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(Multi-)Stabilities in the Public Sphere: Why Arendt Needs Postphenomenology Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Anthony Longo
Since the 1990s, political theorists studied the impact of digital media on the public sphere. These debates extensively employ Arendt’s theory of the public sphere to evaluate whether social media meets the expectations and criteria set forth in her account. This common approach rests on a methodological assumption that is itself not critically examined: it asserts that one should start with a clear
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Affect Disorders: An Husserlian Interpretation of Alexytimia, BPD and Narcissistic Traits Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Susi Ferrarello
Affects and all its variants (affection, allure, affective force, etc.) represent our via regia to be alive and connected with our life-world. It is not the ego that constitutes the world we live in but the affections that allow us to become respectively objects of our life and subjects of our own choices. Affects are in fact main triggers of lower and higher feelings through which we become subjects
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Meaning-Adequacy and Social Critique: Toward a Phenomenological Critical Theory Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Alexis Gros
In the present paper, I analyze the complex relationship of tension between Critical Theory and phenomenology from a sociological-theoretical perspective. I start from two theses. The first one is that one of the primary reasons for the antagonism between these two paradigms lies in their ideal-typically opposed assessments of the role of ‘meaning-adequacy’ in social research. The second one is that
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Helmuth Plessner’s Schellingian Reconciliation of Idealism and Realism About the Psyche Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Márton Dornbach
While Schelling’s anticipation of Freudian psychoanalysis is well established, it has thus far gone unnoticed that Schelling’s ideas also proved fruitful in the context of a distinctively philosophical theory of the psyche developed by a younger contemporary of Freud. During the 1920s Helmuth Plessner, a key figure of philosophical anthropology, outlined a complex conception of the psyche as an individualized
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Drafting A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Richard Fitzgerald
Drawing on drafts and other material from the Harvey Sacks archive this paper examines the development of one of the defining papers of Conversation Analysis, A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation (Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson 1974). The discussion examines four drafts of the paper along with correspondence between the authors and with William Bright, the editor
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Expression of Affect and Illocution Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Basil Vassilicos
In this paper, the aim is to explore how there can be a role for expression of affect in illocution, drawing upon some ideas about expression put forward by Karl Bühler. In a first part of the paper, I map some active discussions and open questions surrounding phenomena that seem to involve “expression of affect”. Second, I home in on a smaller piece of that larger puzzle; namely, a consideration of
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‘Blind but Oriented’: Intentionality as Tendency Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Emanuele Caminada
In their descriptions of the life dynamics of tendencies as “blind but oriented,” both Scheler and Husserl outline an alternative model of intentionality to Brentano’s conception of mental reference to determinate objects or meanings. In my reading, their phenomenological consideration of tendential structures will reveal tendency as an essential moment of intentionality. A horizon of indeterminacy
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From Tendencies and Drives to Affectivity and Ethics: Husserl and Scheler on the Mother–Child Relationship Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-02-13 Claudia Serban
The reassessment of intentionality as “tendency” or “drive,” already important when the intentionality at stake designates the directedness of lived experiences toward a particular object, might be even more crucial when the orientation toward others is concerned. How do drives and affects intermingle within our intersubjective life and fashion our relations to others? The present paper will address
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Using Spielraum for a Normative Definition of Politics: Obama’s Play Politics and Trump’s Asceticism Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2024-01-22 Frank Chouraqui, Frans-Willem Korsten
The terms “politics” and “political” have become so overdetermined that it is difficult to use them in any effective manner. We argue that this has dangerous political consequences, and that this could be addressed by providing a new, sounder, notion of politics. This paper argues that defining politics in relation to the notion of play can provide a notion both intuitively appealing and able to withstand
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Thrown into the World, Attached to Love: On the Forms of World-Sharing and Mourning in Heidegger Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-12-29 Ahmet Aktas
How can we understand the phenomena of loss and mourning in the Heideggerian framework? There is no established interpretation of Heidegger that gives an elaborate account of the phenomena of loss and mourning, let alone gauges its importance for our understanding and assessment of authentic existence in Heidegger. This paper attempts to do both. First, I give a detailed exposition of Heidegger’s analysis
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Consciousness of Emotion and Emotive Consciousness in Geiger and Husserl Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-12-21 Ingrid Vendrell Ferran
Moritz Geiger’s 1911 article on the consciousness of feeling, entitled “Das Bewusstsein von Gefühlen,” was an object of study for Husserl in a series of manuscripts recently published in Studien zur Struktur des Bewusstseins II. Gefühl und Wert (1896-1925)(2020). Geiger’s article and Husserl’s remarks on it received attention from Métraux (1975), but, more recently, an increasing number of publications
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Intentionality as Tendency and Intentionality as Consciousness-of Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-12-21 Nicola Spano
In this paper, I argue that according to Edmund Husserl “tendency” does not designate a specific class of intentional experiences but rather, on par with “consciousness-of,” a universal mode of intentionality essential for any constitution of sense. In doing so, I explicate Husserl’s distinction between intentionality as tendency (Tendenz), which he describes as a striving (Streben), and intentionality
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Two Types of Demonstration Through Guided Touch with Cane: Instruction Sequences in Orientation and Mobility Training for a Person with Visual Impairments Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 Yasusuke Minami, Hiro Yuki Nisisawa, Mitsuhiro Okada, Rui Sakaida
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Desiring to Know: Curiosity as a Tendency toward Discovery Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Michela Summa
Both the commonsensical and the philosophical understanding of curiosity as the desire to know display similar ambiguities. In philosophy, such ambiguities have further repercussions, inasmuch as inquiries into curiosity, in addition to being a field of philosophical research in itself, also have meta-theoretical implications concerning the idea of philosophy one embraces. This holds true for Edmund
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On Husserl’s Theory of Alien Experience in the Logical Investigations Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-11-29 Alexandru Bejinariu
This paper tackles Husserl’s early analysis of alien experience and its relation to the methodological framework of the Logical Investigations (LI). Since intersubjectivity first becomes a central theme for Husserl in his writings of 1905 (Seefeld Blätter), less attention is usually paid to his analysis of our experience of other minds in the LI. In this context, I attempt to highlight both the fundamental
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A Syntax for the Martial Intercorporeality: The Case of Aikido and Kenpo Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Augustin Lefebvre
This article provides arguments to show that there is a form of syntax specific to the bodily movements of certain martial arts. This syntax of bodily mouvements is different from that usually identified in multimodal conversational analysis which consists of the addition of bodily extensions to speech turns Keevallik (Res Lang Soc Interact 46(1):1–21, 2013) and (Res Lang Soc Interact 51(1):1–21, 2018)
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Embodiment and Disorientation: A Phenomenological Analysis of Work from Home During COVID-19 Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Neha Aggarwal, Saurabh Todariya, Kriti Trehan
Working from home (WFH) is a new reality and norm in today’s work culture. COVID-induced lockdown introduced the concept of WFH for many people. Blurring home and workplace boundaries was a prominent cause of disorientation in people’s lives. Hence, WFH becomes a significant phenomenon to explore as it raises the fundamental question of body and space in shaping people’s experiences. To study this
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Why Overcoming Heideggerian Intellectualism Should Precede Overcoming Metaphysics Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-10-19 Yochai Ataria, Lia Tamir
If we are to understand the premises at the core of debates regarding the philosophy of technology, as in the works of several prominent figures such as Marcuse, Ellul, and Habermas, we must confront Heidegger's philosophical legacy. Based on a broad overview of early and later Heidegger, and some of his notable followers, we argue that Heidegger's philosophy of technology created a problematic intellectual
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Methodological Implications of the Schutzian Postulate of Adequacy for Economic Research Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-10-04 Daniela Griselda López
For a few decades, the debate about the dominant economic theory has focused on the epistemological problems caused by the use of objective categories or “intellectual abstractions,” which involved “oblivion,” or disconnection of social actors understood as concrete persons. In Husserlian terms, this genuine “crisis of the sciences” meant the loss of the life-world as the substratum and foundation
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Turning the Natural World into a Moral World: Michel Henry on the Vocation of Life Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Max Schaefer
It has been widely argued that Michel Henry dismisses the importance of the subject’s worldly and intentional mode of existence in his account of the well-being of life. However, through a careful analysis of Henry’s theory of life and his study of culture and barbarism, I will demonstrate that the prevailing position on this point is both correct and incorrect: (i) correct in that absolute life does
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Privacy in Early Childhood Education and Care: The Management of Family Information in Parent–Teacher Conferences Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-09-25 Janne Solberg
Families have a right to privacy, but we know little about how the public–private boundary is negotiated at the micro level in educational settings. Adopting ethnomethodology, the paper examines how talk about the home situation was occasioned and managed in ten parent–teacher conferences in early childhood education and care (ECEC), with a special focus on the ECEC teacher’s strategies for eliciting
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Destiny, Love and Rational Faith in Husserl’s Post World War I Ethics Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-09-20 Saulius Geniusas
The fundamental goal of this paper is to clarify the importance of Husserl’s reflections on destiny (Schicksal) in the context of his post-WWI ethics. In the first section, I sketch Husserl’s reflections on war in his private correspondence. In the second section, I show that, in his post-WWI research manuscripts on ethics, Husserl conceptualized various forms of meaningless suffering under the heading
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The Causality of Freedom: Max Weber and the Practical Activation of Schutz’s Postulate of Adequacy Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-09-08 H. T. Wilson
This essay argues that Johannes von Kries analysis of the status in the criminal law of the rationally intending subject and the doctrine of mens rea so closely associated with it (cf. Kries, 1886; 1888) was well known to Max Weber, who had initially trained in law, and highly significant both for the development of his sociology of subjective understanding and his parallel view that the social sciences
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Heidegger’s Worldview – Freedom, Control and Affectivity Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 Beatrix Susanne Lepis
The tendency of individuals to protect their own worldview by rejecting information and phenomena that cannot be reconciled with it is a significant issue in today’s polarised society. This paper aims to gain a deeper insight into this tendency towards exclusion and the impact it has on worldview by examining a particular interpretation of worldview developed in the late 1930s by Martin Heidegger.
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Sketch for a Phenomenology of Nostalgia Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 Marshawn Brewer
While nostalgia has been the subject of some philosophical treatment (especially in the phenomenological tradition), I think new findings in the psychological literature and new historical investigations call for a re-interrogation of this phenomenon. My argument is that philosophical reflection, as well as findings from empirical psychology, gives us strong reasons to think that: (1) Nostalgic experiences
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From Relational Freedom to Autonomy: An Expansion of Verbeek’s Postphenomenology Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-08-07 Shinya Oie
Peter-Paul Verbeek elaborates on the concept of “relational freedom” in Moralizing Technology (2011). In this paper, I propose to extend and reinterpret it as a concept of personal autonomy. Generally, studies of autonomy do not examine the use of technology thoroughly, because these studies mainly focus on an individual’s mental process regarding reasons or motives. Consequently, these studies fail
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The Sense of Someone Appearing There: A Philosophical Investigation into Other Minds, Deceased People, and Animated Persona Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Masahiro Morioka
We sometimes feel the presence of a person-like something on a non-biological object, such as a memento from a deceased family member or a well-engineered, human-shaped robot. This feeling—the sense of someone appearing there—has not been extensively investigated by philosophers. In this paper, I employ examples from previous studies, my own experiences, and thought experiments to conduct a philosophical
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Touching and Being Touched During Physiotherapy Exercise Instruction Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-07-28 Sara Keel, Cornelia Caviglia
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The Eidetics of the Unimaginable. What a Phenomenologist can Learn from Ethnomethodology Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Christian Ferencz-Flatz
This paper discusses the phenomenological method’s reliance on imaginative procedures in view of ethnomethodological research. While ethnomethodology has often been seen in continuity with Alfred Schütz’ phenomenological sociology, it mainly parts ways with phenomenology by stressing that the decisive details structuring mutual understanding (gestures, bodily expressions, or the myriad trifles that
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Distance, Closeness and Touch in and as an Improvised Duet Dance: How to “Move a Bit Further Away” with a Partner Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-07-04 Alain Bovet
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Geometrical Touch: Drawing an Occasioned Map on the Hand Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Marc Relieu
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Displaying Inner Experience Through Language and Body in Community Theater Rehearsals Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-06-26 Katariina Harjunpää, Arnulf Deppermann, Marja-Leena Sorjonen
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Interactional Contingencies in Rehearsing a Theater Scene: The Consequentiality of Body Arrangements as Action Unfolds Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-06-09 Augustin Lefebvre, Lorenza Mondada
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Heidegger and Patočka on the Primacy of Practices and Phenomenological Pragmatism Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-06-02 Daniil Koloskov
In this paper, I will argue that J. Patočka’s conception of three movements of human existence can be considered a contribution to the “pragmatic turn” in phenomenology. In order to demonstrate this contribution, I will first recapitulate the context of pragmatic turn, outlining both Heidegger’s original position and its consequent pragmatic interpretation offered by H. Dreyfus and other scholars.
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Cueing in Theatre: Timing and Temporal Variance in Rehearsals of Scene Transitions Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 Stefan Norrthon
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Overcoming Blanking: Verbal and Visual Features of Prompting in Theatre Rehearsals Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Maximilian Krug
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The Victim Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Lucas B. Mazur
While victimization is as old as human history, the notion of victimhood as currently understood is a relatively recent phenomenon. Over the last several decades, the notion of victimhood has been increasing discussed both within academia and the wider public, a trend that has intensified in recent years. In order to gain a clearer vision of this social phenomenon, the current piece follows the lead
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Knowledge Accumulation in Theatre Rehearsals: The Emergence of a Gesture as a Solution for Embodying a Certain Aesthetic Concept Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-03-28 Stefan Norrthon, Axel Schmidt
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Interspecies Haptic Sociality: The Interactional Constitution of the Horse’s Esthesiologic Body in Equestrian Activities Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-03-17 Chloé Mondémé
This article explores forms of haptic sociality in interspecies interaction. Data examined are taken from a corpus of equine assisted therapy sessions, in Finland and France. During these sessions, therapists invite clients to pay close attention to the horse’s behavioral displays of comfort or discomfort and to react accordingly. In this way, the horse is regarded as a living, sentient creature, whose
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“For Example” Formulations and the Interactional Work of Exemplification Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Yeji Lee, Jakub Mlynář
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A Phenomenological Actus Essendi? Hedwig Conrad-Martius and Edith Stein on Finite Existence Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-02-27 Daniel Neumann
In later Edith Stein and Hedwig Conrad-Martius, finite existence appears to be necessarily intertwined with infinite being. In response to this observation, this paper puts particular focus on the experience of finite being in order to address the specifically phenomenological (i.e., experiential) aspects of Stein’s and Conrad-Martius’ metaphysics. As a consequence, instead of pointing to eternal or
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On the Emergence of Routines: An Interactional Micro-history of Rehearsing a Scene Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-02-24 Axel Schmidt, Arnulf Deppermann
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The Intelligibility of Haptic Perception in Instructional Sequences: When Visually Impaired People Achieve Object Understanding Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-02-24 Brian L. Due, Louise Lüchow
In this paper, we study the interactional organization of an instructed object exploration among sighted and visually impaired people (VIPs) in order to contribute to studies of instructional activities and the observable accomplishment of haptic perception. We do this by showing the situated, interactional, and co-operative organization of achieving object understanding. We focus on the dynamics of
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Mediation and Transcendence: Balancing Postphenomenological Theory of Technological Mediation with Karl Jaspers’s Metaphysics of Ciphers Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-02-15 Dmytro Mykhailov
The purpose of the present article is to contribute to the postphenomenological theory of technological mediation by introducing a new type of ‘human-technology’ relation named ‘transcending mediation’. Previously postphenomenology didn’t pay much attention to the role technology plays in mediating human relation to Transcendence. This was because of empirical turn and pragmatism that are anti-metaphysical
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Silence, Attention, Body Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Diego I. Rosales
This paper argues that the gesture of being silent —or “subjective silence”— can be described as a specific modulation of attention, in which consciousness gains awareness of a specific realm of experience where the body appears as a transcendental dimension of the self. Taking Dauenhauer’s typology as a point of departure, I will describe what I understand with the expressions “subjective silence”
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The World and Its Nightmare (Levinas on Sense and Nonsense) Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-02-02 Daniela Matysová
This text deals with the interpretation of where the meaningfulness of existence and our being in the world in Emmanuel Levinas’s conception originates in its contrast to the similar conception developed by phenomenology of appearing - which is represented by M. Heidegger and H. Maldiney. I want to show on what premises Levinas argues that the epiphany of sense can only emerge in the case of a continuous
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The Motivational Power of Ideas in Institutions and Collective Action Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-01-19 Thomas Kestler
The cognitive revolution has left its mark on institutional theory in sociology and political science. Cognitive structures – schemas, typifications, frames and ideas – are recognized as a crucial variable of social behavior, institutional development and collective action. However, while the assertion that “ideas matter” is widely shared, institutional theorists are still struggling with the question
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An Exercise in “Primitive Natural Science” of Naturally Occurring Types of ‘Ownership’ Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2023-01-02 Dušan Bjelić
This paper investigates how are things on the street methodically displayed to exchibit an aspect of extra-legal ‘ownership'. Harvey Sacks proposed two categories of ownerships, those that one wants and can have and those that one wants but cannot have. Building on this Sacks’ categorizations and on his method of simple observation and on photographic documentation this paper develops an additional
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Reading What is Not There: Ethnomethodological Analysis of the Membership Category, Action, and Reason in Novels and Short Stories Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-12-27 Ken Kawamura, Ryo Okazawa
This paper investigates how the reader of prose fiction fills in the blanks regarding a fictional character’s membership category, action, and reason for the action. Aligning with an ethnomethodological approach to texts and appropriating membership categorization analysis (MCA), we analyze how the readers of J. D. Salinger, an author whose works are well known for their ambiguity and ambivalence,
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Intercorporeal Construction of We-Ness in Classroom Interaction Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-12-27 Pilvi Heinonen, Liisa Tainio
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Feeling in Values: Axiological and Emotional Intentionality as Living Structure of Ethical Life, Regarding Max Scheler’s Phenomenology Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-12-20 Juan Velázquez
Some of the contemporary ethical debates have put in value the rational feature of feelings because of the estimative intentionality that is implied in them. In this context, some claim that the intentionality of emotions is a kind of value perception, as Phenomenology stressed at the beginning of the twentieth century, particularly Max Scheler, by analysing emotional Feeling [Fühlen] in the frame
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Face-to-Face with the Doctor Online: Phenomenological Analysis of Patient Experience of Teleconsultation Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-11-28 Māra Grīnfelde
The global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has considerably accelerated the adoption of teleconsultation—a form of consultation between patient and health care professional that occurs via videoconferencing platforms. For this reason, it is important to investigate the way in which this form of interaction modifies the nature of the clinical encounter and the extent to which this modification impacts
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Migrations of Trust: Reasonable Trust and Epistemic Transgressions Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-11-19 Duška Franeta
Despite an immense amount of literature on the topic of trust, there is still no account that offers a plausible epistemological framework for the phenomenon of reasonable trust. The main claim of this article is that reasonable trust and distrust are phenomena based upon practical knowledge, while non-reasonable trust and distrust result from dislocation of trust into different epistemic regimes.
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Invoking Rules in Everyday Family Interactions: A Method for Appealing to Practical Reason Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-11-15 Uwe-A. Küttner, Anna Vatanen, Jörg Zinken
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Misfitting, Breakdowns, and the Normal in Merleau-Ponty Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-10-31 Katherine Ward
Distinguishing between normal and non-normal cases of perception and motricity is a key part of Merleau-Ponty’s methodology in Phenomenology of Perception. Many feminist philosophers and disability scholars have criticized this use of the normal/nonnormal binary and the presumptions behind it. Others have embraced his methodology and noted its consonance with contemporary feminist, disability, and
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Toward a Culture-Analytical and Praxeological Perspective on Decision-Making Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-10-25 Robert Schmidt
This article outlines a culture-analytical alternative in, and to, decision science. In contrast to the predominant individualistic and mentalistic conceptions of decision making an empirical and praxeological perspective is proposed. Beginning with empirical processes and situated practices of decision-making, this perspective aims to decenter the decision-making subject. The author revisits Harold
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Self-Interpretive Event or Responsive Failure? Reading Foucault’s Confessions via Bernhard Waldenfels Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-10-21 Nick Mitchell
This article puts Bernhard Waldenfels’ phenomenology of the alien in conversation with Michel Foucault’s hermeneutics of the self through a synthetic reading of Christian confessional scenes. The confessional scenes through which Foucault develops a hermeneutics of the confessing self can be read via Waldenfels as failures in responsiveness on the part of the spiritual master/elders. This allows the
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The Horizons of Chronic Shame Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-10-14 Luna Dolezal
Experiences of shame are not always discrete, but can be recurrent, persistent or enduring. To use the feminist phenomenologist Sandra Lee Bartky’s formulation, shame is not always an acute event, but can become a “pervasive affective attunement” (Bartky, 1990: 85). Instead of experiencing shame as a discrete event with a finite duration, it can be experienced as a persistent, and perhaps, permanent
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The Modifier Within: Bruno Latour’s Actant and Martin Heidegger’s Thing Theory Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-10-12 Dustin Zielke
It has generally been recognized that while Bruno Latour’s and Martin Heidegger’s respective philosophies of technology converge on key points there is also a significant difference of attitudes towards the themes discussed. To better appreciate the similarities and differences, I suggest that we seek to understand both Latour and Heidegger as philosophers of the event, who seek to rescue the novel
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Dream and Worldliness Human Studies (IF 0.431) Pub Date : 2022-10-12 Ming-Hon Chu
The phenomenal character of dreaming has long been a matter of philosophical debates. Most of the time, dreaming is either likened to perception or likened to imagination, in order to decide whether it gets closer to normal or abnormal states of consciousness. This line of debates extends from the traditional dream argument to the contemporary movement of phenomenology. This article presents what specific