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The Road to Taisha: Indigenous Protests for Road Infrastructure in the Ecuadorian Amazon and the Ontological Turn Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Victor Cova
This contribution examines protests by Shuar people in the Ecuadorian Amazon during the summer of 2015 in favour of the construction of a road through their territory. Can the ontological turn help us understand such events? Debates around the ontological turn have hinged around its potential contribution to the analysis of environmental challenges and political conflicts. In this article, I argue
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Can Animism Save the World? Reflections on Personhood and Complexity in the Ecological Crisis Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Guido Sprenger
The term “animism” is at once a fantasy internal to modernity and a semiotic conduit enabling a serious inquiry into non-modern phenomena that radically call into question the modern distinction of nature and culture. Therefore, I suggest that the labelling of people, practices or ideas as “animist” is a strategic one. I also raise the question if animism can help to solve the modern ecological crisis
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Fluid Personhood and the Fuzziness of Life: Reaching beyond the Human and the Biosphere – Introduction Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ernst Halbmayer,Eveline Dürr
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Dancing for Uwí – Rituals and Ontologies on the Move Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Elke Mader
Dancing for Uwí (peach palm, Bactris gasipaes), a calendric ritual celebrated by the Shuar in the Ecuadorian Amazon region, forms part of a mainly animistic ontology, and has been reframed repeatedly during the past century in interaction with shifting historical, political and cultural contexts. The power field associated with Uwí is extensive, and encompasses life and death: on the one hand, Uwí
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The Global Biosphere and Its Metaphysical Underpinnings: Ecumenical Alternatives in Animism and Astrobiology Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Istvan Praet
The term biosphere designates the “zone of life” on Earth. Outside this sphere, everything becomes “alien.” In this view of things, which I take to be canonical in the modern West, terrestrial life and biosphere overlap more or less neatly. Yet this idea of an almost perfect convergence is not the only view possible. This study presents two anthropological cases which demonstrate, a contrario, that
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Slow Food, Shared Values, and Indigenous Empowerment in an Alternative Commodity Chain Linking Brazil and Europe Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Wolfgang Kapfhammer,Gordon M. Winder
This article explores governance and power relations within the guaraná (Paullinia cupana) global commodity chain (GCC) of the Sateré-Mawé, an Indigenous group of the Lower Amazon, Brazil. The paper draws on ethnographic work and joint field research in Pará, Brazil and pursues an interdisciplinary approach combining economic geography and anthropological interest in ontological diversity. It describes
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‘Political Orders,’ 41st Annual Conference of the Society for Canadian Studies (GKS), 14–16 February 2020, Grainau, Germany Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Saskia Brill
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Declaring Kinship – Some Remarks on the Indeterminate Relation between Commensality and Kinship in Western Kenya Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Sebastian Schellhaas,Mario Schmidt,Gilbert Francis Odhiambo
Based upon ethnographic fieldwork in Western Kenya, this article re-evaluates the widespread assumption that commensality constructs or, at least, earmarks kin or kin-like relations. In contrast to such generalizations, our ethnographic data suggests that the relation between kinship and social practices such as eating together is culturally not predetermined in Western Kenya. This understanding of
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Reassessing the Compensation Payments to British Slave Owners in Current Caribbean Claims to Reparations Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Claudia Rauhut
This paper deals with the compensation paid to British slave owners at the end of slavery in the 1830s. It explores its current reassessment within Caribbean claims to slavery reparations, exemplified by Jamaican activists and scholars, who have always been at the forefront of calls for reparations across the whole Americas in different regions and periods. Based on anthropological research and interviews
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Koranlektüre-Kurse für „Intellektuelle“ in Dakar, Senegal: religiöse Erwachsenenbildung in frankophonen Mittelschichtsmilieus Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Nadine Sieveking
Seit 2015 werden in Dakar Koranlektürekurse von einer Organisation angeboten, die verspricht, mittels einfacher und effizienter Methoden die Fähigkeiten zum eigenständigen Lesen des Korans innerhalb von drei Monaten zu vermitteln. Diese kostenpflichtigen Kurse sind auf eine spezielle Zielgruppe in frankophonen urbanen Bildungsmilieus zugeschnitten, die als „Intellektuelle“ bezeichnet wird. Der Artikel
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Caring for Victims of Human Trafficking: Staging and Bridging Cultural Differences in Germany and France Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Mathilde Darley,Anne Dölemeyer
Abstract According to prosecuting authorities, victims trafficked into sexual exploitation are difficult to identify; it seems even harder to find ‘appropriate’ victims willing to testify in court. This is often ascribed to ‘cultural differences’ rooted in their (supposedly) foreign origin. In our contribution, we show how counselling centres for trafficking victims in France and Germany help to identify
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Bureaucrats as Para-Ethnologists: The Use of Culture in State Practices Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Jan Beek,Thomas Bierschenk
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Caring for Equality? Administering Ambivalence in Kindergarten Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Anna Ellmer
Abstract In recent years, kindergartens in Austria have increasingly become the target of an ambivalent politics of belonging and difference. Looking at institutional childcare practices as processes of doing and undoing differences, this article explores how kindergarten staff translate societal missions of promoting both ‘integration’ and ‘diversity’ into practice by reflecting particularly on the
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Cultural Profiling During Passport Control: Ugandan Migration Officers’ Informal Selection Practices Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Katrin Sowa
Abstract Recently, northern Uganda has become a destination for inner-African immigration. As a result of new security policies, passport controls are intensifying at border posts and are being expanded across the country. During passport checks, officers often refer to national-cultural stereotypes in order to verify statements in identity documents. Stereotyping and profiling of ‘Somalian terrorists’
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The Category of ‘Culture’ in Vice Squad Policing in Germany Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Julia Leser
Abstract This article makes a twofold claim. First, the notion of ‘culture’ is inherently interwoven with the classification system that organises the daily work of police officers. In their understanding, culture is a one-size-fits-all category to produce boundaries in terms of gender, ethnicity, class, and the willingness of a population to submit to police authority. The second claim is that ‘culture’
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Fashioning Dakar’s Urban Society: Sartorial Code-Mixing in Senegal Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Kristin Kastner
Abstract Fashion constitutes a vital part of material culture and is an expression of sociocultural and aesthetical practices in Senegal. Manifold features have shaped sartorial styles for centuries, with sartorial mastery interweaving local techniques and global trends up to today. Tied to a long history of bodily adornment and of the importance of textiles, fashionable clothing plays a crucial role
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Disciplinary Technologies of Microfinance: Fictitious Proximity, Visibility and Surveillance in Rural Microfinance in Bangladesh Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 A. H. M. Belayeth Hussain
Abstract In this paper, I delve into governmental and disciplinary technologies in microfinance practice. I aim to reveal the disciplinary and governmental powers that guarantee proper repayment of debt in state- and NGO-sponsored microfinance programmes. Using Foucault’s notion of conduct of conduct, I uncover how loan officers consistently maintain meticulous control over borrowers and assure a docility-utility
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Oceania, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 29 September–10 December 2018 Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Jeannine-Madeleine Fischer
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The Dialectic of a Descent Dogma Among the Motu-Koita of Papua New Guinea Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Michael Goddard
Abstract Descent dogmas have become visible in recent years among Melanesian societies affected by large-scale natural resource extraction, but it should not be assumed that they are all immediate responses by landowners attempting to restrict access to royalties or other monetary benefits. This article traces the development of a patrilineal descent dogma among the Motu-Koita, whose traditional territory
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Asylum Seekers Struggle to Recover the Everyday: The Extended “Emergency Shelter” at Tempelhofer Feld as a Site of Continuous Crisis Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Fazila Bhimji
This study demonstrates how the iconic hangars at Tempelhofer Feld designed to temporarily accommodate asylum seekers prior to relocating them to various other parts of Germany became a protracted and regimented accommodation site in Berlin for some. The shelters housed several hundred asylum seekers for two and a half years, were regimented and in several respects they proved to contradict the so-called
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Urbane Protestkulturen und Ethnographie: Einführende Bemerkungen Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Sandrine Gukelberger
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Urban Protest in Oil-age Niger: Towards a Notion of ‘Contentious Assemblages’ Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Jannik Schritt
Abstract The opening of the first oil refinery in Niger at the end of November 2011 spurred protests and violent clashes between youths and police. These protests turned into urban riots in the days following. In this extended case study, I analyse the processual, performative and affective dimensions of the protests and discuss urban protest and contentious politics in Niger against the backdrop of
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„We Don’t Learn Democracy in a Workshop!“ Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Judith Albrecht
Zusammenfassung Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der neuen Frauenbewegung in Benghazi, den Chancen und Grenzen, die sie in der gesellschaftlichen Neuorganisation des Landes erfährt, und wirft einen ethnographischen Blick auf den postrevolutionären Kontext und die Rolle der Frauen als Akteurinnen im Kontext politischer Umbrüche. Während bei der Revolution weibliche Unterstützung in vielen Bereichen
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Occupy Ghana. Widerstand von unten oder ein Sit-in des 1%? Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Jan Budniok,Andrea Noll
Zusammenfassung Ausgelöst durch Energieengpässe, entstanden in Ghana 2014 mehrere neue Protestgruppen, unter ihnen Occupy Ghana. Die Aktivist*innen von Occupy Ghana prangerten nicht eine neoliberale Wirtschaftskrise an, sondern eine Krise der Demokratie, des öffentlichen Lebens und der Ethik. Mit ihren Aktionen brachten sie ihre Frustration und ihre Wut über die Regierung zum Ausdruck. Kritiker aus
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Die Rolle des städtischen Raums im sozialen Protest: Platzbesetzungen durch intern Vertriebene in Bogotá Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Julia Große
Zusammenfassung Landkonflikte und interne Vertreibung sind eine Konstante in der kolumbianischen Geschichte, die sich im Rahmen des mehr als 50 Jahre andauernden bewaffneten Konflikts immer mehr zuspitzten. Intern Vertriebenen wird trotz besonderer rechtlicher und politischer Anerkennung durch institutionelle Hürden und sozialer Stigmatisierung ein Neuanfang erschwert. Zur Sichtbarmachung dieser Situation
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Bargaining Kultura. Tensions Between Principles of Power Acquisition in Contemporary Timor-Leste Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-12-01 Enrique Alonso-Población,,Alberto Fidalgo-Castro,,María Jesús Pena-Castro
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Stimmungslagen und mobile Akteure. Ein Konflikt in einer südindischen Kleinstadt 2008 bis 2012 Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-12-01 Frank Heidemann
On 21 September 2009, the Hindu published an article titled, "Property dispute snowballs into tension". In the previous year a dispute over a funeral and the inheritance of a family property marked the beginning of a larger conflict in Kotagiri town and the surrounding Badaga villages. The local councils decided that the disputed land should be given to the family's only son, but his sisters were the
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“Employment Didn’t Give me Enough Security”. Why Entrepreneurship has Become an Opportunity and Security Measure for the Kenyan Middle Class Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-12-01 Maike Voigt
Abstract This paper addresses the current appeal which entrepreneurship has among many better-off Kenyans. The paradoxical impression that Kenyans give up stable and secure employment to venture into their own business is resolved by looking at it from three different angles. First, the article looks into how employment is perceived today by Kenyans and shows that fixed employment has lost a lot of
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Framing Climate Change Adaptation from a Pacific Island Perspective – The Anthropology of Emerging Legal Orders Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-12-01 Silja Klepp
Abstract Kiribati is among the many islands in Oceania that are highly affected by anthropogenic climate change and has, as such, adopted a proactive role to deal with adaptation. The article analyses how the government brings together climate change discourses with its struggle for new rights and resources for the country. The awareness of anthropogenic climate change has generated new parameters
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Afterword: Anthropology, Climate Change and Social-Ecological Transformations in the Anthropocene Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-06-01 Michael Bollig
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The Local Epistemology of Climate Change: How the Scientific Discourse on Global Climate Change is Received on the Island of Palawan, the Philippines Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-06-01 Thomas Friedrich
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Victims or Masters of Adaptation? How the Idea of Adaptation to Climate Change Travels Up and Down to a Village in Simanjiro, Maasailand Northern Tanzania Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-06-01 Sara de Wit
Abstract Moving beyond objectivist stances that for a long time have dominated the climate change research agenda, this paper explores an alternative ontology of adaptation. By tracing a travelling idea about ‘Adaptation to Climate Change’ (ACC) along multiple encounters and negotiation arenas, this paper wishes to explore the epistemological and political challenges that are entailed by this narrative
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Translating Climate Change. Anthropology and the Travelling Idea of Climate Change – Introduction Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-06-01 Sara de Wit,, Arno Pascht,, Michaela Haug
Abstract In the prairies of Alberta, Canada, winters are cold, wood is scarce. This place is home to Native Americans – many of them are highly educated nowadays. One summer, a young Native American Chief, college-educated and incapable of reading the signs of Mother Nature, was asked by his people how cold the next winter will be. Embarrassed of not mastering the traditional skills for predicting
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Localizing Global Climate Change in the Pacific. Knowledge and Response in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2018-06-01 Rebecca Hofmann
Abstract This paper explores how the idea of climate change travels to the islands of Micronesia and how discourses are translated in radically different ways in local life-worlds. Building on long-term fieldwork in Chuuk, the paper first conceptualizes climate change as a ‘travelling idea’ which takes its departure to the islandscape of Oceania in ‘Western’ island conceptions of ‘insularity’ and feed
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Nachruf für Klaus Peter Köpping, 17.3.1940–17.6.2017 Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Ursula Rao
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Comment to the Contribution by Hansjörg Dilger Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Annette Hornbacher
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Spaces of Belonging Between Mexico and the United States – Introduction Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Stephanie Schütze
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Comment to the Contribution by Hansjörg Dilger Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Gabriele Alex
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Ethics, Epistemology and Ethnography: The Need for an Anthropological Debate on Ethical Review Processes in Germany Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Hansjörg Dilger
Abstract Over the last years, debates on research ethics – and the way the ethicality of ethnographic research is assessed by institutional boards and committees – have flourished in national and international anthropology. This article discusses the state of the debate in Germany where ethical review boards have remained so far largely absent in regard to anthropological research and where the commitment
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Fiesta Videos: ‘Home’ and Productive Nostalgia Between Oaxaca and California Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Ingrid Kummels
Abstract This article explores the spaces and temporalities of belonging that emerge from fiesta videos produced, circulated and consumed between Oaxaca and California. Fiesta videos, which depict festivities in the Mexican hometown, are an innovative popular film genre that people from Ayuujk (Mixe) villages of the Oaxacan Sierra Norte have created for their own purposes of transnational community
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Gender and Belonging: The Political Engagement of Mexican Migrant Leaders in Chicago Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Stephanie Schütze
Abstract The article explores differences in the motivation for political engagement in a transnational context according to gender. The underlying ethnographic research reveals that the majority of Chicago’s Mexican migrant leaders – male and female – are simultaneously engaged in various political and civil society organisations; they are not only members of hometown associations and Mexican political
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The Ambivalence of Belonging: Children of Indigenous Immigrants in the United States Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-12-01 Laura Velasco Ortiz
Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse the construction of a sense of belonging among the children of Indigenous immigrants who work in agriculture in the U.S. state of California in light of research that focuses on childhood and youth mobility as well as on new forms of political organization in the United States. Three lines of inquiry are developed throughout the text intersected by a gender
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„Wissen teilen“ als postkoloniale Museumspraxis – Ein Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Universidad Nacional Experimental Indígena del Tauca (Venezuela) und dem Ethnologischen Museum Berlin Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-06-01 Andrea Scholz
Zusammenfassung Die Dekolonisierung ethnologischer Museen ist auch in Deutschland zunehmend ein Thema. Neben systematischer Provenienzforschung mit einem besonderen Fokus auf den problematischen Aspekten der Sammlungsgeschichte (z.B. im Rahmen deutscher Kolonialfeldzuge), versteht man darunter den Aufbau und die Pflege von Kooperationen mit Menschen aus den sogenannten Source Communities, die heute
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Alternative Models of Knowledge as a Critique of Epistemic Power Structures – Introduction Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-06-01 Anna Meiser
Abstract Based on four case studies from India and South America, this Special Issue aims to analyse ‘Indigenous’ knowledge practices and ontologies that challenge prevailing epistemological orders and paradigms. The projects and initiatives discussed are mostly considered as alternative to the ‘Western’ knowledge system, but, at the same time, they refer to it and even appropriate particular strategies
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Knowledge/Power in (Post)Colonial India 1870–1920: Indian Political Economy as Counter-Knowledge and the Transformation of the Colonial Order Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-06-01 Katja Rieck
Abstract In the late 19th and early 20th centuries South Asian intellectuals began to develop a specifically Indian political economy – ostensibly grounded in Indigenous interests, values, norms, knowledge systems, and practices – as a response to the failure of the British colonial government to bring ‘moral and material improvement’ to the subcontinent. The article examines the relationship between
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Reformulating Development? Models of Indigenous Knowledge in International Development Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-06-01 Carmen Grimm
Abstract Since the second half of the twentieth century, projects of international development have increasingly embraced Indigenous knowledge. This article discusses the ways in which development organisations justify, legitimise, and valorise Indigenous knowledge towards financiers, the general public, and political or developmental institutions. I analyse a development project situated in the Peruvian
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Indigenous Deals – Cosmologies Negotiated in Environmental and Development Projects Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2017-06-01 Volker von Bremen
Abstract Affected by the current context of neo-extractivism and the ongoing expansion of world market oriented agriculture and livestock breeding into primary forest areas, Indigenous organizations and communities are seeking support to protect their territories. Forced to enter into an environment of negotiation dominated by foreign cosmologies and paradigms, delegates of Indigenous organizations
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Urban Economies: Cultural Perspectives on Grassroots Entrepreneurs and Neighborhood Economies, 14 – 15th July 2016, LMU Munich, Germany Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Maike Voigt
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Beauty and the Norm: Debating Standardization in Bodily Appearance 6 – 8 April 2016, Iwalewahaus/Chair for Social Anthropology Bayreuth University Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Taylor Riley
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„Jeder hat seinen Platz“. Differenzpolitik und Raumordnung in afrikanischen Nationalfeiern Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Marie-Christin Gabriel,, Carola Lentz,, Konstanze N’Guessan
Zusammenfassung In diesem Aufsatz untersuchen wir, wie in afrikanischen Nationalfeiern in Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire und Ghana durch Raum- und Sitzordnungen die Nation inszeniert und aufgefuhrt wird. Nation ist eine vorgestellte Gemeinschaft, die beansprucht, andere soziale Zugehorigkeiten wie die zu ethnischen oder religiosen Gemeinschaften zu stratifizieren und andere Differenzen wie etwa Alter
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‘Staying-In’ or ‘Breaking-Out’? How Immigrant Entrepreneurs (do not) Enter Mainstream Markets Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Michael Parzer
Abstract This article examines how immigrant entrepreneurs ‘break-out’ of their reliance on co-ethnic markets by becoming attractive to customers beyond their own ethnic community. So far, break-out has been considered mainly an economically driven and consciously implemented strategy. By drawing upon interviews with small business owners in the Turkish food retailing sector in Vienna, as well as crowd-sourced
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Mann der Tat, Enterprise Culture and Ethno-preneurs: Discussing the Scope of Affirmative, Critical and Pragmatic Approaches to Entrepreneurship in Spain Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Richard Pfeilstetter
Abstract This contribution suggests a classification of different anthropological contributions to entrepreneurship research. Critical approaches to entrepreneurship focus on the ideological bias of the term. As the work of Mary Douglas, they critique the methodological individualism and the utilitarian self-concept underlying the entrepreneur. Affirmative approaches, in the tradition of Joseph Schumpeter
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Family Foundations for Solidarity and Social Mobility: Mitigating Class Boundaries in Ghanaian Families Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-12-01 Andrea Noll
Abstract In Ghana, members of the middle class have recently started establishing family associations and foundations to support upward social mobility and to help secure middle-class status for family members of lower social status or non-related Ghanaians. Such family foundations and associations are usually established by family members, who see themselves as social reformers and feel that their
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Das Institut für Ethnologie in Freiburg feiert sein 50-jähriges Bestehen Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-06-01 Yvonne Troll
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Manufacturing Beauty, Grooming Selves: The Creation of Femininities in the Global Economy – An Introduction Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-06-01 Claudia Liebelt
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Erotic Capital as Societal Elevator: Pursuing Feminine Attractiveness in the Contemporary Mongolian Global(ising) Economy Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-06-01 Hedwig Amelia Waters
Abstract Inspired by Bourdieu’s forms of capital, theorists have utilized the additional category of erotic capital as a descriptor of the increasing importance of physical appearance to economic mobility. Although this phenomenon also exists in Mongolia, the pursuit of corporeal attractiveness only depicts one prevalent erotic field highly conceptually intertwined with values of market and modernity
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Shaping Eyebrows and Moral Selves: Considering Islamic Discourse, Gender, and Ethnicity within the Muslim Pakistani Community of Sheffield (UK) Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-06-01 Hester Clarke
Abstract In the past five to ten years, the popularity of eyebrow beautification (as a practice and a profession) has come under close scrutiny amongst the Muslim Pakistani community in Sheffield (UK) due to the apparent incompatibility of eyebrow modification with revivalist interpretations of Islamic doctrine. In this article I consider how the seemingly insignificant act of shaping the brow incites
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Beauty that Matters: BrazilianTravestiSex Workers Feeling Beautiful Sociologus (IF 0.429) Pub Date : 2016-06-01 Julieta Vartabedian
Abstract Drawing on my fieldwork experience with Brazilian travesti1 sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, I argue that travestis’ desire for beauty both structures their daily experiences and empowers them. Travestis have to engage with a complicated, dangerous and expensive career in order to construct their identities. The attainment of a beautiful body is at the heart of their interest. Travestis seek