function of the signal, not the perceptions of the recipient. Integrating the study of signaling in IR with research on motivated skepticism and asymmetric updating from political psychology, we show that individuals’ tendencies
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Violence Exposure and Ethnic Identification: Evidence from Kashmir International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Gautam Nair, Nicholas Sambanis
This article studies the conditions that lead peripheral minorities to identify with the state, their ethnic group, or neighboring countries. We contribute to research on separatism and irredentism by examining how violence, psychological distance, and national status determine identification. The analysis uses data from a novel experiment that randomized videos of actual violence in a large, representative
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Conflict, Peace, and the Evolution of Women's Empowerment International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Kaitlyn Webster, Chong Chen, Kyle Beardsley
How do periods of conflict and peace shape women's empowerment around the world? While existing studies have demonstrated that gender inequalities contribute to the propensity for armed conflict, we consider how the anticipation and realization of armed conflict shape women's opportunities for influence in society. Some scholars have pointed to the role that militarization and threat play in entrenching
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Civilian Casualties, Humanitarian Aid, and Insurgent Violence in Civil Wars International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Jason Lyall
Indiscriminate violence against civilians has long been viewed as a catalyst for new rounds of violence in civil wars. Can humanitarian assistance reduce violence after civilians have been harmed? Crossnational studies are pessimistic, drawing a connection between humanitarian aid and increased civil war violence, lethality, and duration. To date, however, we have few subnational studies of wartime
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Secret but Constrained: The Impact of Elite Opposition on Covert Operations International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Gregory L. Smith
Recent international relations scholarship has argued that political elites constrain the use of military force by democracies. Despite the persuasiveness of this research, scholars have largely ignored elite dynamics’ ability to constrain the initiation of covert operations. This omission is consequential because scholars of US foreign policy often assume that covert operations serve as a substitute
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The Millennium Development Goals and Education: Accountability and Substitution in Global Assessment International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 James H. Bisbee, James R. Hollyer, B. Peter Rosendorff, James Raymond Vreeland
Precise international metrics and assessments may induce governments to alter policies in pursuit of more favorable assessments according to these metrics. In this paper, we explore a secondary effect of global performance indicators (GPIs). Insofar as governments have finite resources and make trade-offs in public goods investments, a GPI that precisely targets the provision of a particular public
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The Power of Ranking: The Ease of Doing Business Indicator and Global Regulatory Behavior International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Rush Doshi, Judith G. Kelley, Beth A. Simmons
We argue that the World Bank has successfully marshaled the Ease of Doing Business (EDB) Index to amass considerable influence over business regulations worldwide. The Ease of Doing is a global performance indicator (GPI), and GPIs—especially those that rate and rank states against one another—are intended to package information to influence the views of an audience important to the target, such
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A Race to the Top? The Aid Transparency Index and the Social Power of Global Performance Indicators International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Dan Honig, Catherine Weaver
Recent studies on global performance indicators (GPIs) reveal the distinct power that nonstate actors can accrue and exercise in world politics. How and when does this happen? Using a mixed-methods approach, we examine the impact of the Aid Transparency Index (ATI), an annual rating and rankings index produced by the small UK-based NGO Publish What You Fund. The ATI seeks to shape development aid donors'
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Gender Stereotyping and Chivalry in International Negotiations: A Survey Experiment in the Council of the European Union International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Daniel Naurin, Elin Naurin, Amy Alexander
Gender stereotypes—stylized expectations of individuals’ traits and capabilities based on their gender—may affect the behavior of diplomats and the processes of international negotiations. In a survey experiment in the Council of the European Union, we find that female representatives behaving stereotypically weak and vulnerable may trigger a chivalry reaction among male representatives, increasing
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Introduction: The Power of Global Performance Indicators International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Judith G. Kelley, Beth A. Simmons
In recent decades, IGOs, NGOs, private firms and even states have begun to regularly package and distribute information on the relative performance of states. From the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index to the Financial Action Task Force blacklist, global performance indicators (GPIs) are increasingly deployed to influence governance globally. We argue that GPIs derive influence from their ability
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Once Bitten, Twice Shy? Investment Disputes, State Sovereignty, and Change in Treaty Design International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Alexander Thompson, Tomer Broude, Yoram Z. Haftel
More than 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs) provide foreign investors with substantive protections in host states and access to binding investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). In recent years, states increasingly have sought to change their treaty commitments through the practices of renegotiation and termination, so far affecting about 300 IIAs. The received wisdom is that this development
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Blacklists, Market Enforcement, and the Global Regime to Combat Terrorist Financing International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Julia C. Morse
This paper highlights how international organizations can use Global Performance Indicators (GPIs) to drive policy change through transnational market pressure. When international organizations are credible assessors of state policy, and when monitored countries compete for market resources, GPIs transmit information about country risk and stabilize market expectations. Under these conditions banks
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Ethnic Violence in Africa: Destructive Legacies of Pre-Colonial States International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Jack Paine
What explains differential rates of ethnic violence in postcolonial Africa? I argue that ethnic groups organized as a precolonial state (PCS) exacerbated interethnic tensions in their postcolonial country. Insecure leaders in these countries traded off between inclusive coalitions that risked insider coups and excluding other ethnic groups at the possible expense of outsider rebellions. My main hypotheses
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International Investment Law and Foreign Direct Reinvestment International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Rachel L. Wellhausen
One goal of the law is to provide a means to return disputing parties to cooperation. The prevailing expectation is that international investment law largely does not do this; rather, an aggrieved foreign investor sues the host state as a last resort and divests. I use a new database of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) arbitrations and firm-level bilateral investment to show that, in fact,
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The Effects of Political Institutions on the Extensive and Intensive Margins of Trade International Organization Pub Date : 2019-01-01 In Song Kim, John Londregan, Marc Ratkovic
We present a model of political networks that integrates both the choice of trade partners (the extensive margin) and trade volumes (the intensive margin). Our model predicts that regimes secure in their survival, including democracies as well as some consolidated authoritarian regimes, will trade more on the extensive margin than vulnerable autocracies, which will block trade in products that would
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