-
History of the Tromsø ionosphere heating facility History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-22 Michael T. Rietveld,Peter Stubbe
Abstract. We present the historical background of the construction of a major ionospheric heating facility, “Heating”, near Tromsø, Norway, in the 1970s by the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy; we also detail the facility's subsequent operational history to the present. Heating was built next to the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) incoherent scatter (IS) radar facility
-
Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis? Essay on cycle concepts in geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic practices History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Daniel Galvão Carnier Fragoso,Matheus Kuchenbecker,Antonio Jorge Campos Magalhães,Claiton Marlon Dos Santos Scherer,Guilherme Pederneiras Raja Gabaglia,André Strasser
Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explainingobservations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perceptionsignificantly influences the worldview of modern societies, includingseveral areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time
-
Pioneers of the ice age models: a brief history from Agassiz to Milankovitch History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2022-03-30 M. Efe Ateş
Abstract. It is now widely accepted that astronomical factorstrigger the emergence of glacial and interglacial periods. However, nearlytwo centuries ago, the overall situation was not as apparent as it is today.In this article, I briefly discuss the astronomical model of ice ages putforward in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This period was indeed anni mirabiles forscientists to understand the ice
-
History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first 2 decades History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-31 Gudmund Wannberg
Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of theKiruna–Sodankylä–Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced andremembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 14 additional sections. Sections 2 to 7 describe the organisation, staffing andresponsibilities of the sites, with particular emphasis on thetransmitter-related work at Tromsø and the
-
The bicentenary of Georg Hartung, a German pioneer geologist, explorer, and illustrator History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-09 Carlos A. Góis-Marques,Miguel Menezes de Sequeira,José Madeira
Abstract. We present a tribute to Georg Friedrich Karl Hartung (1821–1891), a less-known, non-academic German geologist, on his 200th birthday anniversary. Influenced by eminent 19th century scientificpersonalities, such as Oswald Heer, Charles Lyell, and Alexander vonHumboldt, he performed pioneer geological observations and sampling in theAzores, Madeira, and Canary Islands volcanic archipelagos
-
On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835–1908) History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-14 Pablo J. Torres Carbonell
Abstract. High-quality research developed during the 19th centuryestablished the foundations of rock strain investigations. Carefulobservation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocksallowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are stillused today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, andapplying basic scientific methodology, these researchers
-
Tradition of geodetic instruments production in the Czech Republic History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-07 Pavel Hánek,Pavel Hánek Sr.
Abstract. The article describes the development of geodeticsurveying and production of geodetic instruments in what is now Czech Republic.The beginnings of development can be found in the 12th–13th centuriesduring the colonization of the territory and the consolidation of stateadministration. Significant development peaks occurred in the 14th centuryduring the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor and King
-
Eduard Heis, an early pioneer in meteor research History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-23 Ulrich Sperberg
Abstract. At the beginning of the 19th century, meteor observations were not well established. One of its pioneers, who observedmeteors on a regular basis, was Eduard Heis in Münster, Germany. Wesummarise the life of this scientist. Besides his main task of teachingmathematics in Aachen and Münster, he observed atmospheric phenomena and variable stars with exceptional perseverance. He was an editorof
-
Early history of sudden commencement investigation and some newly discovered historical facts History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Yasuharu Sano,Hiroshi Nagano
Abstract. The history of the research on the SC (sudden commencement) of magnetic storms before World War II is studied in this paper. Since geomagnetic research activities before World War II are still not yet fully known, this paper aims to reveal some historical facts related to SC investigation at that time. The first conclusion of this paper is the possible first discoverer of the simultaneity
-
The Geophysical Observatory in Sodankylä, Finland – past and present History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-08-05 Tilmann Bösinger
Abstract. After a preface, we will first try to depict the history of the GeophysicalObservatory in Sodankylä (SGO) by referring to the personalities who have run and have shaped the observatory. Thereafter, we describe the history from a technical point of view, i.e., what the measurements were, and which instruments were primarily used at the observatory. We will also refer to present operational
-
The Great Comet of 1577: a Palestinian observation History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-06-09 Sam M. Silverman,Eran Limor
Abstract. C/1577 V1 was one of the brightest comets and one of the few earlyobserved twin-tail comets. This paper presents the historical and culturalbackground for the observation of the comet from Safed, Palestine (1577).
-
The temperature–CO2 climate connection: an epistemological reappraisal of ice-core messages History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-05-26 Pascal Richet
-
History of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific results History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-05-11 Raymond A. Greenwald
Abstract. Part I of this history describes the motivations for developing radars in the high frequency (HF) band to study plasma density irregularities in the F region of the auroral zone and polar cap ionospheres. French and Swedish scientists were the first to use HF frequencies to study the Doppler velocities of HF radar backscatter from F-region plasma density irregularities over northern Sweden
-
Book review: From Crust to Core – A Chronicle of Deep Carbon Science by Simon Mitton History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-05-11 Mohamed Ali Bouhifd
-
The formation of ionospheric physics – confluence of traditions and threads of continuity History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-04-07 Aitor Anduaga
Abstract. This paper examines how ionospheric physics emerged as a research specialityin Britain, Germany, and the United States in the first four decades of the20th century. It argues that the formation of this discipline can beviewed as the confluence of four deep-rooted traditions in which scientistsand engineers transformed, from within, research areas connected toradio wave propagation and geomagnetism
-
A brief history of ball lightning observations by scientists and trained professionals History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Alexander G. Keul
Abstract. With thousands of eyewitness reports, but fewinstrumental records and no consensus about a theory, ball lightning remainsan unsolved problem in atmospheric physics. As chances to monitor thistransient phenomenon are low, it seems promising to evaluate observationreports by scientists and trained professionals. The following work compiles20 published case histories and adds 15 from the author's
-
The history of the Geophysical Service of Austria History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-15 Wolfgang A. Lenhardt
Abstract. A brief summary will be given of the historical development ofGeophysical Service of Austria, which comprises the national geomagnetic,gravimetric and seismological services as well as the “Applied GeophysicsSection” located at the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik(ZAMG) in Vienna in Austria. The paper presents the achievements, changesand challenges of the Department from its
-
The legacy of the Haldde Observatory History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Asgeir Brekke
Abstract. A historical review of the establishment of the HalddeObservatory in Bossekop, Kaafjord, Finnmark, in northern Norway is presentedtogether with some of the scientific outcomes of the efforts and theaftermath of this enterprise that led to the establishment of theUniversity of Tromsø in 1968 and finally the inauguration of the HalddeObservatory as a historic site by the European Physical Society
-
Time and tide: pendulum clocks and gravity tides History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-09-16 Duncan C. Agnew
Abstract. Tidal fluctuations in gravity will affect the period of a pendulum and hence the timekeeping of any such clock that uses one. Since pendulum clocks were, until the 1940s, the best timekeepers available, there has been interest in seeing if tidal effects could be observed in the best performing examples of these clocks. The first such observation was in 1929, before gravity tides were measured
-
Behind the curve: a comparison of historical sources for the Carnegie curve of the global atmospheric electric circuit History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-09-11 R. Giles Harrison
Abstract. The “Carnegie curve” describes the diurnal variation of the global atmospheric electric circuit. It was originally found from atmospheric electric potential gradient (PG) measurements made on the Carnegie, effectively a floating atmospheric electrical observatory, which undertook global cruises between 1915 and 1929. These measurements confirmed that the single diurnal cycle PG variation
-
Carl Friedrich Gauss and the Gauss Society: a brief overview History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-09-08 Axel D. Wittmann
Abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) was one of the most eminent scientists of all time. He was born in Brunswick, studied in Gottingen, passed his doctoral examination in Helmstedt, and from 1807 until his death, was the director of the Gottingen Astronomical Observatory. As a professor of astronomy, he worked in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, geodesy, and physics, where he made world-famous
-
Physical earth and its sciences in Istanbul: a journey from pre-modern (Islamic) to modern times History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Ferhat Ozcep
Abstract. Researching, compiling and analysing geophysical ideas and measurements in historical periods will contribute to the historical development of earth science. Also, this is important for geophysicists working on time-dependent (historical) data and revealing the physical properties of the earth. This paper is focused on the earth and its sciences (with concepts, ideas and measurements) in
-
Sixtieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (1957–2017) – contribution of the Soviet Union History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-08-17 Yulia S. Lyubovtseva, Alexei D. Gvishiani, Anatoly A. Soloviev, Olga O. Samokhina, Roman I. Krasnoperov
Abstract. The International Geophysical Year (IGY) was the most significant international scientific event in geophysical sciences in the history of mankind. This was the largest international experiment that brought together about 300 000 scientists from 67 countries. Well-planned activity of national and international committees was organized for the first time. The history of the IGY organization
-
How the Liverpool Tidal Institute was established: industry, navy and academia History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-07-22 Anna Carlsson-Hyslop
Abstract. This paper outlines the establishment of the Liverpool Tidal Institute in 1919. There is a particular focus on early patrons andsupporters in the context of both previous tidal research on the accuracy of predictions and debates about the involvement of state actors in scienceat the end of the First World War. It discusses how, and to what extent,various actors – Liverpool University, the
-
Introduction to the special issue “Atmospheric electrical observatories” History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-07-03 Karen L. Aplin
-
Editorial: Ten years of History of Geo- and Space Sciences History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-06-30 Kristian Schlegel
-
Evolution of the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC) History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-06-05 Afnan Tahir, Muhammad Ayyaz Ameen, Madeeha Talha, Ghulam Murtaza, Muneeza Salman Ali, Gohar Ali
Abstract. This work focuses on the progress of space weather monitoring in Pakistan. Pakistan's first geomagnetic observatory was established in Quetta in 1953. However, the beginning of what we would now call space weather services on a formal level took place in 1971, when the national space agency, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), established the country's first
-
A scientific career launched at the start of the space age: Michael Rycroft at 80 History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-05-29 Karen L. Aplin, R. Giles Harrison, Martin Füllekrug, Betty Lanchester, François Becker
Abstract. The scientific career of Michael Rycroft (born in 1938) spans the space age, during which significant changes have occurred in how scientists work, experiment, and interact. Here, as part of his 80th birthday celebrations, we review his career to date in terms of the social and structural changes in collaborative international science. His contributions to research, teaching, and management
-
At the dawn of global climate modeling: the strange case of the Leith atmosphere model History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-04-24 Kevin Hamilton
Abstract. A critical stage in the development of our ability to model and project climate change occurred in the late 1950s–early 1960s when the first primitive-equation atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) were created. A rather idiosyncratic project to develop an AGCM was conducted virtually alone by Cecil E. Leith starting near the end of the 1950s. The Leith atmospheric model (LAM) appears
-
Provenance of the cross sign of 806 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a possible lunar halo over continental Europe? History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-04-20 Yuta Uchikawa, Les Cowley, Hisashi Hayakawa, David M. Willis, F. Richard Stephenson
Abstract. While graphical records of astronomical/meteorological events before telescopic observations are of particular interest, they have frequently undergone multiple instances of copying and may have been modified from the original. Here, we analyse a graphical record of the cross sign of 806 CE in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC), which has been considered one of the earliest datable halo drawings
-
Karl Friedrich Almstedt – scientist, teacher, and co-founder of the German Geophysical Society History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-04-16 Karl-Heinz Glassmeier
Abstract. The German Geophysical Society was founded in 1922 as the Deutsche Seismologische Vereinigung. One of the 24 founders of this society was Karl Friedrich Almstedt. Born in 1891 and deceased in 1964, Almstedt represents a generation of academics and scientists who grew up during the decline of the European empires, experiencing the devastations of the two World Wars and the cruelties of the
-
Measurements of atmospheric electricity in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory, Hungary History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-04-08 József Bór, Gabriella Sátori, Veronika Barta, Karolina Szabóné-André, Judit Szendrői, Viktor Wesztergom, Tamás Bozóki, Attila Buzás, Dávid Koronczay
Abstract. The Szechenyi Istvan Geophysical Observatory, also known as the Nagycenk Geophysical Observatory (NCK), was established in 1957. It has been the only measurement site in Hungary where observations of various parameters of the atmospheric global electric circuit are made in the framework of organized research under the umbrella of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA). Measurements of the
-
The configuration of the Pontus Euxinus in Ptolemy's Geography History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 Dmitry A. Shcheglov
Abstract. This article aims to explain how Ptolemy could have constructed a map of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), as described in his Geography, under the assumption that his sources were similar to those that have come down to us. The method employed is based on the comparison of Ptolemy's data with corresponding information from other ancient sources, revealing the most conspicuous similarities
-
Tide prediction machines at the Liverpool Tidal Institute History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-03-20 Philip L. Woodworth
Abstract. The 100th anniversary of the Liverpool Tidal Institute (LTI) was celebrated during 2019. One aspect of tidal science for which the LTI acquired a worldwide reputation was the development and use of tide prediction machines (TPMs). The TPM was invented in the late 19th century, but most of them were made in the first half of the 20th century, up until the time that the advent of digital computers
-
A 1782–1794 sea level record at Trieste (northern Adriatic) History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2020-02-21 Fabio Raicich
Abstract. The physician Leonardo Vordoni recorded sea heights at Trieste from 1782 to 1794 because of his interest in studying the connections between tides and the course of diseases that he attributed to the same forces. The data, expressed in Paris feet and inches (1 ft = 12 in. = 32.4845 cm), consist of heights measured on a pole, relative to the green algae belt corresponding to the mean high
-
The Struve Geodetic Arc: the development of the triangulation, technical possibilities, and the initiation of the project History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-10-25 Ruta Puziene
Abstract. The determination of parameters of the Earth's ellipsoid is quite a difficult task that gives no rest to scientists to this day. One of the more famous works is the Struve Geodetic Arc, which was stretched from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean by employing the method of a triangulation network and which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. However, until this project was implemented
-
Book review: Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 by Stephen Burt and Tim Burt History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-10-10 Karen L. Aplin
The Radcliffe Meteorological Station in Oxford is unique in the UK, and it is one of a handful of stations worldwide to have maintained continuous observations at the same site since 1815. The (unrelated) authors were inspired to prepare Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767, the first book about the station, by the bicentennial event held in 2015. Twin motivations are the lack of detailed publications
-
The early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory and the incoherent scatter technique History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-10-02 Ronald F. Woodman, Donald T. Farley, Ben B. Balsley, Marco A. Milla
Abstract. The purpose of these historical notes is to present the early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), a research facility that has been conducting observations and studies of the equatorial ionosphere for more than 50 years. We have limited the scope of these notes to the period of the construction of the observatory and roughly the first decade of its operation. Specifically, this
-
The curious case of the Milankovitch calendar History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-09-26 Nenad Gajic
Abstract. The Gregorian calendar, despite being more precise than the Julian (which now lags 13 d behind Earth), will also lag a day behind nature in this millennium. In 1923, Milutin Milankovitch presented a calendar of outstanding scientific importance and unprecedented astronomical accuracy, which was accepted at the Ecumenical Congress of Eastern Orthodox churches. However, its adoption is still
-
Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the 20th century: Alec Westley Skempton History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-08-29 Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente, Vicente Alcaraz Carrillo de Albornoz
Abstract. Sir Alec Westley Skempton (4 June 1914–9 August 2001) was an English civil engineer and Professor of Soil Mechanics at Imperial College London from 1955 and Head of Department until he retired in 1981. He is often referred to as one of the founding fathers of soil mechanics in the UK and around the world and as one of the most important engineers of the 20th century. Skempton established
-
Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar: history, present and future History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-08-21 Andrey V. Medvedev, Alexander P. Potekhin
Abstract. The article focuses on the history of ionospheric research using the incoherent scatter method at the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics and development of the only incoherent scatter radar in Russia, which is located near Irkutsk. It describes the radar features and the current situation of research at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR). Operating modes and types of measurements
-
Auroral hydrogen emissions: a historic survey History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-06-05 Alv Egeland, William J. Burke
Abstract. Auroral spectroscopy provided the first tool for remotely sensing the compositions and dynamics of the high-latitude ionosphere. In 1885, Balmer discovered that the visible hydrogen spectrum consists of a series of discrete lines whose wavelengths follow a simple mathematical pattern, which ranks among the first steps toward developing this tool. On 18 October 1939 Lars Vegard discovered
-
Heliogeophysical prediction service in Poland:past, present and future History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-17 Zbigniew Klos, Iwona Stanislawska, Beata Dziak-Jankowska
Abstract. The Regional Warning Centre (RWC) of Warsaw operates as the Heliogeophysical Forecasting Centre in the Space Research Centre (SRC) of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It is involved in the current collection of a large volume of data exchanged with the International Space Environment Service (ISES) and received directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical
-
IAGA: a major role in understanding our magnetic planet History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Mioara Mandea, Eduard Petrovský
Abstract. Throughout the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics's (IUGG's) centennial anniversary, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is holding a series of activities to underline the ground-breaking facts in the area of geomagnetism and aeronomy. Over 100 years, the history of these research fields is rich, and here we present a short tour through some of the International
-
Preface to the special issue “The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: from different spheres to a common globe” History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Jo Ann Joselyn, Alik Ismail-Zadeh
Many environmental challenges facing society since the last century require international solutions. Examples include exploration of the Earth and its environment in space; exploration of our rivers, oceans, and atmosphere; climate change; securing clean water and energy; and understanding and mitigating disasters due to natural hazard events. Earth and space sciences lie at the heart of these challenges
-
IAVCEI: from small beginnings to a vibrant international association History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Raymond A. F. Cas
Abstract. The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) was formed following the end of World War I at the inaugural general assembly (GA) of the International Research Council in Brussels in 1919, where the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was constituted. IAVCEI was then known as the Section for Volcanology (SV) and was one of six
-
IUGG evolves (1940–2000) History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Jo Ann Joselyn, Alik Ismail-Zadeh
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) began anew after World War II with a new governance and membership structure. The technologies developed during the war were brought to bear in the extraordinary global scientific effort that was the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Major changes in the geopolitical landscape have brought about further changes in IUGG's structure
-
IUGG in the 21st century History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Jo Ann Joselyn, Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Tom Beer, Harsh Gupta, Masaru Kono, Uri Shamir, Michael Sideris, Kathryn Whaler
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) has vigorously responded to a number of the natural, scientific, and technological challenges and driving forces that have marked the 21st century thus far. This paper reviews the actions of the Union that were precipitated by disasters caused by natural hazard events, climatic and environmental changes, and important scientific advances
-
IACS: past, present, and future of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Ian Allison, Charles Fierz, Regine Hock, Andrew Mackintosh, Georg Kaser, Samuel U. Nussbaumer
Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union to be formed in over 80 years
-
IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Johannes Schweitzer, Thorne Lay
Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904 was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the International Association
-
IAHS: a brief history of hydrology History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Dan Rosbjerg, John Rodda
Abstract. After describing the hydrological cycle and defining hydrology in the introduction, the early historical development of hydrology is briefly presented in the second section. Then the incorporation of hydrology within the IUGG and the subsequent development of the association are described chronologically. This description is organized into five sections corresponding to five different periods
-
IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939) History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Jo Ann Joselyn
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of already-existing international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology, and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a Section of scientific hydrology was added, making a total of seven Sections
-
IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Denise Smythe-Wright, W. John Gould, Trevor J. McDougall, Stefania Sparnocchia, Philip L. Woodworth
Abstract. Our 21st century perspective on the oceans is due to the realization that knowledge of them and specifically their role in earth's climate are central to determining the future health of our planet. This present knowledge of the oceans builds on the farsighted work of people who, over the past century, worked to address seemingly intractable problems. The International Association for the
-
IAMAS: a century of international cooperation in atmospheric sciences History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Michael C. MacCracken, Hans Volkert
Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding
-
The International Association of Geodesy: from an ideal sphere to an irregular body subjected to global change History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-04-16 Hermann Drewes, József Ádám
Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus ( ∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions
-
Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Ralph Peck History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-02-11 Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente
Abstract. Ralph B. Peck (1912–2008), graduate and doctor of philosophy in civil engineering (1934 and 1937 respectively) from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was one of the major contributors to the development of geotechnics in the twentieth century. Born in Winnipeg (Manitoba) as an American national, he was influenced from childhood by the world of civil engineering through his father, Orwin K
-
Book review: Kew Observatory and the Evolution of Victorian Science 1840–1910 History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2019-01-22 Karen L. Aplin
The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union to be formed in over 80 years and IACS
-
The history of Andøya Rocket Range History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2018-12-07 Eivind V. Thrane
Abstract. Just 5 years after Sputnik, on 18 August 1962, Norway launched the first sounding rocket from Andoya in northern Norway. The establishment of Andoya Rocket Range (ARR), in the Arctic and right in the middle of the night-time auroral zone, gave the scientists unique opportunities for studies of the complex processes in the auroral ionosphere and upper atmosphere. In close cooperation with
-
The Great Aurora of January 1770 observed in Spain History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2018-10-12 Víctor M. S. Carrasco, Enric Aragonès, Jorge Ordaz, José M. Vaquero
Abstract. An analysis is made of the records made by Spanish observers of a notable aurora on 18 January 1770 in order to study the characteristics of this event. The records indicate that the phenomenon was observed in both continental and insular territories of Spain, in particular at San Cristobal de la Laguna, Cadiz, Cordoba, Badajoz, Valencia, Castellon, Madrid, Barcelona, and Gerri de la Sal
-
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory: a historical perspective of geomagnetism in southern Africa History of Geo- and Space Sciences (IF 0.3) Pub Date : 2018-08-24 Pieter B. Kotzé
Abstract. In this paper a brief summary will be given about the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope, Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where