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A Tool Kit for Relation Induction in Text Analysis Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Dustin S. Stoltz, Marshall A. Taylor, Jennifer S. K. Dudley
Distances derived from word embeddings can measure a range of gradational relations—similarity, hierarchy, entailment, and stereotype—and can be used at the document- and author-level in ways that overcome some of the limitations of weighted dictionary methods. We provide a comprehensive introduction to using word embeddings for relation induction, and demonstrate how such techniques can complement
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Elucidating the Social – Developing Social Process Tracing as an Integrative Framework Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Jonas Gejl Kaas, Mathilde Cecinni, Derek Beach
The promise of process tracing methods is that they can help us better understand how things work in real-world cases. Despite the many advances in the past two decades, we contend that existing accounts result in either under-socialised accounts in which the moves made by actors are studied while neglecting the social dimension of action, or over-socialised accounts that are so focused on social context
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Life-Course-Sensitive Analysis of Group Inequalities: Combining Sequence Analysis With the Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Carla Rowold, Emanuela Struffolino, Anette Eva Fasang
Processes that unfold over individuals’ life courses are often associated with inequalities later in life. The literature lacks methodological approaches to analyze inequalities in outcomes between groups, for example, between women and men, in a life-course-sensitive manner. We propose a combination of methods—of sequence analysis, which enables us to study the multidimensional complexity of life
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Curating Training Data for Reliable Large-Scale Visual Data Analysis: Lessons from Identifying Trash in Street View Imagery1 Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Jackelyn Hwang, Nima Dahir, Mayuka Sarukkai, Gabby Wright
Visual data have dramatically increased in quantity in the digital age, presenting new opportunities for social science research. However, the extensive time and labor costs to process and analyze ...
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Effects of Opioid-Limiting Legislation and Increased Provider Awareness on Postoperative Opioid Use and Complications After Hip Arthroscopy Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 John T. Strony, Yazdan Raji, Jason G. Ina, Jiao Yu, Mark F. Megerian, Samuel W. McCollum, Richard C. Mather, III, Shane J. Nho, Michael J. Salata
Background:On August 31, 2017, Ohio passed legislation that regulates how opioids can be prescribed postoperatively. Studies have shown that such legislation is successful in reducing the morphine ...
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Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Rachel Heutz, Jurgen Claassen, Sanne Feiner, Aaron Davies, Dewakar Gurung, Ronney B Panerai, Rianne de Heus, Lucy C Beishon
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) is a key mechanism that regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF) in response to transient changes in blood pressure (BP). Impairment of dCA could increase vulnerabi...
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Ultra-high-definition (22 MHz) ultrasound of the ulnar nerve: additional value and normative data Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Mike Ruettermann, Dieuwke C. Broekstra, Gerbrand J. Groen, Jan Willem Elting
We studied 30 healthy volunteers (60 arms), categorized into three age groups with equal numbers to verify if a 22 MHz compared with a 15 MHz ultrasound transducer has additional value for studying...
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Book review: Asit Biswas and Shubh Brat Sarkar (Eds.), Dalit Poems, Songs and Dialogues from Bengal in English Translation Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Bidisha Pal
Asit Biswas and Shubh Brat Sarkar (Eds.), Dalit Poems, Songs and Dialogues from Bengal in English Translation (Kolkata: Ababil Books, 2019), 266 pp., ₹495, ISBN: 978-8-1939-3923-9 (Paperback).
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Book review: Juned Shaikh, Outcaste Bombay: City Making and the Politics of the Poor Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-05-01 P. G. Jogdand
Juned Shaikh, Outcaste Bombay: City Making and the Politics of the Poor. Orient BlackSwan Private Ltd, 2021, 227 pp., ₹995.
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Longitudinal QCA: Integrating Time Through Change-Based Intervals (CBIs) and a Flexible Lag Condition (FLC) Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-04-25 Christoph Niessen
In the wake of the methodological developments that aim to render qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) “time sensitive”, I propose a new procedure for carrying out QCA longitudinally. More specif...
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A Method for Estimating Individual Socioeconomic Status of Twitter Users Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-04-16 Yuanmo He, Milena Tsvetkova
The rise of social media has opened countless opportunities to explore social science questions with new data and methods. However, research on socioeconomic inequality remains constrained by limit...
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The Effects of Omitting Components in a Multilevel Model With Social Network Effects Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-03-15 Thomas Suesse, David Steel, Mark Tranmer
Multilevel models are often used to account for the hierarchical structure of social data and the inherent dependencies to produce estimates of regression coefficients, variance components associat...
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Improving Fairness in Criminal Justice Algorithmic Risk Assessments Using Optimal Transport and Conformal Prediction Sets Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 Richard A. Berk, Arun Kumar Kuchibhotla, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen
In the United States and elsewhere, risk assessment algorithms are being used to help inform criminal justice decision-makers. A common intent is to forecast an offender’s “future dangerousness.” S...
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Inter-Rater Reliability Methods in Qualitative Case Study Research Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-02-22 Rosanna Cole
The use of inter-rater reliability (IRR) methods may provide an opportunity to improve the transparency and consistency of qualitative case study data analysis in terms of the rigor of how codes an...
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Video Data Analysis and Police Body-Worn Camera Footage Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-02-20 John D. McCluskey, Craig D. Uchida
Video data analysis (VDA) represents an important methodological framework for contemporary research approaches to the myriad of footage available from cameras, devices, and phones. Footage from po...
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3D Social Research: Analysis of Social Interaction Using Computer Vision Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-02-14 Yoav Goldstein, Nicolas M. Legewie, Doron Shiffer-Sebba
Video data offer important insights into social processes because they enable direct observation of real-life social interaction. Though such data have become abundant and increasingly accessible, ...
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Estimating Causal Effects of Multi-Valued Treatments Accounting for Network Interference: Immigration Policies and Crime Rates Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-01-09 Costanza Tortú, Irene Crimaldi, Fabrizia Mealli, Laura Forastiere
Policy evaluation studies, which assess the effect of an intervention, face statistical challenges: in real-world settings treatments are not randomly assigned and the analysis might be complicated...
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Modeling the Bias of Digital Data: An Approach to Combining Digital With Official Statistics to Estimate and Predict Migration Trends Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2023-01-02 Yuan Hsiao, Lee Fiorio, Jonathan Wakefield, Emilio Zagheni
Obtaining reliable and timely estimates of migration flows is critical for advancing the migration theory and guiding policy decisions, but it remains a challenge. Digital data provide granular inf...
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Multiple imputation of partially observed covariates in discrete-time survival analysis Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-21 Anna-Carolina Haensch, Jonathan Bartlett, Bernd Weiß
Discrete-time survival analysis (DTSA) models are a popular way of modeling events in the social sciences. However, the analysis of discrete-time survival data is challenged by missing data in one ...
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Introduction to Neural Transfer Learning With Transformers for Social Science Text Analysis Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Sandra Wankmüller
Transformer-based models for transfer learning have the potential to achieve high prediction accuracies on text-based supervised learning tasks with relatively few training data instances. These mo...
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Theoretical Foundations and Limits of Word Embeddings: What Types of Meaning can They Capture? Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-07 Alina Arseniev-Koehler
Measuring meaning is a central problem in cultural sociology and word embeddings may offer powerful new tools to do so. But like any tool, they build on and exert theoretical assumptions. In this p...
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The Impact of Survey Mode Design and Questionnaire Length on Measurement Quality Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-04 Alexandru Cernat, Joseph Sakshaug, Pablo Christmann, Tobias Gummer
Mixed-mode surveys are popular as they can save costs and maintain (or improve) response rates relative to single-mode surveys. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear how design decisions like survey mo...
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What Good is Qualitative Literacy Without Data Transparency? Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-04 Colin Jerolmack
Ethnographic and interview research have made significant contributions to cumulative social science and influenced the public conversation around important social issues. However, debates rage ove...
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Sample Selection Matters: Moving Toward Empirically Sound Qualitative Research Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-04 Stefanie DeLuca
Increasingly, the broader public, media and policymakers are looking to qualitative research to provide answers to our most pressing social questions. While an exciting and perhaps overdue moment f...
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The Augmented Social Scientist: Using Sequential Transfer Learning to Annotate Millions of Texts with Human-Level Accuracy Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-04 Salomé Do, Étienne Ollion, Rubing Shen
The last decade witnessed a spectacular rise in the volume of available textual data. With this new abundance came the question of how to analyze it. In the social sciences, scholars mostly resorte...
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Machine Learning as a Model for Cultural Learning: Teaching an Algorithm What it Means to be Fat Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-02 Alina Arseniev-Koehler, Jacob G. Foster
Public culture is a powerful source of cognitive socialization; for example, media language is full of meanings about body weight. Yet it remains unclear how individuals process meanings in public ...
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Politics as Usual? Measuring Populism, Nationalism, and Authoritarianism in U.S. Presidential Campaigns (1952–2020) with Neural Language Models Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-02 Bart Bonikowski, Yuchen Luo, Oscar Stuhler
Radical-right campaigns commonly employ three discursive elements: anti-elite populism, exclusionary and declinist nationalism, and authoritarianism. Recent scholarship has explored whether these f...
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From Ends to Means: The Promise of Computational Text Analysis for Theoretically Driven Sociological Research Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-12-02 Bart Bonikowski, Laura K. Nelson
As the field of computational text analysis within the social sciences is maturing, computational methods are no longer seen as ends in themselves, but rather as means toward answering theoreticall...
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The Sociological Power of Methodological Rhetoric Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-11-29 Jack Katz
Taking a sociological view, we can investigate the empirical consequences of variations in the rhetoric of sociological methodology. The standards advocated in Qualitative Literacy divide communiti...
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Cognitive Plausibility and Qualitative Research Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-11-28 John Levi Martin
Small and Calarco have done the field a great service; we must go further and arm readers with better understandings of when authors have in fact fulfilled Small and Calarco’s strictures.
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Concrete Counterfactual Tests for Process Tracing: Defending an Interventionist Potential Outcomes Framework Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-11-24 Rosa W. Runhardt
This article uses the interventionist theory of causation, a counterfactual theory taken from philosophy of science, to strengthen causal analysis in process tracing research. Causal claims from pr...
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Measuring Class Hierarchies in Postindustrial Societies: A Criterion and Construct Validation of EGP and ESEC Across 31 Countries Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-11-11 O. Smallenbroek, F. Hertel, C. Barone
In social stratification research, the most frequently used social class schema are based on employment relations (EGP and ESEC). These schemes have been propelled to paradigms for research on soci...
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From Strange to Normal: Computational Approaches to Examining Immigrant Incorporation Through Shifts in the Mainstream Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-10-15 Andrea Voyer, Zachary D. Kline, Madison Danton, Tatiana Volkova
This article presents a computational approach to examining immigrant incorporation through shifts in the social “mainstream.” Analyzing a historical corpus of American etiquette books, texts from ...
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When Corporations Are People: Agent Talk and the Development of Organizational Actorhood, 1890–1934 * Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-10-09 Carly Knight
Research in organizational theory takes as a key premise the notion that organizations are “actors.” Organizational actorhood, or agency, depends, in part, on how external audiences perceive organi...
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Comparing Egocentric and Sociocentric Centrality Measures in Directed Networks Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-09-21 Weihua An
Egocentric networks represent a popular research design for network research. However, to what extent and under what conditions egocentric network centrality can serve as reasonable substitutes for...
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A Sample Size Formula for Network Scale-up Studies Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-09-13 Nathaniel Josephs, Dennis M. Feehan, Forrest W. Crawford
The network scale-up method (NSUM) is a survey-based method for estimating the number of individuals in a hidden or hard-to-reach subgroup of a general population. In NSUM surveys, sampled individu...
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The Extended Computational Case Method: A Framework for Research Design Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-09-09 Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra, Prithviraj Pahwa
This paper considers the adoption of computational techniques within research designs modeled after the extended case method. Echoing calls to augment the power of contemporary researchers through ...
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From Text Signals to Simulations: A Review and Complement to Text as Data by Grimmer, Roberts & Stewart (PUP 2022) Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-08-30 James Evans
Text as Data represents a major advance for teaching text analysis in the social sciences, digital humanities and data science by providing an integrated framework for how to conceptualize and depl...
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A Bayesian Semi-Parametric Approach for Modeling Memory Decay in Dynamic Social Networks Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-08-15 Giuseppe Arena, Joris Mulder, Roger Th. A.J. Leenders
In relational event networks, the tendency for actors to interact with each other depends greatly on the past interactions between the actors in a social network. Both the volume of past interactio...
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The Design and Optimality of Survey Counts: A Unified Framework Via the Fisher Information Maximizer Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Xin Guo, Qiang Fu
Grouped and right-censored (GRC) counts have been used in a wide range of attitudinal and behavioural surveys yet they cannot be readily analyzed or assessed by conventional statistical models. Thi...
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A Comparison of Three Popular Methods for Handling Missing Data: Complete-Case Analysis, Inverse Probability Weighting, and Multiple Imputation Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Roderick J. Little, James R. Carpenter, Katherine J. Lee
Missing data are a pervasive problem in data analysis. Three common methods for addressing the problem are (a) complete-case analysis, where only units that are complete on the variables in an anal...
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Attendance, Completion, and Heterogeneous Returns to College: A Causal Mediation Approach Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Xiang Zhou
A growing body of social science research investigates whether the economic payoff to a college education is heterogeneous — in particular, whether disadvantaged youth can benefit more from attendi...
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Assessing the Impact of the Great Recession on the Transition to Adulthood Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-07-26 Guanglei Hong, Ha-Joon Chung
The impact of a major historical event on child and youth development has been of great interest in the study of the life course. This study is focused on assessing the causal effect of the Great R...
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A Crash Course in Good and Bad Controls Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-05-20 Carlos Cinelli, Andrew Forney, Judea Pearl
Many students of statistics and econometrics express frustration with the way a problem known as “bad control” is treated in the traditional literature. The issue arises when the addition of a vari...
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Improving Estimates Accuracy of Voter Transitions. Two New Algorithms for Ecological Inference Based on Linear Programming Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-05-16 Jose M. Pavía, Rafael Romero
The estimation of RxC ecological inference contingency tables from aggregate data is one of the most salient and challenging problems in the field of quantitative social sciences, with major solutions proposed from both the ecological regression and the mathematical programming frameworks. In recent decades, there has been a drive to find solutions stemming from the former, with the latter being less
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The Additional Effects of Adaptive Survey Design Beyond Post-Survey Adjustment: An Experimental Evaluation Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-05-13 Shiyu Zhang, James Wagner
Adaptive survey design refers to using targeted procedures to recruit different sampled cases. This technique strives to reduce bias and variance of survey estimates by trying to recruit a larger and more balanced set of respondents. However, it is not well understood how adaptive design can improve data and survey estimates beyond the well-established post-survey adjustment. This paper reports the
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Who Does What to Whom? Making Text Parsers Work for Sociological Inquiry Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-05-13 Oscar Stuhler
Over the past decade, sociologists have become increasingly interested in the formal study of semantic relations within text. Most contemporary studies focus either on mapping concept co-occurrences or on measuring semantic associations via word embeddings. Although conducive to many research goals, these approaches share an important limitation: they abstract away what one can call the event structure
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A Language-Based Method for Assessing Symbolic Boundary Maintenance between Social Groups Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-05-13 Anjali M. Bhatt, Amir Goldberg, Sameer B. Srivastava
When the social boundaries between groups are breached, the tendency for people to erect and maintain symbolic boundaries intensifies. Drawing on extant perspectives on boundary maintenance, we distinguish between two strategies that people pursue in maintaining symbolic boundaries: boundary retention—entrenching themselves in pre-existing symbolic distinctions—and boundary reformation—innovating new
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Promise Into Practice: Application of Computer Vision in Empirical Research on Social Distancing Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-05-09 Wim Bernasco, Evelien M. Hoeben, Dennis Koelma, Lasse Suonperä Liebst, Josephine Thomas, Joska Appelman, Cees G. M. Snoek, Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard
Social scientists increasingly use video data, but large-scale analysis of its content is often constrained by scarce manual coding resources. Upscaling may be possible with the application of automated coding procedures, which are being developed in the field of computer vision. Here, we introduce computer vision to social scientists, review the state-of-the-art in relevant subfields, and provide
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Why Measurement Invariance is Important in Comparative Research. A Response to Welzel et al. (2021) Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-04-21 Bart Meuleman, Tomasz Żółtak, Artur Pokropek, Eldad Davidov, Bengt Muthén, Daniel L. Oberski, Jaak Billiet, Peter Schmidt
Welzel et al. (2021) claim that non-invariance of instruments is inconclusive and inconsequential in the field for cross-cultural value measurement. In this response, we contend that several key arguments on which Welzel et al. (2021) base their critique of invariance testing are conceptually and statistically incorrect. First, Welzel et al. (2021) claim that value measurement follows a formative rather
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Against the Mainstream: On the Limitations of Non-Invariance Diagnostics: Response to Fischer et al. and Meuleman et al. Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-04-07 Christian Welzel, Stefan Kruse, Lennart Brunkert
Our original 2021 SMR article “Non-Invariance? An Overstated Problem with Misconceived Causes” disputes the conclusiveness of non-invariance diagnostics in diverse cross-cultural settings. Our critique targets the increasingly fashionable use of Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA), especially in its mainstream version. We document—both by mathematical proof and an empirical illustration—that
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Evidence of Validity Does not Rule out Systematic Bias: A Commentary on Nomological Noise and Cross-Cultural Invariance Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Ronald Fischer, Johannes Alfons Karl, Johnny R. J. Fontaine, Ype H. Poortinga
We comment on the argument by Welzel, Brunkert, Kruse and Inglehart (2021) that theoretically expected associations in nomological networks should take priority over invariance tests in cross-national research. We agree that narrow application of individual tools, such as multi-group confirmatory factor analysis with data that violates the assumptions of these techniques, can be misleading. However
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Do Quantitative and Qualitative Research Reflect two Distinct Cultures? An Empirical Analysis of 180 Articles Suggests “no” Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-03-31 David Kuehn, Ingo Rohlfing
The debate about the characteristics and advantages of quantitative and qualitative methods is decades old. In their seminal monograph, A Tale of Two Cultures (2012, ATTC), Gary Goertz and James Mahoney argue that methods and research design practices for causal inference can be distinguished as two cultures that systematically differ from each other along 25 specific characteristics. ATTC’s stated
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Sequential On-Device Multitasking within Online Surveys: A Data Quality and Response Behavior Perspective Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-03-07 Jean Philippe Décieux
The risk of multitasking is high in online surveys. However, knowledge on the effects of multitasking on answer quality is sparse and based on suboptimal approaches. Research reports inconclusive results concerning the consequences of multitasking on task performance. However, studies suggest that especially sequential-multitasking activities are expected to be critical. Therefore, this study focusses
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Bounding Causes of Effects With Mediators Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-03-03 Philip Dawid, Macartan Humphreys, Monica Musio
Suppose X and Y are binary exposure and outcome variables, and we have full knowledge of the distribution of Y, given application of X. We are interested in assessing whether an outcome in some case is due to the exposure. This “probability of causation” is of interest in comparative historical analysis where scholars use process tracing approaches to learn about causes of outcomes for single units
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Iteration in Mixed-Methods Research Designs Combining Experiments and Fieldwork, Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-03-03 Verónica Pérez Bentancur, Lucía Tiscornia
Experimental designs in the social sciences have received increasing attention due to their power to produce causal inferences. Nevertheless, experimental research faces limitations, including limited external validity and unrealistic treatments. We propose combining qualitative fieldwork and experimental design iteratively—moving back-and-forth between elements of a research design—to overcome these
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Social Encounters and the Worlds Beyond: Putting Situationalism to Work for Qualitative Interviews Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-03-02 Anders Vassenden, Marte Mangset
In Goffman's terms, qualitative interviews are social encounters with their own realities. Hence, the ‘situational critique’ holds that interviews cannot produce knowledge about the world beyond these encounters, and that other methods, ethnography in particular, render lived life more accurately. The situational critique cannot be dismissed; yet interviewing remains an indispensable sociological tool
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Abductive Coding: Theory Building and Qualitative (Re)Analysis Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-02-14 Luis Vila-Henninger, Claire Dupuy, Virginie Van Ingelgom, Mauro Caprioli, Ferdinand Teuber, Damien Pennetreau, Margherita Bussi, Cal Le Gall
Qualitative secondary analysis has generated heated debate regarding the epistemology of qualitative research. We argue that shifting to an abductive approach provides a fruitful avenue for qualitative secondary analysts who are oriented towards theory-building. However, the concrete implementation of abduction remains underdeveloped—especially for coding. We address this key gap by outlining a set
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In Search of a Comparable Measure of Generalized Individual Religiosity in the World Values Survey Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-02-09 Alisa Remizova, Maksim Rudnev, Eldad Davidov
Individual religiosity measures are used by researchers to describe and compare individuals and societies. However, the cross-cultural comparability of the measures has often been questioned but rarely empirically tested. In the current study, we examined the cross-national measurement invariance properties of generalized individual religiosity in the sixth wave of the World Values Survey. For the
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Visual Design and Cognition in List-Style Open-Ended Questions in Web Probing Sociological Methods & Research (IF 4.677) Pub Date : 2022-02-08 Katharina Meitinger, Tanja Kunz
Previous research reveals that the visual design of open-ended questions should match the response task so that respondents can infer the expected response format. Based on a web survey including specific probes in a list-style open-ended question format, we experimentally tested the effects of varying numbers of answer boxes on several indicators of response quality. Our results showed that using