Chronic cocaine exposure has differential neural effects in Fischer 344 (F344) vs Lewis inbred rats that may explain strain‐dependent differences during acquisition vs maintenance of cocaine self‐administration. We assessed whether prior cocaine exposure alters operant responding for food across various phases (acquisition, maintenance, extinction, spontaneous recovery, reinitiation) in these strains

Patients receiving opioid agonist therapies have high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Some data suggest that comorbidity is associated with poorer treatment outcomes. The current study assessed predictors of multiple putative addictive behaviors among patients receiving opioid agonist therapies.

β‐arrestin 2 is an intracellular protein recruited during the activation of G‐protein‐coupled receptors. In preclinical studies, β‐arrestin 2 has been implicated in µ‐opioid receptor desensitization and internalization and the development of opioid tolerance and dependence. The present study investigated relationships between variants in the gene encoding β‐arrestin 2 (ARRB2) and clinically relevant

Persons with current or past major depressive disorder (MDD) vs those without have higher smoking rates. The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) represents variation in the rate of nicotine metabolism and has been associated with smoking behaviors and response to tobacco treatments. We compared NMR between smokers with current or past MDD (MDD+) vs smokers without MDD (MDD−). We also assessed correlates

Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP) detect high‐risk prescribing and patient behaviors. This study describes the characteristics associated with documented PDMP access when prescribing opioids.

To estimate the diagnostic prevalence and incidence of gambling disorder among United States service members and to identify associated risk factors, including demographics, history of mental illness or substance misuse, and proximity to legalized gambling vicinities.

We sought to understand the impact of COVID‐19 on emergency department (ED) overdoses and county coroner verified overdose deaths.

Chronic pain is not well understood in opioid‐dependent populations. We report the prevalence of chronic pain and pain characteristics in an opioid‐dependent population by treatment type and gender.

To expand on epidemiologic studies examining associations between the legalization of recreational cannabis and use among young adults, we examined the associations between licensed and unlicensed cannabis outlet density and cannabis outcomes.

Previous studies have revealed that the electroacupuncture or auricular‐point pressure as a single treatment approach is beneficial for relieving insomniac symptoms among patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). This study is designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of combining two treatments.

Previous findings on the association between hazardous drinking and HIV‐risk behavior have been equivocal, varying by population and individual difference factors. This study examined associations between hazardous drinking, impulsivity, and HIV‐risk behaviors among HIV‐positive Russian patients with a history of injection drug use (IDU), not on antiretroviral therapy.

National guidelines recommend prescribing naloxone to patients receiving chronic opioids. However, provider adherence to naloxone co‐prescribing best practices is poor and knowledge gaps for improvement efforts are large. As part of a system‐wide quality improvement intervention to improve opioid safety, we sought to improve access to naloxone for patients with opioid prescriptions.

Buprenorphine's high‐binding affinity as a partial µ‐opioid agonist displaces preexisting full agonists causing precipitated withdrawal, which requires most individuals starting buprenorphine to endure moderate withdrawal prior to induction to avoid precipitated withdrawal. A novel approach called microinduction has emerged to remove this prerequisite. Our aim is to review the literature on these alternative

Substance use disorder (SUD) includes maladaptive patterns of substance use despite negative consequences. Previous structural neuroimaging studies showed some structural alterations in SUD, but it remains unknown whether these alterations are specifically associated with SUD or common comorbidities. This study attempts to validate the findings of structural differences between SUD, healthy controls

Methamphetamine use is increasing in the United States, potentially including the simultaneous injection of methamphetamine with heroin (goofball). We compared demographic, behavioral, contextual, and health factors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the Seattle area and who reported that their main drug was goofball, heroin, or methamphetamine.

Previous research demonstrates the utility of goals in attaining improved drinking outcomes. Considerably less is known about the association between substance use goals and outcomes among persons with comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This secondary analysis examined the association between alcohol use outcomes and participants’ treatment entry substance

Treating substance use disorder (SUD) in patients with co‐occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and SUD may lower medical, psychiatric, and social complications. We conducted a systematic review with meta‐analysis to investigate the clinical benefits of pharmacological interventions to treat SUD in patients with ADHD.

While health risks associated with tobacco cigarette use are well‐known, additional risks of dual use are poorly understood. This study compared mental and behavioral health risk factors associated with the current dual use of e‐cigarettes and conventional tobacco cigarettes with current exclusive users of tobacco cigarettes and nonusers of either e‐cigarettes or tobacco cigarettes.

E‐cigarette use is associated with concurrent use of combustible cigarettes among adults and may increase the risk of future combustible cigarette use in adolescents and young adults. Detrimental effects of combustible cigarette use on sleep health are well documented, but little is known about the additive effects of concurrent e‐cigarette use. The current study examined the main and interactive effects

The recreational use of dextromethorphan (DXM) triggers dependence. The pattern and clinical predictors of relapse are unclear.

Pay for performance (P4P) models have become more popular in reimbursement for medical services, including treatment for substance use disorders. However, studies have not examined whether P4P has an impact on treatment outcome in the individual in opioid agonist treatment (OAT). Thus, the present study was conducted at the individual level, rather than the programmatic level, to determine whether

Addiction Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine are two physician subspecialities recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) that focus on providing care for patients with substance use disorders. Their shared and distinct historical roots are reviewed, and their respective ABMS board examination content areas and Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) fellowship

This paper describes the initial meetings of the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, and it compares and contrasts these relatively small meetings with the much larger meetings today. The paper is centered on the organization's initial focus on establishing itself in the mainstream of medicine and psychiatry. (Am J Addict 2020;00:00–00)

Despite substantial evidence of the efficacy of naltrexone in treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), naltrexone is used infrequently and often for short durations. Understanding factors related to the initiation and continued use of naltrexone could identify targets for improving its use in clinical practice.

Opioid overdose‐related deaths increased from approximately 18 000 deaths in 2007 to 46 802 deaths in 2018. Fentanyl is primarily responsible for the increase in opioid overdose deaths from 2011 through 2017. The primary aim of this study is to determine the rates of fentanyl in the urine drug screens of all patients who presented to the psychiatric emergency room at VA Connecticut, over 7 months in

Opioid‐related overdose deaths in North America have increased drastically, partially due to the increased prevalence of illicitly manufactured fentanyl. The current study sought to assess the prevalence and intentionality of fentanyl use among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD).

Electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees who use ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], Molly) are at high risk for ingesting adulterant drugs, but little is known regarding trends in exposure. We sought to determine whether adulteration has shifted in recent years.

The factors associated with medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment retention among pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD) are largely unknown. This study sought to characterize factors associated with postpartum treatment retention.

Previous research has shown that alcohol craving is associated with psychiatric comorbidities. However, no population studies have examined the odds of psychiatric disorders in cravers and noncravers. The purpose of this study was to investigate current prevalence rates and odds ratios of psychiatric disorders among alcohol drinkers with and without alcohol craving in a population‐based sample. We

Buprenorphine is commonly used to manage opioid use disorder; however, the literature describes its potential role in treating treatment‐resistant depression.

Individuals exposed to fentanyl are at risk of precipitated withdrawal using typical buprenorphine/naloxone induction procedures.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent in US military veterans, though little is known about whether the psychiatric comorbidities and functional outcomes (ie, clinical features) of AUD differ across race/ethnic groups. We aimed to identify differences in the clinical features of veterans with AUD by race/ethnicity.

Internationally, supervised injection facilities (SIFs) have demonstrated efficacy in reducing rates of overdose and promoting entry into treatment among persons who inject drugs (PWID); however, they remain unavailable in the United States. Early findings examining American PWID illustrate high overall willingness to use SIFs. The current study expands upon this research by examining PWID's likelihood

Despite the high incidence of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in psychiatric inpatients, standardized methods for assessing and treating AWS have been studied only once before in this population. We evaluated a novel AWS assessment and treatment protocol designed for psychiatric inpatients.

In this secondary analysis of a pilot clinical trial with individuals with alcohol and nicotine use disorders, we investigate the relationship between serum concentrations of oxytocin, β‐endorphin, melatonin, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, substance P, and orexin, with objective biomarkers (salivary cotinine and serum γ‐glutamyl transferase [GGT]) as well as with self‐reported smoking and alcohol

There are high rates of comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD) among those who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ideally, treatment for comorbidity should address both disorders simultaneously. Zonisamide, an anticonvulsant, may be effective in decreasing alcohol use and may attenuate symptoms of PTSD. Treatment strategies can include medication in combination with a proven evidence‐based psychotherapy

We examined age differences across genders in clinical characteristics in emerging adult (≤25 years) vs older adult patients (26+ years) with opioid use disorder (OUD).

Exposure to early‐life trauma may lead to maladaptive characteristics such as alexithymia, and thus to poorer emotional regulation. This relationship may also be influenced by exposure to substances prenatally. We hypothesized that increased alexithymia would be seen in those with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). Additionally, we hypothesized that early‐life trauma would be associated with alexithymia

The aim of this study was to investigate the social context of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) among college students who endorsed NMUPS with co‐occurring substance use disorders (SUD) compared with those without co‐occurring SUDs.

Treatment guidelines emphasize patients’ readiness for transitioning from opiate substitution treatment (OST) to opiate withdrawal and abstinence. Psychological preparedness indicators for this transition were examined.

The number of patients with substance use disorders in need for organ transplantation is expected to increase. Patients with addictive disorders are considered a higher risk of negative outcomes after organ transplantation due to the impact of substance use upon medical status and adherence with treatment. The goal of this systematic review was to assess the current literature on treatment for addiction

There have been few reports of buprenorphine treatment of opioid use disorder in private psychiatric practice. This report describes such a patient population and the outcomes obtained.

Adults experiencing homelessness with opioid use disorder (OUD) utilize buprenorphine (BUP), a first‐line medication for OUD, at very low rates. Innovative and tailored approaches are needed to reduce barriers to treatment and increase utilization of BUP in this population. This study describes a pilot Mobile Community‐based Access Team (M‐CAT) that used mobile technology and FaceTime in addition to

Intermittent, dual use of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes is a common pattern among youth and young adults. However, little is known about the validity of self‐report measures of nicotine consumption in these populations. The goal of the present study was to examine associations between self‐reported frequency of cigarette and e‐cigarette use and nicotine levels in hair samples at two assessments 1 year