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“In the Name of the God of All Names: Yahweh, Obatalá, Olorum”: The 1981 Quilombos Mass as an Ecumenical Pilgrimage in Brazil The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Travis Knoll
On November 22, 1981, thousands of laypeople, along with bishops, priests, and theologians, gathered in Recife to celebrate the Eucharist. Offered during a military dictatorship in a period of popular insurgency, the Quilombos Mass mourned the death of millions in the African slave trade, sought pardon for the Church's past sins, and celebrated the resistance of Blacks in Brazil and beyond its borders
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Registering Race: Inclusion and Omission in Bolivian Military-Service Records 1900–1960 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Elizabeth Shesko
Through presence or absence, indigeneity has long been at the center of Bolivian politics, culture, and nationalism.1 It carries immense social import. Yet what Indigenous means and who gets counted as part of this umbrella category has never been clear or static. Although Bolivia's racial and ethnic categories seem as etched in stone as the Andes themselves, individual classification is fluid and
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Extending Conquest History: Lesser-Known Events and the Fringes of European Conquest The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Teresa Vergara, Francisco Quiroz
Certain characters and their roles in the European conquest of America are well known: Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, and a few others. Likewise, scholarly interest in the conquest has focused on the centers of great political, economic, and cultural entities such as the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica and the Inca Empire in the Central Andes.
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The Sharing of the Profits of the Carrera de Indias: The Actors of the Hispanic Colonial Trade and Their Monopolistic Practices in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Arnaud Bartolomei
The Carrera de Indias, considered as a set of circuits connecting Hispanic America to world markets, does not appear as a “monopoly” reserved solely for the Spanish merchants of Cadiz, but rather as a complex commercial system, structured into three autonomous segments, each of them dominated by a mercantile corporation, more or less formalized. In the central part, which linked the two shores of the
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The Escribano of Babel: Power, Exile, and Enslavement in the Venezuelan Llanos During the War of Independence (1806–1833) The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Ana Joanna Vergara Sierra
This article traces the professional life of Rafael Almarza, the last royal escribano (notary) of Mérida in the captaincy of Venezuela, and his role in undermining monarchical authority among the enslaved community displaced in the plains region (Los Llanos) during the war of independence in 1814-18. Despite their status as minor officials within the Spanish imperial bureaucracy, notaries, through
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“El Principal Enemigo Nacional”: Revolutionary Guatemala's Response to Allied Policy toward German Presence in Latin America (1944–1952) The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 Rodrigo Véliz Estrada
This article examines the migration and expropriation policies of Guatemala's revolutionary governments toward Germans present in the country during the postwar years and the start of the Cold War. It reconstructs the challenges around the domestic and international articulations of their strategy. Revolutionary governments’ concerted efforts to confiscate valuable land and condition the return of
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Masters of the Land: Native Ship and Canal Building During the Spanish-Aztec War The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Kristian J. Fabian
In 1520, during the midst of the conquest of Mexico, Spanish conquistadors and their Native allies embarked on a massive naval project—the construction of 13 brigantines and a canal—needed to help conquer the aquatic city of Tenochtitlan. In the dominant historical literature on the war, the Spanish tend to receive most, if not all, of the credit for the success of the nautical program. The contributions
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African-Descended Women: Power and Social Status in Colonial Oaxaca, 1660–1680 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 Sabrina Smith
On September 28, 1673, Catalina de los Reyes declared before the Royal Tribunal Court that she refused to surrender her property in Oaxaca's provincial capital of Antequera. Her land dispute with the bishop of Oaxaca shows how African-descended women navigated the court system in colonial Mexico and negotiated their social status in this Spanish colonial society. This article examines race and gender
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Kongomania and the Numbers Game The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-10-09 John Thornton
In response to two pieces I wrote in the 1990s, and a section of my book Cultural History of the Atlantic World (2012), David Geggus has charged me with fomenting “Kongomania.” I am a specialist in the history of the Kingdom of Kongo, it is true, and in both pieces, Kongo's history was an important part of the argument. In spite of my own fondness for Kongo and its role in the world, I plead not guilty
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Envisioning Empire from Inside the United States: Exile, Constitutional Monarchism, and Ethnic Conflict in Post-Independence Mexico The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 Nicolás Alejandro González Quintero
This article examines Tiburcio Campe's newspaper El Español, a brief yet concerted effort by exiled Spanish liberals in New Orleans that drew on the Cádiz constitutional experiment to demand the return of imperial rule in Mexico in the late 1820s. Exiled from Mexico as a consequence of the expulsion laws against Spaniards (españoles), Campe used his newspaper to criticize republican exclusionary policies
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How to Become a Historian of Latin America: The Extraordinary Career of Frank Tannenbaum The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Barbara Weinstein
In January 2001, before the Conference on Latin American History decided to link its annual luncheon address to the recipient of its Distinguished Service Award, I had the honor of speaking at the CLAH luncheon, and in that previous talk I briefly discussed the circumstances that led to my becoming a Latin Americanist. Here I return to the theme of becoming a historian of Latin America, but this time
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Why Indigenous Slavery Continued in Spanish America after the New Laws of 1542 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Nancy E. van Deusen
A prevailing idea in the scholarly literature is that the New Laws of 1542 outlawed the enslavement of indios (Indigenous people of the Spanish Indies, a category invented by Europeans) in Spanish America. Many see the enactment of this legislation as emblematic of the Spanish crown's exertion of imperial authority over the conquerors who had caused irreparable damage to the Indigenous peoples of the
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Jesuits as Petitioners: Antonio Ruiz de Montoya and the Issue of Indigenous Slavery in the Early Seventeenth-Century South Atlantic The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Francismar Alex Lopes de Carvalho
In the Spanish monarchy, corporations, religious orders, and other petitioners kept procurators in Madrid to lobby the royal councils on their behalf. Drawing on an efficient network of information, the Madrid-based Jesuit procurators were known for their insistence on solving the financial and personnel needs of several missions throughout the New World. This article analyzes a series of petitions
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A Pioneer in Caribbean History: Franklin Knight Reflects on Cuba The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Franklin W. Knight, Lillian Guerra
Lillian: Let's start with you telling a little about yourself. Franklin: I was born in 1942 in Jamaica. I went to elementary school, of course, and took the mandatory “Eleven-Plus” general examination in 1953. I then left elementary school and for a year attended a small private high school with my two older brothers. The school system was a little different from the United States. I know that well
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“In the Name of the (God)Father”: Baptismal Naming in Early Colonial Guatemala The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 Mallory E. Matsumoto
This article examines baptismal naming in sixteenth-century Guatemala in the context of Indigenous adaptation to the sociopolitical upheavals of Spanish-led invasion, forced resettlement, and the imposition of Catholicism. As part of the institution of baptism—the first Catholic sacrament and one that missionaries implemented soon after their arrival in the Spanish Americas—Indigenous baptizees received
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A Confounded Statistic: Turn-of-the-Century Mexican Agriculture in Incommensurable Terms The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 Casey Marina Lurtz
In 1899, municipal officials throughout Mexico sent tables of agricultural statistics to Mexico City to assist in the preparation of a special publication for the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition, where the Mexican government hoped it would impress the world with Mexico's modernity and potential. Though the activity was nothing new, the ways in which municipal officials provided the requested information
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The Mechanics of the Alcabalas: Reform, Local Bargaining, and Dwindling Taxation in New Granada, 1750–1810 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 James V. Torres
This article studies the mechanics of sales taxes in the viceroyalty of New Granada (present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and western Venezuela) during the second half of the eighteenth century. Advocating a careful examination of the accounting, institutional, and fiscal practices of North Andean customs houses, it provides an extensive discussion on how tax records can be harnessed to study the
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Papeles Seductivos: Friars, Intermediaries, and Organizers in the Huánuco Rebellion of 1812 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Taylor Cozzens
In February and March of 1812, Indigenous, mestizo, and creole rebels led an uprising in and around the colonial city of Huánuco in the viceroyalty of Peru. The diversity of the insurgent army reflected, to an extent, the vision of bilingual friars who, in the months preceding the uprising, had written, translated, and distributed pasquinades that called on residents to unite and drive out the Spanish
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Emancipation and Imperialism in a Borderland: The Challenge to Settler Sovereignty over Slavery in Belize in the 1820s The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Rajeshwari Dutt
This article points to the 1820s as a crucial period that saw a great reversal in the location of sovereignty in Belize. The article employs two inflection points—first, an 1822 case of ‘Indian’ slaves from Mosquito Shore, and second, slave desertion in 1825—to point to unprecedented challenges to settler sovereignty over slavery in Belize that arose during the 1820s. While British amelioration allowed
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Why Rara Burns Judas during Lent: Rethinking the Origins of Catholic Elements in Haitian Culture from an Afro-Iberian Perspective The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Jeroen Dewulf
Until the 1980s, Catholic elements in Haitian culture tended to be interpreted exclusively in connection to the forced conversion of the enslaved population under French rule. This changed following John Thornton's groundbreaking research into the development of Christianity in early modern Africa—Kongo in particular—and the awareness that a significant number of enslaved Africans already identified
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Land and the Language of Race: State Colonization and the Privatization of Indigenous Lands in Araucanía, Chile (1871–1916) The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Romina Green Rioja
This article explores the vision, process, and reaction to the privatization of Mapuche lands in Araucanía, Chile, from 1871 to 1916. It shows how politicians developed a racial vision for Araucanía between 1871 and 1882 during the final battle with independent Mapuche forces. Chilean government officials and elite societies created land policies that targeted the removal of indigenous populations
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Revolutionary Refugee Policy: Salvadorans and Statecraft in Sandinista Nicaragua (1979–1990) The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Rachael De La Cruz
During the 1980s, more than 20,000 Salvadorans fleeing the violence of the Salvadoran Civil War entered the neighboring country of Nicaragua. Their flight was part of a larger multidirectional migration out of El Salvador in which Salvadorans sought refuge across Central and North America. In response to this unprecedented influx of Salvadoran refugee men, women, and children, the Nicaraguan government—newly
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Tales of Ancestry, Inheritance, and Possession: New Documentary Evidence on Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala and the First General Land Inspection The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 José Carlos de la Puente Luna
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 1616 El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno stands as the author's staggering attempt to obtain by privilege that which he could not secure through justice: status as a native lord and title to lands. Indeed, the last 20 years of the native chronicler's life as we know it, roughly from 1595 to 1615, are marked by the usual milestones of an ascending clerical career in
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“They Have Been United As Sisters”: Women Leaders and Political Power in Black Lay Confraternities of Colonial Lima The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-10-25 Marcella Hayes
In Lima in the seventeenth century, both free and enslaved black women held elected leadership roles in black confraternities (corporate bodies of lay Catholics). These women occupied a public position generally reserved for men; their Spanish and indigenous counterparts did not hold comparable roles. Though their experiences have not been documented in scholarly literature, they were highly visible
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Making the “Citizen Constitution”: Popular Participation in the Brazilian Transition to Democracy, 1985–1988 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-10-03 Daniel McDonald
This article examines popular participation in the making of Brazil's 1988 post-authoritarian “Citizen Constitution.” In 1987, Brazilians submitted 122 popular amendments (emendas populares) supported by over 12 million signatures to the National Constituent Assembly (1987–88). As this article contends, this extraordinary experiment in popular constitution-making problematizes notions of Brazil's transition
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The Changing Meaning of Cooperation: Rural Electrification in Cold War Peru, 1964–1976 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-09-08 Gonzalo Romero Sommer
This article deals with the politics of Peruvian rural electrification during the Cold War years. In 1964, the inhabitants of the Mantaro Valley established the Cooperativa Eléctrica Comunal del Centro Ltda. 127, with the help of the central government and American aid agencies in the context of the Alliance for Progress. At first, this rural electric cooperative was seen as a legitimate way to channel
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Of Madres and Mayordomas: Native Women and Religious Leadership in Colonial Chiapas The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-09-08 Brianna Leavitt-Alcántara
Scholars often assume that women's exclusion from the modern civil-religious cargo system in Mexico is a colonial legacy. But an analysis of Chiapas's surviving colonial cofradía books, approximately 200 in all, reveals that formalized female religious leadership was widespread in this region during the colonial period. Close to 50 cofradías in over 20 different towns elected female officials. Indigenous
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Transcription, Translation, and Collaboration The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-07-15 Rebecca J. Scott
This short essay, prepared on the occasion of the conferral of the Distinguished Service Award of the Conference on Latin American History, uses various examples to illustrate the pleasure to be drawn from the day-to-day work of academic history. It opens with reflections on the practice of transcription, the act of bringing recognizable syllables and words out of the often baffling strokes of the
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Double Bind: Alejandro Lipschütz and the Failure of Transnational Indigenismo in Chile The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-06-06 John Stegeman
This article examines the life and career of Alejandro Lipschütz, Chile's most accomplished indigenista, to investigate his influence on the scientific and political discourse about the role of indigenous peoples in modern American states, known as indigenismo. Trained as an experimental biologist, Lipschütz criticized prevailing views of race in the Americas, arguing for a social interpretation and
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Manuel Zapata Olivella, Racial Politics and Pan-Africanism in Colombia in the 1970s The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Laura Correa Ochoa
The First Congress of Black Culture of the Americas, held in Cali, Colombia, in August 1977 and organized by Afro-Colombian intellectual Manuel Zapata Olivella, was the first Pan-Africanist conference held in Latin America. This paper examines the obstacles Afro-Latin American activists faced in organizing a racially defined event and analyzes how they articulated their own interpretations of black
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Peace Came in the Sign of the Cross: Ritualized Diplomacy Among Natives and Spaniards in the Sonora-Arizona Borderlands, 1694–1836 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-06-01 José Manuel Moreno Vega
This article analyzes the meanings and uses of crosses in the interactions among diverse indigenous groups and colonizers in the Sonoran frontier of northern New Spain during the eighteenth century and beyond. By showing that colonial expansion was a process that included persuasion within a context of violence, it highlights diplomacy through exchanges facilitated by cultural parallels and hybridity
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Order and Disorder in the Court:Press Law, Politics, and the Sedition Trials of Chile's Early Republic, 1813–1851 The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-05-26 James A. Wood
This article explores the phenomenon of the sedition trial in the early history of the Spanish American republics, focusing on sedition trials that occurred in Santiago de Chile from the late 1820s to the early 1850s. Sedition trials were governed by laws enacted in the wake of Chile's political independence to protect and regulate the freedom of the press. Because of the way press laws were written
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Black and Indigenous Resistance - Black and Indigenous Resistance in the Americas: From Multiculturalism to Racist Backlash. Edited by Juliet Hooker. Translated by Giorleny Altamirano Rayo, Aileen Ford, and Steven Lownes. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington, 2020. Pp. vii, 330. Acknowledgments. Afterword. Index. About the Contributors. $115.00 cloth; $109.00 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Julie L. Williams
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Central Mexican Nahuatl Writing - Deciphering Aztec Hieroglyphs: A Guide to Nahuatl Writing. By Gordon Whittaker. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. Pp. 224. 150 color illustrations. $34.95 cloth. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Dominique E. Polanco
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Moriscos and Muslims - Forbidden Passages: Muslims and Moriscos in Colonial Spanish America. By Karoline P. Cook. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. 272. $45.00 cloth. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Francisco Quiroz Chueca
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Colonial Church Clothing - Clothing the New World Church: Liturgical Textiles of Spanish America, 1520–1820. By Maya Stanfield-Mazzi. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2021. Pp. 432. 186 illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $50.00 cloth; $37.99 paper; $37.00 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Ray Hernández-Durán
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Pícaros in Bourbon Mexico - Fugitive Freedom: The Improbable Lives of Two Impostors in Late Colonial Mexico. By William B. Taylor. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. Pp. xiv, 207. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $24.95 cloth; $24.95 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Eileen Ford
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Mexico's Revolutionary State - Soldiers, Saints, and Shamans: Indigenous Communities and the Revolutionary State in Mexico's Gran Nayar, 1910–1940. By Nathaniel Morris. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2020. Pp. ix, 371. Abbreviations. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $55.00 cloth; $55.00 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Stephen Neufeld
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Latin American Relations with the United States - The Third Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations since 1889. Second edition, revised. By Mark T. Gilderhus, David C. LaFevor, and Michael J. LaRosa. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017. Pp. 303. $95.00 cloth; $ 39.95 paper. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 John J. Dwyer
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Guatemala - Ladina Social Activism in Guatemala City, 1871–1954. By Patricia Harms. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2020. Pp. 422. $75.00 cloth. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Abigail Adams
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Ecuador's Indigenous Movements and Neoliberal Multiculturalism - Undoing Multiculturalism: Resource Extraction and Indigenous Rights in Ecuador. By Carmen Martínez Novo. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021. Pp. 296. $50.00 cloth. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Marc Becker
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A Black Soldier's Story: The Narrative of Ricardo Batrell and the Cuban War of Independence. By Ricardo Batrell Oviedo. Edited and translated by Mark A. Sanders. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. Pp. 240. $75.00 cloth; $24.95 paper. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 D. S.
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Interethnic Relations in Colonial Paraguay - Colonial Kinship: Guaraní, Spaniards, and Africans in Paraguay. By Shawn Michael Austin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2020. Pp. 382. $85.00 cloth; $85.00 paper; $85.00 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Damian A. Gonzales Escudero
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Politics of Food - Gastropolitics and the Specter of Race: Stories of Capital, Culture, and Coloniality in Peru. By María Elena García. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. Pp. 291. $85.00 cloth; $29.95 paper; $29.95 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Rosa Elena Carrasquillo
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Ecuadorian Left in the 1950s - The CIA in Ecuador. By Marc Becker. Durham: Duke University Press, 2021. Pp. 336. $104.95 cloth; $27.95 paper. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Colby Ristow
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Pueblos, Plains & Province: New Mexico in the Seventeenth Century. By Joseph P. Sánchez. Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2021. Pp. 325. $48.00 cloth; $38.00 e-book. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Joshua J. Jeffers
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Graphic History of the Age of Revolution - Witness to the Age of Revolution: The Odyssey of Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru. By Charles F. Walker and Liz Clarke. Graphic History Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 192. 91 color illustrations. $24.95 paper. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Mark Rice
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Racialized Identities of Latinos - Inventing Latinos: A New Story of American Racism. By Laura E. Gómez. New York: New Press, 2020. Pp. 255. $29.95 cloth. The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 Jennifer Domino Rudolph
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Silencing Rebellious Priests: Rodolfo Escamilla García and the Repression of Progressive Catholicism in Cold-War Mexico The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-22 Jaime M. Pensado
This article examines the silencing and repression of rebellious priests in Mexico from the 1940s to the mid 1970s and places the divergent actors that composed the Catholic Church during this period as key players in the Cold War. It examines the web of personal and organizational connections of a single emblematic individual whose transnational history has been mostly absent from the accounts of
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Catholic Mobilizations in Twentieth-Century Mexico: From Pious Lynchings and Fascist Salutes to a “Catholic 1968,” Maoist Priests, and the Post-Cristero Apocalypse The Americas (IF 0.529) Pub Date : 2022-03-17 Matthew Butler
This special issue, fruit of an American Historical Association panel on the entanglements of Catholicism and nationhood after Mexico's Cristero War (1926-29), offers five new histories that cumulatively give the lie to anything so monolithic as a twentieth-century “Catholic history.” As is well known, the Cristero War was a major armed confrontation between the Church and the postrevolutionary state