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Avian architects: Technology, domestication, and animal minds in urban America History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Matthew Holmes
In the mid-nineteenth century, the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus) was introduced to the United States, quickly spreading across the country. For a brief period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the observation of sparrow behavior was something of an urban pastime. Traits such as intelligence, reason, persistence, and craftsmanship were conferred onto sparrows by American urbanites
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From laboratory to mountaintop: Creating an artificial aurora in the late nineteenth century History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Fiona Amery
There existed a tradition of mimetic experimentation in the late nineteenth century, whereby morphologists sought to scale down sublime natural phenomena to tabletop devices in the laboratory. Experimenters constructed analogs of the aurora, attempting to replicate the colors and forms of the phenomenon with discharge tube experiments and electrical displays, which became popular spectacles at London’s
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The politics of electricity use and non-use in late Ottoman Istanbul History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Nurcin Ileri
This article focuses on the earlier encounters and uses of electricity, its technology, and its infrastructure to understand how electricity formed a contested terrain of politics among the city’s varying actors, such as state officials, financial investors, and consumers, in late Ottoman Istanbul, roughly between the 1870s and early 1920s. I contend that people used electricity as a political tool
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Objectivity, honesty, and integrity: How American scientists talked about their virtues, 1945–2000 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Kim M. Hajek, Herman Paul, Sjang ten Hagen
What kind of people make good scientists? What personal qualities do scholars say their peers should exhibit? And how do they express these expectations? This article explores these issues by mapping the kinds of virtues discussed by American scientists between 1945 and 2000. Our wide-ranging comparative analysis maps scientific virtue talk across three distinct disciplines – physics, psychology, and
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Science and/as work: An introduction to this special issue. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Lissa Roberts,Seth Rockman,Alexandra Hui
This brief essay introduces a special issue dedicated to exploring two themes: "science and work" and "science as work." Following a brief overview of these two themes, it briefly describes the other contributions to the special issue.
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Kepler's labors: Figurations of scholarly work c. 1600. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Gadi Algazi
Kepler's intricate trajectory, his self-reflective comments about the conditions of production of knowledge in his time, and the wealth of materials preserved make it possible to reconstruct a whole set of regimes of scholarly work around 1600, each with its typical mode of control, forms of subordination, temporal economy, and means of remuneration. Kepler's maneuvering in this landscape was shaped
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Preparatory labor for chemical fertilizer: Rural modernity and the practices of South Korean farmers in the 1960s. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Juyoung Lee
This article examines preparatory labor practices that South Korean farmers had to undertake to use chemical fertilizers in the 1960s. Preparatory labor, such as learning about and acquiring fertilizers, that came prior to the use of chemical fertilizer in the field was mundane and often invisible. However, it was this logistical and emotional labor that was essential for the maintenance of South Korea's
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Historiographies of science and labor: From past perspectives to future possibilities. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Lissa Roberts,Seth Rockman,Alexandra Hui
This article offers suggestions for what a labor history of science might look like and what it might accomplish. It does so by first reviewing how historians of science have analyzed the history of both "science as labor" and "science and labor" since the 1930s. It then moves on to discuss recent historiographical developments in both the history of science and labor history that together provide
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Ottoman plants, nature studies, and the attentiveness of translational labor. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Duygu Yıldırım
Translations, whether in the form of text, illustration, or interpretive analysis, served knowledge-making in multiple ways. It offered a refuge, severed contexts, and concealed the various workers that created it. Over the course of the seventeenth century, European naturalists in Istanbul, such as Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730), procured illustrations of Ottoman nature as fundamental resources
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Unnamed, not unskilled: Toward a new labor history of pharmacy. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Zachary Dorner
By recovering the dependent, often enslaved, laborers who helped to make European medicines commercially available in the New England colonies, this article offers a new history of early American pharmaceutical knowledge and production. It does so by considering the life and labor of an unnamed, enslaved assistant who was said to make tinctures, elixirs, and other common remedies in a 1758 letter between
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Global circulation of low-end expertise: Knowledge, hierarchy, and labor migration in a Burmese oilfield. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Chao Ren
This article examines the phenomenon of the "global circulation of low-end expertise" through an exploration of the social dynamics surrounding American oil drillers who migrated from the Pennsylvania oil region to British colonial Burma during the early 1900s to the mid-1930s. These working-class drillers, with practical knowledge in oil drilling acquired through familial and community networks, played
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"On the trail of the mercy bullet": Pain, scientific showmanship and the early history of animal tranquilizing, c. 1912-1932. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-10-04 Mia Uys
In June 1928, Captain Barnett W. Harris, an amateur naturalist from Indiana, arrived in Zululand to experiment on wild animals with his invention - the mercy bullet. This "bullet"consisted of a hypodermic needle filled with anesthetic drugs that could render an animal unconscious - an early model of what is now known as the tranquilizer gun. The history of this gun typically begins with Colin Murdoch
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Chemistry, trade, and the economy: Exploring the history of customs laboratories in the United States (1870s-1930s). History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-10-03 Ignacio Suay-Matallana
This article focuses on the history of the customs laboratories in the United States between the 1870s and the 1930s, focusing especially on the decades up to World War I. It pays attention to the various dimensions of these laboratories, in particular the context of their creation. The first customs laboratory was established in New York in 1878, and over the subsequent years, similar laboratories
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Biotechnics and politics: A genealogy of nonhuman technology. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Matthew Vollgraff,Marco Tamborini
This article presents a new perspective on the intersection of technology, biology, and politics in modern Germany by examining the history of biotechnics, a nonanthropocentric concept of technology that was developed in German-speaking Europe from the 1870s to the 1930s. Biotechnics challenged the traditional view of technology as exclusively a human creation, arguing that nature itself could also
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Timing the stars: Clocks and complexities of precision in eighteenth-century observatories. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Sibylle Gluch
In the eighteenth century, the sciences and their applications adopted a new attitude based on quantification and, increasingly, on a notion of precision. Within this process, instruments played a significant role. However, while new devices such as the micrometer, telescope, and pendulum clock embodied a formerly unknown potential of precision, this could only be realized by defining a set of practices
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Beyond green chemistry: Radical environmental transformation through Sanfte Chemie (1985-1995). History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-10 Marcin Krasnodębski
Sanfte Chemie was a concept formulated in the 1980s in Germany by a group of environmentally conscious scholars. It emerged within a unique environment, marked by its radical critique of dominant forms of rationality, and against the rich background of German philosophical technocritical traditions. Its purpose was to profoundly reshape the practice of chemistry and the organization of the chemical
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Mining knowledge: Nineteenth-century Cornish electrical science and the controversies of clay. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Edward J Gillin
Michael Faraday's laboratory experiments have dominated traditional histories of the electrical sciences in 1820s and 1830s Britain. However, as this article demonstrates, in the mining region of Cornwall, Robert Were Fox fashioned a very different approach to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. Here, it was the mine that provided the foremost site of scientific experimentation, with Fox employing
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Performing the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Aimee Slaughter
Los Alamos, New Mexico has an enduring and complicated relationship with its past. During World War II, its residents worked to create the world's first atomic weapons. The nuclear legacies of the Manhattan Project are global, but in contemporary Los Alamos the Project is often primarily considered a local history before a national or international one. The community's modern identity is constructed
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Silver refining in the New World: A singularity in the history of useful knowledge. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-31 Saul Guerrero,David Pretel
Historians have thoroughly documented the development of mercury-based silver refining in Spanish America in the late sixteenth century, and its use for over 300 years on an industrial scale unknown in Europe. However, we currently lack any consensus about the significance of this technology in the global history of knowledge. This article critically reassesses the invention and improvement of this
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George Howard Darwin and the "public" interpretation of The Tides. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 Edwin D Rose
Processes of adapting complex information for broad audiences became a pressing concern by the turn of the twentieth century. Channels of communication ranged from public lectures to printed books designed to serve a social class eager for self-improvement. Through analyzing a course of public lectures given by George Howard Darwin (1845-1912) for the Lowell Institute in Boston and the monograph he
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Herbaria as manuscripts: Philology, ethnobotany, and the textual-visual mesh of early modern botany. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Bettina Dietz
While interest in early modern herbaria has so far mainly concentrated on the dried plants stored in them, this paper addresses another of their qualities - their role as manuscripts. In the 1670s, the German botanist Paul Hermann (1646-95) spent several years in Ceylon (today Sri Lanka) as a medical officer in the service of the Dutch East India Company. During his stay he put together four herbaria
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Thunderstorms underground: Giuseppe Saverio Poli and the electric earthquake. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Salvatore Esposito
This paper presents a case study of the "electric hypothesis" of the causes of earthquakes, which emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century as part of the first studies of seismology. This hypothesis was related to Franklin's views on atmospheric electricity and developed in a period when electric phenomena were widely studied, and was essentially based on solid empirical evidence and confirmed
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The mule on the Mount Wilson trail: George Ellery Hale, American scientific cosmology, and cosmologies of American science. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-07-06 Kendrick Oliver
This article explores the relation between two different modes of cosmology: the social and the scientific. Over the twentieth century, scientific understandings of the dimensions and operations of the physical universe changed dramatically, significantly prompted by astronomical and astrophysical research undertaken at the Mount Wilson Observatory in Pasadena, California. Could those understandings
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Chemical 'canaries': Munitions workers in the First World War. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-06-02 Patricia Fara
In the early twentieth century, scientific innovations permanently changed international warfare. As chemicals traveled out of laboratories into factories and military locations, war became waged at home as well as overseas. Large numbers of women were employed in munitions factories during the First World War, but their public memories have been overshadowed by men who died on battlefields abroad;
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Current debates and emerging trends in the history of science in premodern Islamicate societies. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Nahyan Fancy,Justin Stearns,Sonja Brentjes,A Tunç Şen,Scott Trigg,Noah Gardiner,Nükhet VarlıkRutgers,Matthew Melvin-Koushki,S Nomanul Haq
This roundtable brings together contributions from nine senior, mid-career and junior scholars who work on the history of science in pre-1800 Islamicate societies. The contributions reflect upon some of the challenges that have historically constrained the subfield, how they have sought to overcome them, and what they see as some of the more productive and fruitful turns the field has taken and/or
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Science across the Meiji divide: Vernacular literary genres as vectors of science in modern Japan History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Ruselle Meade
Histories of Japanese science have been integral in affirming the Meiji Restoration of 1868 as the starting point of modern Japan. Vernacular genres, characterized as “premodern,” have therefore la...
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A benefactor to mankind? Captain Warner’s secrets and the politics of invention in early Victorian Britain History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Zak Leonard
This article delves into Captain Samuel Alfred Warner’s dogged campaign to sell two inventions – his submersible mine and “long range” missile – to the British government in the 1840s and 1850s. De...
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Contested “automobility”: Peasants, townsfolks, and infrastructures of road transport in interwar central and western India (c. 1919–39) History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2023-01-05 Stefan Tetzlaff
Infrastructure-making in interwar India was a dynamic, multilayered process involving roads and vehicles in urban and rural sites. One of their strongest playgrounds were Bombay Presidency and the ...
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“Put a mark on the errors”: Seventeenth-century medicine and science History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Alice Leonard, Sarah E. Parker
Error is a neglected epistemological category in the history of science. This neglect has been driven by the commonsense idea that its elimination is a general good, which often renders it invisibl...
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Introduction: Science and connoisseurship in the European Enlightenment History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Michael Bycroft, Alexander Wragge-Morley
A major theme of the European Enlightenment was the rationalization of value, the use of reason to determine the value of things, from diamonds to civilizations. This view of the Enlightenment is w...
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The hand of the connoisseur: Gems and hardness in Enlightenment mineralogy History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-11-25 Michael Bycroft
Historians of natural history have shown that the study of plants, animals, and minerals was a form of connoisseurship in the eighteenth century. Historians of early modern experiments have linked ...
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Introduction: Science popularization, dictatorships, and democracies History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-08-29 Clara Florensa, Agustí Nieto-Galan
The study of science popularization in dictatorships, such as Franco’s regime, offers a useful window through which to review definitions of controversial categories such as “popular science” and t...
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Struggling for survival: The popularization of Darwinism and the elite’s fight for power in Franco’s Spain (1939–1967) History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-08-29 Clara Florensa
In the late 1940s in Spain, a group of young scholars, most of them newly appointed university lecturers, gained control of Arbor, the promotional journal of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones...
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Progressing into disaster: The railroad and the spread of cholera in a provincial Ottoman town History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-08-10 Alexander Schweig
The nineteenth century is often remembered as the age in which steamships and steam locomotives connected the globe with a speed and efficiency previously unseen. Although contemporaries frequently...
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Hard science, soft science: A political history of a disciplinary array History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Steven Shapin
A distinction between the “hard” and “soft” scientific disciplines is a modern commonplace, widely invoked to contrast the natural and the social sciences and to distribute value accordingly, where...
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Towards a history of scientific publishing. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Bettina Dietz
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Afterword: Science popularization, dictatorships, and democracies History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-05-18 Geert Somsen
This Afterword to the special section on Science Popularization in Francoist Spain draws general conclusions from its case studies. Most overarchingly, the different contributions show that popular...
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Animals for the mayor: Barcelona’s zoo in the making of local policies and national narratives (1957–73) History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-05-18 Miquel Carandell Baruzzi
From 1957 to 1973, Barcelona Zoo was transformed from a small-scale, antiquated establishment harboring very few animals, a place that was still in a poor condition following the Spanish Civil War,...
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Scaling down the Earth’s history: Visual materials for popular education by Nérée Boubée (1806–1862) History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-05-04 Silvia F de M Figueirôa
Spatial and temporal scales are essential components of geological sciences; both are almost always imbricated in complex ways, challenging geoscientific knowledge among nonspecialists and students...
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The instrumental Brahmin and the “half-caste” computer: Astronomy and colonial rule in Madras, 1791–1835 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-04-23 S. Prashant Kumar
What did science make possible for colonial rule? How was science in turn marked by the knowledge and practices of those under colonial rule? Here I approach these questions via the social history ...
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A Note From the Editor History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-03 Lissa L. Roberts
It is my sad duty to inform our readers of the passing of Michael Hoskin, the founder and longtime publisher of History of Science. An obituary can be found on the website of Cambridge University’s Department of History and Philosophy of Science at this URL: https://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/news-events/michael-hoskin. We will include a tribute to Professor Hoskin in our next issue.
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Introduction: Race science in the Latin world History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-03 Sebastián Gil-Riaño, Sarah Walsh
This essay outlines the various analytical frameworks related to the history of race science that contribute to a “Latin” intellectual culture and tradition. In addition to defining Latinity as applied to the history of science, this article examines the troubled relationship between Latin American history and histories of science characterized as global. Similarly, it explores intellectual linkages
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Race science in the Latin world: An afterword. History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Gabriela Soto Laveaga
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Heavenly spirit or material being? Science on electricity at the turn of the 19th century in Poland History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2022-02-16 Piotr Urbanowicz
In my paper I follow the emergence of the science of electricity in Poland. I believe that the science of electricity established in 1777 served as a new social program. Through the introduced translations, this science was intended to create a new social imaginary and social relations. I describe two interrelated processes: the social construction of the science of electricity, and negotiations between
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Voyages of maintenance: Exploration, infrastructure, and modernity on the Krusenstern–Lisianskii circumnavigation between Russia and Japan from 1803 to 1806 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-17 Simon Werrett
Against the common association of voyages of exploration with discovery and the arrival of modernity, this essay argues that maintenance and repair were essential to the success of such voyages and that maintenance and innovation are best seen as fundamentally integrated. Using the Russian circumnavigatory voyage of Adam von Krusenstern and Urey Lisianskii in 1803–7 as a case study, the essay explores
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Affective geographies: Family and friendship in the production of scientific knowledge History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-12-15 Dena Goodman
Through case studies of two early nineteenth-century French geologists, this article shows how relations of family and friendship were integral to determining where science took place. Digging up the traces of what I call the “affective geographies” of individual scientists that are entangled with their intellectual itineraries, I show how the practice of science is embedded in such affective relations
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The Revista Ştiinţifică “Vasile Adamachi” and its role in forming national and international scientific awareness of Greater Romania, 1910–1933 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-11-01 Alexandra Chiriac
The Revista Ştiinţifică “Vasile Adamachi” (1910–1948) had aimed since its first edition to disseminate the newest achievements of science to the interested general public with the explicit intention of building national consciousness and solidarity that would forward Romania’s natural powers through science. Even though the editors of the journal had complained constantly that their efforts to promote
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Shattering crystal with crystal: Galileo’s rhetoric, lenses, and the epistemology of metaphor History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-10-05 Hannah Marcus, Crystal Hall
The terms that Galileo’s contemporaries used for lenses (cristallo/i, lente/i, and vetro/i) have often been treated, and even translated, interchangeably. In this article, we argue that Galileo used references to crystals as lenses to embed epistemological and cosmological arguments in the material object of the telescope. Across Galileo’s correspondence and letters, the term crystal had many uses
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“The lungs of a ship”: Ventilation, acclimatization, and labor in the maritime environment, 1740–1800 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-28 Paul E Sampson
This article examines the connection between projects for shipboard ventilation and the shifting medical discourse about acclimatization in the British Empire during the eighteenth century. I argue that the design, use, and disuse of a class of shipboard “ventilators” proposed by natural philosopher Stephen Hales helps us to trace changing ideas about the ability of European bodies to acclimate, or
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Techniques of repair, the circulation of knowledge, and environmental transformation: Towards a new history of transportation History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-28 Dániel Margócsy, Mary Augusta Brazelton
It is the aim of this article to put questions of maintenance and repair in the history of science and technology under scrutiny, with a special focus on technologies and methods of transportation. The history of transportation is a history of trying to avoid shipwrecks and plane crashes. It is also a history of broken masts, worm-eaten hulls, the flat tires of cars, and endless delays at airports
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Corrigendum to Defending metropolitan identity through colonial politics: The role of Portuguese naturalists (1870–91) History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-27
Daniel Gamito-Marques, “Defending Metropolitan Identity Through Colonial Politics: The Role of Portuguese Naturalists (1870–91),” History of Science 56, no. 2 (2018), 224–253. DOI: 10.1177/0073275317722240
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“Rusticall chymistry”: Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Justin Niermeier-Dohoney
As the primary ingredient in gunpowder, saltpeter was an extraordinarily important commodity in the early modern world. Historians of science and technology have long studied its military applications but have rarely focused on its uses outside of warfare. Due to its potential effectiveness as a fertilizer, saltpeter was also an integral component of experimental agricultural reform movements in the
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Risky migrations: Race, Latin eugenics, and Cold War development in the International Labor Organization’s Puno–Tambopata project in Peru, 1930–60 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-08-22 Sebastián Gil-Riaño
Histories of economic development during the Cold War do not typically consider connections to race science and eugenics. By contrast, this article historicizes the debates sparked by the International Labor Organization’s Puno–Tambopata project in Peru and demonstrates how Cold War development practice shared common epistemological terrain with racial and eugenic thought from the Andes. The International
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Magnifying the first points of life: Harvey and Descartes on generation and scale History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-08-13 Christoffer Basse Eriksen
In this essay, I study the contested role of magnification as an observational strategy in the generation theories of William Harvey and René Descartes. During the seventeenth century, the grounds under the discipline of anatomy were shifting as knowledge was increasingly based on autopsia and observation. Likewise, new theories of generation were established through observations of living beings in
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The spring of order: Robert Main’s management of astronomical labor at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-07-20 Daniel Belteki
During the early nineteenth century the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, significantly increased the number of individuals it employed. One of the new roles created was the position of First Assistant, who oversaw the management of astronomical labor at the observatory. This article examines the contribution of Robert Main, who was the first person employed in this role. It shows that, through Robert
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The emperor’s herbarium: The German physician Leonhard Rauwolf (1535?–96) and his botanical field studies in the Middle East History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-06-21 Tilmann Walter, Abdolbaset Ghorbani, Tinde van Andel
This paper presents the results of the new interdisciplinary research done on Leonhard Rauwolf’s herbarium with plants from the Middle East, which was later owned by Emperor Rudolf II. Using various sources, it examines how the herbarium came into the imperial collections, Early Modern methods of botanical research as described by Rauwolf in his printed travelogue, and how the illustrations for the
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Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692–1761) and the early Leiden jar: A discussion of the neglected manuscripts History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-18 Pieter Present
In this article, I discuss manuscript material written by Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692–1761) related to his first experiments with the Leiden jar. Despite the importance of the discovery of the Leiden jar for the history of electricity and the questions that still surround its discovery, a detailed treatment of this manuscript material is lacking in the literature. The main aim of this paper is to
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Self-help for learned journals: Scientific societies and the commerce of publishing in the 1950s History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-18 Aileen Fyfe
In the decades after the Second World War, learned society publishers struggled to cope with the expanding output of scientific research and the increased involvement of commercial publishers in the business of publishing research journals. Could learned society journals survive economically in the postwar world, against this competition? Or was the emergence of a sales-based commercial model of publishing
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Nafia for the Tigris: The Privy Purse and the infrastructure of development in late Ottoman Iraq, 1882–1914 History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-16 Camille Lyans Cole
Between 1893 and 1908, at least six private consortia and the municipality of Baghdad were denied permission to operate steamships on the Tigris and Euphrates on the grounds that a navigation concession had already been granted to the Privy Purse (hazine-i hassa). The Privy Purse justified its insistence on monopoly with reference to the emerging ideology of development (nafia), though its ideas about
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Phases of physics: Building the discipline during the long nineteenth century History of Science (IF 0.5) Pub Date : 2021-03-06 Lissa L. Roberts
Almost forty years ago, Robert Kohler introduced his From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline with this definition: “Disciplines are political institutions that demarcate areas of academic territory, allocate the privileges and responsibilities of expertise, and structure claims on resources. They are the infrastructure of science, embodied in university departments