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Mechanisms of mucosal immunity at the female reproductive tract involved in defense against HIV infection Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Margaret WY Choi, Carmina A Isidoro, Amy Gillgrass
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 remains a major global health threat. Since the virus is often transmitted through sexual intercourse and women account for the majority of new infections within the most endemic regions, research on mucosal immunity at the female reproductive tract (FRT) is of paramount importance. At the FRT, there are intrinsic barriers to HIV-1 infection, such as epithelial cells
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Tissue-resident memory T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Seungwoo Lee, Karen KM Yeung, Tania H Watts
Influenza virus is an important human pathogen with significant pandemic potential. Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide critical protection against influenza, but unlike Trm at other mucosal sites, Trm in the respiratory tract (RT) are subject to rapid attrition in mice, mirroring the decline in protective immunity to influenza virus over time. Conversely, dysfunctional Trm can
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Role of trained innate immunity against mucosal cancer Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Tao Wang, Yanling Wang, Jinjing Zhang, Yushi Yao
Mucosal tissues are frequent targets of both primary and metastatic cancers. This has highlighted the significance of both innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity at mucosal sites. Trained innate immunity (TII) is an emerging concept defined as enhanced reactivity of innate leukocytes long after a previous stimulation that induces prolonged epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic changes. Trained
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The natural virome and pandemic potential: Disease X Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Philip Lawrence, Michelle Heung, Julia Nave, Christoph Henkel, Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
Over the last decade, the emergence of several zoonotic viruses has demonstrated that previously unknown or neglected pathogens have the potential to cause epidemics and therefore to pose a threat to global public health. Even more concerning are the estimated 1.7 million still-undiscovered viruses present in the natural environment or ‘global virome’, with many of these as-yet uncharacterized viruses
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Pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in nonhuman primates Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-10 Taylor Saturday, Neeltje van Doremalen
The continued pressure of COVID-19 on public health worldwide underlines the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Though many animal models are readily available for use, the nonhuman primate (NHP) models are considered the gold standard in recapitulating disease progression in humans. In this review, we highlight the
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Editorial overview: The virome in health and disease (2022) Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Jelle Matthijnssens, Evelien Adriaenssens
Abstract not available
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Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from humans to animals: is there a risk of novel reservoirs? Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-02 Leira Fernández-Bastit, Júlia Vergara-Alert, Joaquim Segalés
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic virus able to infect humans and multiple nonhuman animal species. Most natural infections in companion, captive zoo, livestock, and wildlife species have been related to a reverse transmission, raising concern about potential generation of animal reservoirs due to human–animal interactions. To date, American mink and white-tailed
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Hepatitis-B virus: replication cycle, targets, and antiviral approaches Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-10 Nour Nasser, Pierre Tonnerre, Abdellah Mansouri, Tarik Asselah
An estimated 257 million people are chronic carriers of hepatitis-B virus (HBV) infection, which resulted in around 1 million deaths, mainly due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Long-term nucleotide analog treatment of HBV infection is associated with favorable prognosis, no disease progression, and a reduction of HCC risk, but lifelong treatments are required. A better understanding of HBV replication
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Role of the viral polymerase during adaptation of influenza A viruses to new hosts Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Brad Gilbertson, Melanie Duncan, Kanta Subbarao
As a group, influenza-A viruses (IAV) infect a wide range of animal hosts, however, they are constrained to infecting selected host species by species-specific interactions between the host and virus, that are required for efficient replication of the viral RNA genome. When IAV cross the species barrier, they acquire mutations in the viral genome to enable interactions with the new host factors, or
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Editorial overview: Viruses and Cancer Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Ethel Cesarman, Jennifer Totonchy
Abstract not available
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Genetic and pharmacological perturbation of hepatitis-C virus entry Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Belén Carriquí-Madroñal, Lisa Lasswitz, Thomas von Hahn, Gisa Gerold
Hepatitis-C virus (HCV) chronically infects 58 million individuals worldwide with variable disease outcome. While a subfraction of individuals exposed to the virus clear the infection, the majority develop chronic infection if untreated. Another subfraction of chronically ill proceeds to severe liver disease. The underlying causes of this interindividual variability include genetic polymorphisms in
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The role of nuclear pores and importins for herpes simplex virus infection Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Katinka Döhner, Manutea C Serrero, Beate Sodeik
Microtubule transport and nuclear import are functionally connected, and the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can interact with microtubule motors. For several alphaherpesvirus proteins, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and their interactions with specific importin-α proteins have been characterized. Here, we review recent insights on the roles of microtubule motors, capsid-associated NLSs, and importin-α
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Antigenic evolution of SARS coronavirus 2 Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Anna Z Mykytyn, Ron AM Fouchier, Bart L Haagmans
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, emerged in China in December 2019. Vaccines developed were very effective initially, however, the virus has shown remarkable evolution with multiple variants spreading globally over the last three years. Nowadays, newly emerging Omicron lineages are gaining substitutions at a fast rate, resulting in escape from neutralization by antibodies
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The more the merrier? Gene duplications in the coevolution of primate lentiviruses with their hosts Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Martin Müller, Daniel Sauter
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Improvement of mucosal immunity by a live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 nasal vaccine Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-19 Jason Yeung, Tian Wang, Pei-Yong Shi
The effectiveness of early COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the severity of the disease has led to a focus on developing next-generation vaccines that can prevent infection and transmission of the virus. One promising approach involves the induction of mucosal immunity through nasal administration and a variety of mucosal vaccine candidates using different platforms are currently in development. Live-attenuated
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Advantages and challenges of Newcastle disease virus as a vector for respiratory mucosal vaccines Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-15 Rik L de Swart, George A Belov
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian pathogen with an unsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Properties such as the ease of genome modification, respiratory tract tropism, and self-limiting replication in mammals make NDV an attractive vector for vaccine development. Experimental NDV-based vaccines against multiple human and animal pathogens elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses
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Structural basis for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus neutralization Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Rose J Miller, Jarrod J Mousa
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past ten years, there has been substantial progress in the development of new vaccine candidates and therapies against these viruses. These advancements were guided by the structural elucidation of the major surface glycoproteins for these
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Predicting zoonotic potential of viruses: where are we? Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Nardus Mollentze, Daniel G Streicker
The prospect of identifying high-risk viruses and designing interventions to pre-empt their emergence into human populations is enticing, but controversial, particularly when used to justify large-scale virus discovery initiatives. We review the current state of these efforts, identifying three broad classes of predictive models that have differences in data inputs that define their potential utility
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A review of broadly protective monoclonal antibodies to treat Ebola virus disease Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-29 Pramila Rijal, Francesca R. Donnellan
The filovirus vaccine and the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) research have made substantial progress. However, existing vaccines and mAbs approved for use in humans are specific to Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). Since other Ebolavirus species are a continuing threat to public health, the search for broadly protective mAbs has drawn attention. Here, we review viral glycoprotein-targeting mAbs that
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Cryo-electron tomography of viral infection — from applications to biosafety Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-20 Liv Zimmermann, Petr Chlanda
Cellular cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) offers 3D snapshots at molecular resolution capturing pivotal steps during viral infection. However, tomogram quality depends on the vitrification level of the sample and its thickness. In addition, mandatory inactivation protocols to assure biosafety when handling highly pathogenic viruses during cryo-ET can compromise sample preservation. Here, we focus
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Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen: more than a key mediator of viral persistence Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-16 Thomas F Schulz, Anika Freise, Saskia C Stein
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus-8, is an oncogenic herpesvirus. Its latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is essential for the persistence of KSHV in latently infected cells. LANA mediates replication of the latent viral genome during the S phase of a dividing cell and partitions episomes to daughter cells by attaching them to mitotic chromosomes. It also mediates
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Hemagglutinin stability as a key determinant of influenza A virus transmission via air Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-10 Ilona I Tosheva, Kain S Saygan, Suzanne MA Mijnhardt, Charles J Russell, Pieter LA Fraaij, Sander Herfst
To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. To render influenza A viruses transmissible via air, three phenotypic viral properties must change, of which receptor-binding specificity and polymerase activity have been well studied. However, the third adaptive
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-06 Daming Zhou, Jingshan Ren, Elizabeth E Fry, David I Stuart
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths, however, human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be an effective treatment. Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged, a variety of strains have acquired increasing numbers of mutations to gain increased transmissibility and escape from the immune response. Most reported neutralizing human mAbs, including
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Colonization of peripheral ganglia by herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Kai A Kropp, Guorong Sun, Abel Viejo-Borbolla
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) infect and establish latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system to persist lifelong in the host and to cause recurrent disease. During primary infection, HSV replicates in epithelial cells in the mucosa and skin and then infects neurites, highly dynamic structures that grow or retract in the presence of attracting or repelling cues, respectively
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Diagnosis and monitoring of virus-associated cancer using cell-free DNA Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-13 Larissa LS Scholte, Jeffrey M Bethony, Rena R Xian
Viral-associated cancers are a distinct group of malignancies with a unique pathogenesis and epidemiology. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive way to identify tumor-associated abnormalities in blood derivatives, such as plasma, to guide the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients with cancer. Liquid biopsy encompasses a multitude of circulating analytes with the most extensively studied being
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Adenoviral-vectored next-generation respiratory mucosal vaccines against COVID-19 Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Sam Afkhami, Alisha Kang, Vidthiya Jeyanathan, Zhou Xing, Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
The world is in need of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Although first-generation injectable COVID-19 vaccines continue to be critical tools in controlling the current global health crisis, continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has eroded the efficacy of these vaccines, leading to staggering breakthrough infections and posing threats to poor vaccine responders. This is partly because
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The two faces of oligoadenylate synthetase-like: effective antiviral protein and negative regulator of innate immunity Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Viktoria Rex, Markus Stempel, Stephan Halle, Melanie M Brinkmann
The type I interferon response is critical for controlling viral infection and triggers the production of downstream-target genes, termed interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). While ISGs have a plethora of ways to restrict viruses at different stages of their replication cycle, they are also important to dampen immune responses to avoid tissue damage in the case of exuberant effects. However, this counter
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Deimmunization of flagellin adjuvant for clinical application Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Joon Haeng Rhee, Koemchhoy Khim, Sao Puth, Yoonjoo Choi, Shee Eun Lee
Flagellin is the cognate ligand for host pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the cell surface, and NAIP5/NLRC4 inflammasome in the cytosol. TLR5-binding domain is located in D1 domain, where crucial amino acid sequences are conserved among diverse bacteria. The highly conserved C-terminal 35 amino acids of flagellin were proved to be responsible for the inflammasome activation
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Does congenital cytomegalovirus infection contribute to the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children? Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Rajbir K Toor, Eleanor C Semmes, Kyle M Walsh, Sallie R Permar, Lisa Giulino-Roth
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that has a profound impact on the host immune system. Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection modulates neonatal immune cell compartments, yet the full impact of in utero exposure on developing fetal immune cells remains poorly characterized. A series of recent studies have identified a potential link between cCMV infection and the development of
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The roles of nucleic acid editing in adaptation of zoonotic viruses to humans Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Jeremy Ratcliff, Peter Simmonds
Following spillover, viruses must adapt to new selection pressures exerted by antiviral responses in their new hosts. In mammals, cellular defense mechanisms often include viral nucleic acid editing pathways mediated through protein families apolipoprotein-B mRNA-editing complex (APOBEC) and Adenosine Deaminase Acting on ribonucleic acid (ADAR). APOBECs induce C→U transitions in viral genomes; the
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Viral determinants influencing intra- and intercellular communication in cytomegalovirus infection Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Katarzyna Szymanska-de Wijs, Martina Dezeljin, Boris Bogdanow, Martin Messerle
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are typically disseminated by cell-to-cell transfer, which requires reprogramming of cellular signaling pathways and restructuring of the cell architecture. Viral particles not only transfer genetic information between cells, but also tegument proteins that enable the virus to counteract cellular defense mechanisms immediately upon entering cells. The UL25 gene family of CMVs
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The role of human lipoproteins for hepatitis C virus persistence Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Gabrielle Vieyres, Thomas Pietschmann
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic virus that establishes a chronic infection in most individuals. Effective treatments are available; however, many patients are not aware of their infection. Consequently, they do not receive treatment and HCV transmission remains high, particularly among groups at high risk of exposure such as people who inject intravenous drugs. A prophylactic vaccine may
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Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-30 Mengying Liu, Frank JM van Kuppeveld, Cornelis AM de Haan, Erik de Vries
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating from animal reservoirs pose continuous threats to human health as demonstrated by the Spanish flu pandemic. Infection starts by attachment to host receptors, a crucial step that is targeted by immunological, prophylactic, and therapeutic intervention. Fine-tuning of virus hemagglutinin binding to host-specific receptor repertoires needs to remain balanced to receptor-destroying
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Structural insights into hepatitis C virus neutralization Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Luisa J. Ströh, Thomas Krey
Inspite of the available antiviral therapy, hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health burden and a prophylactic vaccine would help to eliminate the risk to develop chronic liver diseases. Structural insights into the function of the glycoproteins E1 and E2 in virus entry and the interplay with the host’s humoral immune response are key for informed vaccine development. We review recently reported
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Does arbovirus emergence in humans require adaptation to domestic mosquitoes? Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-28 Louis Lambrechts
In the last few decades, several mosquito-borne arboviruses of zoonotic origin have established large-scale epidemic transmission cycles in the human population. It is often considered that arbovirus emergence is driven by adaptive evolution, such as virus adaptation for transmission by ‘domestic’ mosquito vector species that live in close association with humans. Here, I argue that although arbovirus
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Flavivirus nonstructural proteins and replication complexes as antiviral drug targets Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-02 Kaïn van den Elsen, Bing Liang Alvin Chew, Jun Sheng Ho, Dahai Luo
Many flaviviruses are well-known pathogens, such as dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses. Among them, dengue viruses cause global epidemics and threaten billions of people. Effective vaccines and antivirals are in desperate need. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding viral nonstructural (NS) proteins as antiviral drug targets. We briefly summarize
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MEK inhibitors as novel host-targeted antivirals with a dual-benefit mode of action against hyperinflammatory respiratory viral diseases Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-24 Stephan Ludwig, Stephan Pleschka, Oliver Planz
Acute hyperinflammatory virus infections, such as influenza or coronavirus disease-19, are still a major health burden worldwide. In these diseases, a massive overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (cytokine storm syndrome) determine the severity of the disease, especially in late stages. Direct-acting antivirals against these pathogens have to be administered very early after
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HIV persistence: silence or resistance? Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-17 Alexander O Pasternak, Ben Berkhout
Despite decades of suppressive antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in infected individuals persist and fuel viral rebound once therapy is interrupted. The persistence of viral reservoirs is the main obstacle to achieving HIV eradication or a long-term remission. The last decade has seen a profound change in our understanding of the mechanisms behind HIV persistence
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Interplay of RNA 2′-O-methylations with viral replication Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-08 Alice Decombe, Priscila El Kazzi, Etienne Decroly
Viral RNAs (vRNAs) are decorated by post-transcriptional modifications, including methylation of nucleotides. Methylations regulate biological functions linked to the sequence, structure, and protein interactome of RNA. Several RNA viruses were found to harbor 2′-O-methylations, affecting the ribose moiety of RNA. This mark was initially shown to target the first and second nucleotides of the 5′-end
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The role of influenza A virus and coronavirus viral glycoprotein cleavage in host adaptation Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2023-01-18 Miriam Ruth Heindl, Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser
While receptor binding is well recognized as a factor in influenza A virus (IAV) and coronavirus (CoV) host adaptation, the role of viral glycoprotein cleavage has not been studied in detail so far. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that host species may differ in their protease repertoire available for cleavage. Furthermore, it was shown for certain bat-derived CoVs that proteolytic activation
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Editorial overview: Special issue on phage therapy Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-29 Joana Azeredo, Jean Paul Pirnay
Abstract not available
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Advances in the treatment of HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-28 Adrienne A Phillips
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy linked to HTLV-1 infection, which is refractory to therapy. The precise mechanism of oncogenesis in ATLL is incompletely understood, however, oncogenic viral genes Tax and Hbz are implicated, and recent large genomic and transcriptome studies provide further insight. Despite progress in understanding the disease, survival
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Proteomic analysis of antiviral innate immunity Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-16 Jonas D Albarnaz, Michael P Weekes
The capacity of host cells to detect and restrict an infecting virus rests on an array of cell-autonomous antiviral effectors and innate immune receptors that can trigger inflammatory processes at tissue and organismal levels. Dynamic changes in protein abundance, subcellular localisation, post-translational modifications and interactions with other biomolecules govern these processes. Proteomics is
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The role of the animal host in the management of bacteriophage resistance during phage therapy Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-10 Baptiste Gaborieau, Laurent Debarbieux
Multi-drug-resistant bacteria are associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality. The possibilities for discovering new antibiotics are limited, but phage therapy — the use of bacteriophages (viruses infecting bacteria) to cure infections — is now being investigated as an alternative or complementary treatment to antibiotics. However, one of the major limitations of this approach lies
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Paramyxoviruses from bats: changes in receptor specificity and their role in host adaptation Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-12-09 Griffin D Haas, Benhur Lee
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Role of cytokines in poxvirus host tropism and adaptation Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-11-22 Masmudur M Rahman, Grant McFadden
Poxviruses are a diverse family of double-stranded DNA viruses that cause mild-to-severe disease in selective hosts, including humans. Although most poxviruses are restricted to their hosts, some members can leap host species and cause zoonotic diseases and, therefore, are genuine threats to human and animal health. The recent global spread of monkeypox in humans suggests that zoonotic poxviruses can
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Nucleoside analogs for management of respiratory virus infections: mechanism of action and clinical efficacy Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-11-17 Annelies Stevaert, Elisabetta Groaz, Lieve Naesens
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of nucleoside analogs to treat respiratory virus infections, with remdesivir being the first compound to receive worldwide authorization and three other nucleoside analogs (i.e. favipiravir, molnupiravir, and bemnifosbuvir) in the pipeline. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning their clinical efficacy in suppressing the virus and reducing
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Virus-host interactions during tick-borne bunyavirus infection Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-11-11 Mazigh Fares, Benjamin Brennan
The Bunyavirales order is the largest grouping of RNA viruses, comprising emerging and re-emerging human, plant and animal pathogens. Bunyaviruses have a global distribution and many members of the order are transmitted by arthropods. They have evolved a plethora of mechanisms to manipulate the regulatory processes of the infected cell to facilitate their own replicative cycle, in hosts of disparate
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Editorial overview: Virus structure and expression Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-10-31 José R Castón, Adam Zlotnick
Abstract not available
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Hepatitis E virus species barriers: seeking viral and host determinants Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-10-22 Volker Kinast, Mara Klöhn, Maximilian K Nocke, Daniel Todt, Eike Steinmann
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Ribosomes in poxvirus infection Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-10-18 Chorong Park, Derek Walsh
Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that encode their own DNA replication, transcription, and mRNA biogenesis machinery, which underlies their ability to replicate entirely in the cytoplasm. However, like all other viruses, poxviruses remain dependent on host ribosomes to translate their mRNAs into the viral proteins needed to complete their replication cycle. While earlier studies established
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Retasking of canonical antiviral factors into proviral effectors Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-10-13 Cason R King, Andrew Mehle
Under constant barrage by viruses, hosts have evolved a plethora of antiviral effectors and defense mechanisms. To survive, viruses must adapt to evade or subvert these defenses while still capturing cellular resources to fuel their replication cycles. Large-scale studies of the antiviral activities of cellular proteins and processes have shown that different viruses are controlled by distinct subsets
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MicroRNA-mediated control of Epstein–Barr virus infection and potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-10-13 Rebecca L Skalsky
Herpesviruses, such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), encode multiple viral microRNAs that are expressed throughout various infection stages. While much progress has been made in evaluating both the viral and host microRNAs (miRNAs) that are detected during infection as well as elucidating their molecular targets in vitro, our understanding of their contributions to pathogenesis in vivo, viral oncogenesis
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Barriers to hepatitis C virus infection in mice Curr. Opin. Virol. (IF 5.9) Pub Date : 2022-10-13 Michael P Schwoerer, Alexander Ploss
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unable to infect mice, a fact that has severely limited their use as small-animal models for HCV pathogenesis and as tools for HCV vaccine development. HCV is blocked at various stages of its life cycle in mouse cells, due to incompatibility with host factors, the presence of dominant restriction factors, and effective immune responses. Molecular mechanisms for several such