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Asymmetric Causal Attributions to Environmental Influences for Prosocial Versus Antisocial Behavior. Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Matthew S Lebowitz,Kathryn Tabb,Paul S Appelbaum
Several recent studies have explored how people may favor different explanations for others' behavior depending on the moral or evaluative valence of the behavior in question. This research tested whether people would be less willing to believe that a person's environment played a role in causing her to exhibit antisocial (as compared to prosocial) behavior. In three experiments, participants read
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Tugging at Their Heartstrings: Partner's Knowledge of Affective Meta-Bases Predicts Use of Emotional Advocacies in Close Relationships Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Kenneth Tan,Ya Hui Michelle See
Traditional studies of attitude change have focused on attempts between strangers, but what about in close relationships? The present article examines whether accuracy regarding a partner's meta-attitudinal bases can influence persuasion attempts. Because meta-bases reflect informationprocessing goals, we hypothesized that given partners with more affective meta-bases, greater accuracy regarding partners'
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Inferring Goals and Traits From Behaviors: The Role of Culture, Self-Construal, and Thinking Style Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Ceren Günsoy,Irmak Olcaysoy Okten
People make spontaneous inferences from others' behaviors, such as spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) and spontaneous situation inferences (SSIs). People's behaviors, however, are shaped by their goals as well, which are determined by their internal characteristics (e.g., traits) and by contextual factors (e.g., social roles). In three studies, we examined whether self-construal, culture, and holistic
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Who Can Be Fooled? Modeling Facial Impressions of Gullibility Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Bastian Jaeger,Erdem O. Meral
The success of acts of deceit and exploitation depends on how trusting and naïve (i.e., gullible) targets are. In three preregistered studies, using both theory-driven and data-driven approaches, we examined how people form impressions of gullibility based on targets' facial appearance. We find significant consensus in gullibility impressions, suggesting that people have a somewhat shared representation
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Shared Reality Effects of Tuning Messages to Multiple Audiences Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Federica Pinelli,Lila Davachi,E. Tory Higgins
Our study explores how communicating with audiences who hold opposite opinions about a target person can lead to a biased recall of the target's behaviors depending on whom a shared reality is created with. By extending the standard “saying-is-believing” paradigm to the case of two audiences with opposite attitudes toward a target person, we found that communicators evaluatively tune their message
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Examining the Link Between Neutral and Ambivalent Attitudes: Their Association and their Co-Occurrence Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Danfei Hu,Karen Gasper
We examined the link between neutral and ambivalent attitudes. First, we examined whether they are mutually exclusive, in that when one attitude is present, the other is not, or if they co-occur. Second, we examined whether they are negatively associated, such that as ambivalence increases, neutrality decreases. In three studies, participants indicated their positive, negative, neutral, and ambivalent
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Moral Evaluations of Humor Apply Beyond Just Those Telling the Joke Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Wei Jee Ong,Kai Chi Yam,Christopher M. Barnes
Humor involves both joke-tellers and listeners, both of whom are subject to observers' evaluations. Past research has suggested a tension between humor and morality such that moral individuals may be less humorous, and humor may promote tolerance of moral violations. Building on this work, we highlight that individuals engaging in humor are themselves subject to inferences of moral character. Joke-tellers
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It Is Written in the Eyes: Inferences From Pupil Size and Gaze Orientation Shape Interpersonal Liking Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Simone Mattavelli,Marco Brambilla,Mariska E. Kret
Research has shown that pupil size shapes interpersonal impressions: Individuals with dilated pupils tend to be perceived more positively than those with constricted pupils. Untested so far is the role of cognitive processes in shaping the effects of pupil size. Two preregistered studies investigated whether the effect of pupil size was qualified by partner's attention allocation inferred from gaze
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Unwilling to Un-Blame: Whites Who Dismiss Historical Causes of Societal Disparities Also Dismiss Personal Mitigating Information for Black Offenders Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Michael J. Gill,Alexandra Pizzuto
When will racial bias in blame and punishment emerge? Here, we focus on White people's willingness to “un-blame” Black and White offenders upon learning of their unfortunate life histories or biological impairments. We predicted that personal mitigating narratives of Black (but not White) offenders would be ignored by Whites who are societal-level anti-historicists. Societal-level anti-historicists
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Generalized Approach/Avoidance Responses to Degraded Affective Stimuli: An Informational Account Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Nicolas Pillaud,François Ric
Two studies tested whether affective stimuli presented auditorily spontaneously trigger approach/avoidance reactions toward neutral visual stimuli. Contrary to hypotheses, Experiment 1 revealed that when the target was present, participants responded faster after positive (vs. negative) stimuli, and faster to the absence of the target following negative (vs. positive) stimuli, whatever the response
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Person Memory Mechanism Underlying Approach and Avoidance Judgments of Social Targets Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Allison M. Sklenar,Matthew P. McCurdy,Andrea N. Frankenstein,Matt Motyl,Eric D. Leshikar
People display approach and avoidance tendencies toward social targets. Although much research has studied the factors that affect decisions to approach or avoid targets, less work has investigated whether cognitive factors, such as episodic memory (e.g., details remembered about others from previous encounters) contribute to such judgments. Across two experiments, participants formed positive or negative
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Thou Shalt not Kill, Unless it is not a Human: Target Dehumanization May Influence Decision Difficulty and Response Patterns for Moral Dilemmas Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Hui Bai,Hyun Euh,Christopher M. Federico,Eugene Borgida
Past research on moral dilemmas has thoroughly investigated the roles of personality and situational variables, but the role of targets in moral dilemmas has been relatively neglected. This article presents findings from four experiments that manipulated the perceived dehumanization of targets in moral dilemmas. Findings from Studies 1, 2, and 4 suggest that dehumanized targets may render the decision
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Negative or Negated, Thus True? An Investigation of Concept Valence and Semantic Negation as Drivers of Framing Effects in Judgments of Truth Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Mariela E. Jaffé,Rainer Greifeneder
The negativity bias in judgments of truth holds that content-wise identical statements are more likely to be judged as true when presented in a negative compared to positive concept frame. This article investigates the mechanisms underlying this concept frame effect by differentiating concept valence (something good versus bad) and semantic negation (grammatical operator) throughout five studies. We
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Master Narratives, Expectations of Change, and Their Effect on Temporal Appraisals Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 James G. Hillman,David J. Hauser
People hold narrative expectations for how humans generally change over the course of their lives. In some areas, people expect growth (e.g., wisdom), while in others, people expect stability (e.g., extroversion). However, do people apply those same expectations to the self? In five studies (total N = 1,372), participants rated selves as improving modestly over time in domains where stability should
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Pupil Size Predicts Partner Choices in Online Dating Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Tila M. Pronk,Rebecca I. Bogaers,Mara S. Verheijen,Willem W. A. Sleegers
People's choices for specific romantic partners can have far reaching consequences, but very little is known about the process of partner selection. In the current study, we tested whether a measure of physiological arousal, pupillometry (i.e., changes in pupil size), can predict partner choices in an online dating setting. A total of 239 heterosexual participants took part in an online dating task
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Triangulated Racialization Index (TRI): Incremental and Predictive Validity of a Multidimensional Stereotype Measure Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 John Tawa
A new stereotype metric is proposed, computed as the geometric area of a triangle determined by stereotype endorsement in reference to three racialized groups (i.e., Asian, Black, and White) mapped onto a three-dimensional (i.e., body, mind, and self-interest) field. Conceptually, this measure determines the extent to which these racial groups are triangulated in relation to one another; operationally
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Does Emotional Expression Moderate Implicit Racial Bias? Examining Bias Following Smiling and Angry Primes Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Afsaneh Raissi,Jennifer R. Steele
Given the pervasiveness of prejudice, researchers have become increasingly interested in examining racial bias at the intersection of race and other social and perceptual categories that have the potential to disrupt these negative attitudes. Across three studies, we examined whether the emotional expression of racial exemplars would moderate implicit racial bias. We found that racial bias on the Affect
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The Limits of Defaults: The Influence of Decision Time on Default Effects Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Benjamin X. White,Duo Jiang,Dolores Albarracín
The stability of default effects to contextual features is critical to their use in policy. In this paper, decision time was investigated as a contextual factor that may pose limits on the efficacy of defaults. Consistent with the hypothesis that time constraints may increase reliance on contextual cues, four experiments, including a preregistered one of a nationally representative sample, and a meta-analysis
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Vertical Position is Associated with Construal Level and Psychological Distance Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Ravit Nussinson,Yaron Elias,Einat Yosef-Nitzan,Sari Mentser,Maya Zadka,Zohar Weinstein,Nira Liberman
Recent findings suggest that stimulus construal level (high vs. low) is mentally associated with its vertical position (up vs. down). We delve deeper into this association and its meanings, and examine, for the first time, its complementary association, that of stimulus psychological distance (distant vs. close) and its vertical position (up vs. down). In Study 1 and 2 goals of activities were positioned
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Mixed Evidence for Name Priming Effects as a Measure of Implicit Self-Esteem: A Conceptual Replication of Krause Et Al. (2012) Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Adrian Jusepeitis,Klaus Rothermund
Krause et al. (2012) demonstrated that evaluative responses elicited by self-related primes in an affective priming task have incremental validity over explicit self-esteem in predicting self-serving biases in performance estimations and expectations in an anagram task. We conducted a conceptual replication of their experiment in which we added a behavioral and an affective outcome and presented names
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The Effect of First-Hand and Second-Hand Knowledge on Perceived Group Homogeneity and Certainty About Stereotype-Based Inferences Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Thalia H. Vrantsidis,William A. Cunningham
Stereotypes are often used to make inferences about others, yet can lead to problematic consequences, which get exacerbated when people are more confident in these inferences. The current research examines whether biases in people's first-hand and second-hand information about groups make groups appear overly homogeneous, leading to more confident inferences about group members. Supporting this, across
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The Self-Validating Role of Political Ideology on Political Attitudes Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Kevin L. Blankenship,Kelly A. Kane,Carly R. Hewitt
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in the influence of ideology on the formation and maintenance of political attitudes. Much of this work has examined ideology as an individual difference that influences evaluations of political issues; these studies instead examined how one's ideology explicitly serves to polarize political opinions. Using the self-validation perspective as a theoretical
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Underappreciated Benefits of Reading Own and Others' Memories Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Shriya Sekhsaria,Emily Pronin
These studies investigate underappreciated benefits of reading memories, including memories of other people, for happiness, psychological well-being, and loneliness. In the studies, college students (Study 1), residents of assisted-living facilities (Study 2), and MTurk workers online (Study 3) wrote down memories. They also predicted how they would feel after reading their own and others' memories
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When the Going Gets Tough, How Do We Perceive the Future? Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Stephanie J. Tepper,Neil A. Lewis
People struggle to stay motivated to work toward difficult goals. Sometimes the feeling of difficulty signals that the goal is important and worth pursuing; other times, it signals that the goal is impossible and should be abandoned. In this article, we argue that how difficulty is experienced depends on how we perceive and experience the timing of difficult events. We synthesize research from across
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Considering Victims' Minds in the Evaluation of Harmful Agents' Moral Standing Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 Hironori Akechi,Jari K. Hietanen
An agent's moral standing is considered as depending on the agent's mind and their harmfulness toward a victim, but a victim's mind and species may also matter. To examine whether a victim's species (i.e., human or another) and a victim's mind are considered in the judgment of a harmful agent's moral standing, the present study modulated the mental capacities of an imaginary species. Only humans' suffering
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Faces and Sounds Becoming One: Cross-Modal Integration of Facial and Auditory Cues in Judging Trustworthiness Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Marco Brambilla,Matteo Masi,Simone Mattavelli,Marco Biella
Face processing has mainly been investigated by presenting facial expressions without any contextual information. However, in everyday interactions with others, the sight of a face is often accompanied by contextual cues that are processed either visually or under different sensory modalities. Here, we tested whether the perceived trustworthiness of a face is influenced by the auditory context in which
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Red Enhances the Processing of Anger Facial Configurations as a Function of Target Gender Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Ashley L. Ruba,Christopher A. Thorstenson,Betty M. Repacholi
Various contextual factors, such as color, modify how emotions are perceived on the face. In particular, the color red enhances categorization of anger on faces. Yet, an open question remains as to whether red facilitates anger categorization uniformly or whether this effect is specific to targets with characteristics already highly associated with anger. The current work examines whether the color
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Does Temporal Distance Influence Abstraction? A Large Pre-Registered Experiment Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Amber M. Sánchez,Christopher W. Coleman,Alison Ledgerwood
Construal level theory has been extraordinarily generative both within and beyond social psychology, yet the individual effects that form the empirical foundation of the theory have yet to be carefully probed and precisely estimated using large samples and preregistered analysis plans. In a highly powered and preregistered study, we tested the effect of temporal distance on abstraction, using one of
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When Abstract Concepts Rely on Multiple Metaphors: Metaphor Selection in the Case of Power Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Mianlin Deng,Ana Guinote,Lin Li,Lijuan Cui,Wendian Shi
The study examines metaphor selection for the same abstract concept when multiple concrete dimensions are available for use. Drawing on the power concept, four studies investigated the roles of attention and visual features of concrete dimensions in metaphoric mapping. In Studies 1 and 2, two concrete dimensions (vertical space and size) were visually connected to power-related target words simultaneously
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Morality Matters in the Marketplace: The Role of Moral Metacognition in Consumer Purchasing Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Andrew Luttrell,Jacob D. Teeny,Richard E. Petty
To better understand the seemingly inconsistent influence of consumers' morality on their marketplace behaviors, we apply insights from research on attitude moralization to the consumer domain. That is, rather than predefining certain products as “moral,” this approach treats morality as the extent to which individual consumers metacognitively perceive their positive product attitudes as rooted in
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(Eye-) Tracking the Other-Race Effect: Comparison of Eye Movements During Encoding and Recognition of Ingroup Faces With Proximal and Distant Outgroup Faces Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Marleen Stelter,Marc Rommel,Juliane Degner
People experience difficulties recognizing faces of ethnic outgroups, known as the other-race effect. The present eye-tracking study investigates if this effect is related to differences in visual attention to ingroup and outgroup faces. We measured gaze fixations to specific facial features and overall eye-movement activity level during an old/new recognition task comparing ingroup faces with proximal
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Ideological Differences in Race and Gender Stereotyping Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Chadly Stern,Jordan Axt
We investigated whether political ideology was associated with the endorsement of race and gender stereotypes, and examined motivational and cognitive factors that could account for any ideological differences. Across five preregistered studies, people who were more politically conservative more strongly supported the use of stereotypes to make social inferences based on race, and endorsed specific
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The Effects of Online Status on Self-Other Processing as Revealed by Automatic Imitation Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Sumeet Farwaha,Sukhvinder S. Obhi
High status individuals have been found to be less attuned to the behavior of others in the social environment. An important question is whether social status in an online setting affects social information processing in a way that resembles the known effects of real-world status on such processing. We examined differences in automatic imitation between Instagram “leaders” and “followers.” In Experiment
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Hindsight Bias and Electoral Outcomes: Satisfaction Counts More Than Winner-Loser Status Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Mauro Bertolotti,Patrizia Catellani
The tendency to perceive outcomes as more foreseeable once they are available is a well-known phenomenon. However, research on the cognitive and motivational factors that induce individuals to overestimate the foreseeability of an electoral outcome has yielded inconsistent findings. In three studies based on large-scale electoral surveys (ITANES, Italian National Election Studies), we argued that the
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“I want it now!” Intertemporal Choice Through the Lens of Valence Weighting Bias Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Javier A. Granados Samayoa,Russell H. Fazio
The current research presents a novel perspective regarding individual differences in intertemporal choice preferences. We postulate that such differences are partly rooted in individuals’ valence weighting proclivities—their characteristic manner of weighting positive and negative valence when constructing an initial evaluation. Importantly, valence weighting bias should predict intertemporal choice
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Flexing the Extremes: Increasing Cognitive Flexibility With a Paradoxical Leading Questions Intervention Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Nadine Knab,Kevin Winter,Melanie C. Steffens
Since the increase in numbers of refugees worldwide, the acceptance of refugees in host countries is a highly contested topic. Negative attitudes towards refugees pose a challenge to both integration efforts and social cohesion. So-called paradoxical interventions help mitigating such extreme attitudes, but little is known about the cognitive processes elicited by these interventions. This research
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On the Moral Functions of Language Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Leon Li,Michael Tomasello
Previous comparisons of language and morality have taken a cognitively internalist (i.e., within-minds) perspective. We take a socially externalist (i.e., between-minds) perspective, viewing both language and morality as forms of social action. During human evolution, social cognitive adaptations for cooperation evolved, including cooperative communication (social acts to mentally coordinate with others
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Introduction to Morality as a Hub: Connections Within and Beyond Social Cognition Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Larisa Heiphetz,Fiery Cushman
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A Cooperation Advantage for Theory of Mind in Children and Adults Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Lily Tsoi,J. Kiley Hamlin,Adam Waytz,Andrew Scott Baron,Liane Lee Young
Three studies test whether people engage in mental state reasoning or theory of mind (ToM) differently across two fundamental social contexts: cooperation and competition. Study 1 examines how children with an emerging understanding of false beliefs deploy ToM across these contexts. We find that young preschool children are better able to plant false beliefs in others' minds in a cooperative versus
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Psychopathy and Moral Dilemma Judgments: A CNI Model Analysis of Personal and Perceived Societal Standards Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Dillon M. Luke,Bertram Gawronski
Research on moral dilemma judgment suggests that higher levels of psychopathy are associated with a greater preference for utilitarian over deontological judgments. The current research investigated whether this association reflects (1) differences in the understanding of what society considers right or wrong or (2) differences in personal standards about the acceptability of certain actions. Using
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Morality as a Regulator of Divergence: Protecting Against Deviance While Promoting Diversity Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Jennifer Cole Wright
Living together cooperatively in groups requires creating and maintaining healthy socio-cultural normative structures (i.e., shared “normed” beliefs, values, practices, and so on) that allow all members of the group to function well, both as individuals and as a part of the communal whole. This requires maintaining a delicate and dynamic balance between protecting members of the group from undue harm
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Morality as Fuel for Violence? Disentangling the Role of Religion in Violent Conflict Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Kayleigh A. Cousar,Nate C. Carnes,Sasha Y. Kimel
Past research finds contradictory evidence suggesting that religion both reduces and increases violent conflict. We argue that morality is an important hub mechanism that can help us understand this disputed relationship. Moreover, to reconcile this, as well as the factors underlying religion's impact on increased violence (i.e., belief versus practice), we draw on Virtuous Violence Theory and newly
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Linguistic Evidence for the Dissociation Between Impurity and Harm: Differences in the Duration and Scope of Contamination Versus Injury Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Laura Niemi,Cristina Leone,Liane Young
Previous research has shown that harm and impurity are relevant to a different extent across individuals and transgressions. However, the source of these differences is still unclear. Here, we combine language analysis and social-moral psychology to articulate the core defining features of impurity versus harm. In Study 1 (a–c), we found systematic variation in language use, indicating that people
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Religious Affiliation and Conceptions of the Moral Domain Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Sydney Levine,Joshua Rottman,Taylor Davis,Elizabeth O'Neill,Stephen Stich,Edouard Machery
What is the relationship between religious affiliation and conceptions of the moral domain? Putting aside the question of whether people from different religions agree about how to answer moral questions, here we investigate a more fundamental question: How much disagreement is there across religions about which issues count as moral in the first place? That is, do people from different religions conceptualize
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Connecting the Moral Core: Examining Moral Baby Research Through an Attachment Theory Perspective Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 Audrey-Ann Deneault,Stuart I. Hammond
Infants care for and are cared for by others from early in life, a fact reflected in infants' morality and attachment. According to moral core researchers, infants are born with a moral sense that allows them to care about and evaluate the actions of third parties. In attachment theory, care manifests through infants' relationships with caregivers, which forms representations called internal working
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Moral Psychology as a Necessary Bridge Between Social Cognition and Law Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 James P. Dunlea,Larisa Heiphetz
Coordinating competing interests can be difficult. Because law regulates human behavior, it is a candidate mechanism for creating coordination in the face of societal disagreement. We argue that findings from moral psychology are necessary to understand why law can effectively resolve co-occurring conflicts related to punishment and group membership. First, we discuss heterogeneity in punitive thought
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Locomoting Larks and Assessing Owls: Morality from Mode and Time of Day Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 James F. M. Cornwell,Olivia Mandelbaum,Allison Turza Bajger,Raymond D. Crookes,David H. Krantz,E. Tory Higgins
Moral psychology is used to explore the interaction between regulatory mode (locomotion; assessment) and diurnal preference (“early birds”; “night owls”). Moral and immoral behavior was partly explained by an interaction between regulatory mode and the time of day the task took place. In Studies 1a and 1b, we established a relation between self-reported diurnal preference and regulatory mode using
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Has the Effect of the American Flag on Political Attitudes Declined Over Time? A Case Study of the Historical Context of American Flag Priming Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Travis J. Carter,Gayathri Pandey,Niall Bolger,Ran R. Hassin,Melissa J. Ferguson
We report findings from a meta-analysis on all published and unpublished studies from our labs (total N = 9,656) examining the priming effect of the American flag on political attitudes. Our analyses suggest that, consistent with the studies we originally published in 2011 (T. J. Carter et al., 2011b), American flag primes did create politically conservative shifts in attitudes and beliefs during the
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Letters to our Future Selves? High-Powered Replication Attempts Question Effects on Future Orientation, Delinquent Decisions, and Risky Investments Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Laura Quinten,Anja Murmann,Hanna A. Genau,Rafaela Warkentin,Rainer Banse
Enhancing people's future orientation, in particular continuity with their future selves, has been proposed as promising to mitigate self-control–related problem behavior. In two pre-registered, direct replication studies, we tested a subtle manipulation, that is, writing a letter to one's future self, in order to reduce delinquent decisions (van Gelder et al., 2013, Study 1) and risky investments
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Easy to Make, Hard to Revise: Updating Spontaneous Trait Inferences in the Presence of Trait-Inconsistent Information Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Irmak Olcaysoy Okten,Gordon B. Moskowitz
Previous research has shown that perceivers spontaneously form trait inferences from others' behaviors received at a single point in time. The present work examined the persistence of spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) in the presence of trait-inconsistent information about others. We hypothesized that STIs should be resistant to change over time and in the presence of new trait-inconsistent information
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When Practice Fails to Reduce Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot: The Case of Cognitive Load Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Balbir Singh,Jordan Axt,Sean M. Hudson,Christopher Lee Mellinger,Bernd Wittenbrink,Joshua Correll
Practice improves performance on a first-person shooter task (FPST), increasing accuracy and decreasing racial bias. But rather than simply promoting cognitively efficient processing, we argue that the benefits of practice on a difficult, cognitively demanding task like the FPST rely, at least in part, on resource-intensive, cognitively effortful processing. If practice-based improvements require cognitive
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Applied Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparities Research Using Implicit Measures. Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Nao Hagiwara,John F Dovidio,Jeff Stone,Louis A Penner
Many healthcare disparities studies use the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess bias. Despite ongoing controversy around the IAT, its use has enabled researchers to reliably document an association between provider implicit prejudice and provider-to-patient communication (provider communication behaviors and patient reactions to them). Success in documenting such associations is likely due to
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Propositional Accounts of Implicit Evaluation: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Benedek Kurdi,Yarrow Dunham
Associative accounts suggest that implicit (indirectly measured) evaluations are sensitive primarily to co-occurrence information (e.g., pairings of gorges with positive experiences) and are represented associatively (e.g., Gorge–Nice). By contrast, recent propositional accounts have argued that implicit evaluations are also responsive to relational information (e.g., gorges causing vs. preventing
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Lions, and Tigers, and Implicit Measures, Oh My! Implicit Assessment and the Valence vs. Threat Distinction Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 David S. March,Michael A. Olson,Lowell Gaertner
Physically threatening objects are negative, but negative objects are not necessarily threatening. Moreover, responses elicited by threats to physical harm are distinct from those elicited by other negatively (and positively) valenced stimuli. We discuss the importance of the threat versus valence distinction for implicit measurement both in terms of the activated evaluation and the design of the measure
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Trait-Unconsciousness, State-Unconsciousness, Preconsciousness, and Social Miscalibration in the Context of Implicit Evaluation Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Adam Hahn,Alexandra Goedderz
Implicit evaluations are often assumed to reflect “unconscious attitudes.” We review data from our lab to conclude that the truth of this statement depends on how one defines “unconscious.” A trait definition of unconscious according to which implicit evaluations reflect cognitions that are introspectively inaccessible at all times appears to be inaccurate. However, when unconscious is defined as a
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Accurate by Being Noisy: A Formal Network Model of Implicit Measures of Attitudes Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Jonas Dalege,Han L. J. van der Maas
In this article, we model implicit attitude measures using our network theory of attitudes. The model rests on the assumption that implicit measures limit attitudinal entropy reduction, because implicit measures represent a measurement outcome that is the result of evaluating the attitude object in a quick and effortless manner. Implicit measures therefore assess attitudes in high entropy states (i
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Reflecting on 25 Years of Research Using Implicit Measures: Recommendations for Their Future Use Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Pieter Van Dessel,Jamie Cummins,Sean Hughes,Sarah Kasran,Femke Cathelyn,Tal Moran
For more than 25 years, implicit measures have shaped research, theorizing, and intervention in psychological science. During this period, the development and deployment of implicit measures have been predicated on a number of theoretical, methodological, and applied assumptions. Yet these assumptions are frequently violated and rarely met. As a result, the merit of research using implicit measures
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The Challenge of Diagnostic Inferences From Implicit Measures: The Case of Non-Evaluative Influences in the Evaluative Priming Paradigm Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Christian Unkelbach,Klaus Fiedler
Implicit measures are diagnostic tools to assess attitudes and evaluations that people cannot or may not want to report. Diagnostic inferences from such tools are subject to asymmetries. We argue that (causal) conditional probabilities p(AM+|A+) of implicitly measured attitudes AM+ given the causal influence of existing attitudes A+ is typically higher than the reverse (diagnostic) conditional probability
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Moving Beyond the Relative Assessment of Implicit Biases: Navigating the Complexities of Absolute Measurement Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Brian A. O'Shea,Reinout W. Wiers
A relative assessment of implicit biases is limited because it produces a combined summary evaluation of two attitudinal beliefs while concealing the biases driving this evaluation. Similar limitations occur for relative explicit measures. Here, we will discuss the benefits and weaknesses of using relative versus absolute (individual/separate) assessments of implicit and explicit attitudes. The Implicit
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How Multinomial Processing Trees Have Advanced, and Can Continue to Advance, Research Using Implicit Measures Social Cognition (IF 1.636) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 Jimmy Calanchini
Implicit measures were developed to provide relatively pure estimates of attitudes and stereotypes, free from the influence of processes that constrain true and accurate reporting. However, implicit measures are not pure estimates of attitudes or stereotypes but, instead, reflect the joint contribution of multiple processes. The fact that responses on implicit measures reflect multiple cognitive processes