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The rise of ACS and its importance World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Brian WCA Tian
Acute care surgery [ACS] as a model of care and a focused area of specialisation is gaining traction globally [1,2,3]. ACS is seen as a natural evolution of the specialty of trauma. If anything, this restructuring is desperately needed. In the ideal ACS system, I propose that surgeons will be: 1) Exposed to a wide variety of operative procedures and techniques, including the latest laparoscopic and
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Intraoperative transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct stone clearance with SpyGlass™ discover during emergency and elective cholecystectomy: a single-center case series World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Paola Fugazzola, Carlo Maria Bianchi, Francesca Calabretto, Enrico Cicuttin, Francesca Dal Mas, Tommaso Dominioni, Marcello Maestri, Aurelio Mauro, Alice Podestà, Matteo Tomasoni, Francesco Brucchi, Jacopo Viganò, Luca Ansaloni, Andrea Anderloni, Lorenzo Cobianchi
The development of a new cholangioscope, the SpyGlass™ Discover (Boston Scientific), has allowed the laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration and stone clearance. The possibility of simultaneous treatment of choledocholithiasis during early laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers the opportunity to enormously reduce the time between acute cholecystitis diagnosis and the execution of cholecystectomy
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The ground is the limit: epidemiology of skydiving accidents over 25 years and in 2.1 million jumps in the Netherlands with sub-analysis of injuries reported by medical professionals in the past five years World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Michiel Damhuis, Raymond van der Wal, Harriet Frielink, Robert Nijveldt, Joost ten Brinke, Edward Tan
Skydiving is the fastest nonmotorized sport; and consequently is not without risk. In the last decades, skydiving has become considerably safer but injuries and fatalities still occur. Incidents are reported to and administered by the Royal Netherlands Aeronautical Association (KNVvL). From 1995 to 2020, 2715 incidents were reported; of which 1503 resulted in injury and 26 in fatality. There is a need
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Acute cholecystitis: how to avoid subtotal cholecystectomy—preliminary results World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-01-28 Adriana Toro, Martina Rapisarda, Davide Maugeri, Alessandro Terrasi, Luisa Gallo, Luca Ansaloni, Fausto Catena, Isidoro Di Carlo
The aim of this manuscript is to illustrate a new method permitting safe cholecystectomy in terms of complications with respect to the common bile duct (CBD). The core of this new technique is identification of the continuity of the cystic duct with the infundibulum. The cystic duct can be identified between the inner gallbladder wall and inflamed outer wall. In the last 2 years, from January 2019
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Are we ready for "green surgery" to promote environmental sustainability in the operating room? Results from the WSES STAR investigation World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-01-24 Francesca Dal Mas, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Daniele Piccolo, Jeremy Balch, Helena Biancuzzi, Walter L. Biffl, Stefano Campostrini, Enrico Cicuttin, Federico Coccolini, Dimitris Damaskos, Amanda C. Filiberto, Claudia Filisetti, Gustavo Fraga, Simone Frassini, Paola Fugazzola, Timothy Hardcastle, Haytham M. Kaafarani, Yoran Kluger, Maurizio Massaro, Jacopo Martellucci, Ernest Moore, Federico Ruta, Massimo
The importance of environmental sustainability is acknowledged in all sectors, including healthcare. To meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda, healthcare will need a paradigm shift toward more environmentally sustainable practices that will also impact clinical decision-making. The study investigates trauma and emergency surgeons’ perception, acceptance, and employment of
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Early management of adult traumatic spinal cord injury in patients with polytrauma: a consensus and clinical recommendations jointly developed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) & the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Edoardo Picetti, Andreas K. Demetriades, Fausto Catena, Bizhan Aarabi, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Oscar L. Alves, Luca Ansaloni, Rocco A. Armonda, Rafael Badenes, Miklosh Bala, Zsolt J. Balogh, Andrea Barbanera, Alessandro Bertuccio, Walter L. Biffl, Pierre Bouzat, Andras Buki, Ana Maria Castano-Leon, Davide Cerasti, Giuseppe Citerio, Federico Coccolini, Raul Coimbra, Carlo Coniglio, Francesco Costa, Federico
The early management of polytrauma patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a major challenge. Sparse data is available to provide optimal care in this scenario and worldwide variability in clinical practice has been documented in recent studies. A multidisciplinary consensus panel of physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of
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Efficacy of direct-to-operating room trauma resuscitation: a systematic review World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Dongmin Seo, Inhae Heo, Donghwan Choi, Kyoungwon Jung, Hohyung Jung
Hemorrhage control is a time-critical task, and recent studies have demonstrated that a shorter time to definitive care is positively associated with patient survival and functional outcomes. The concept of direct transport to the operating room was proposed in the 1960s to reduce treatment time. Some trauma centers have developed protocols for direct-to-operating room resuscitation (DOR) programs
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A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis comparing nonoperative versus operative management for uncomplicated appendicitis: a focus on randomized controlled trials World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-01-13 Francesco Brucchi, Greta Bracchetti, Paola Fugazzola, Jacopo Viganò, Claudia Filisetti, Luca Ansaloni, Francesca Dal Mas, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Piergiorgio Danelli
The aim of this study is to provide a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing conservative and surgical treatment in a population of adults with uncomplicated acute appendicitis. A systematic literature review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase
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Association of initial lactate levels and red blood cell transfusion strategy with outcomes after severe trauma: a post hoc analysis of the RESTRIC trial World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2024-01-02 Yoshinori Kosaki, Takashi Hongo, Mineji Hayakawa, Daisuke Kudo, Shigeki Kushimoto, Takashi Tagami, Hiromichi Naito, Atsunori Nakao, Tetsuya Yumoto
The appropriateness of a restrictive transfusion strategy for those with active bleeding after traumatic injury remains uncertain. Given the association between tissue hypoxia and lactate levels, we hypothesized that the optimal transfusion strategy may differ based on lactate levels. This post hoc analysis of the RESTRIC trial sought to investigate the association between transfusion strategies and
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Artificial Intelligence and Acute Appendicitis: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic and Prognostic Models World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Mahbod Issaiy, Diana Zarei, Amene Saghazadeh
To assess the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) models in diagnosing and prognosticating acute appendicitis (AA) in adult patients compared to traditional methods. AA is a common cause of emergency department visits and abdominal surgeries. It is typically diagnosed through clinical assessments, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. However, traditional diagnostic methods can be time-consuming
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Microbiological profile of patients treated for postoperative peritonitis: temporal trends 1999–2019 World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 Philippe Montravers, Nathalie Grall, Elie Kantor, Pascal Augustin, Kevin Boussion, Nathalie Zappella
Temporal changes in the microbiological resistance profile have been reported in several life-threatening infections. However, no data have ever assessed this issue in postoperative peritonitis (POP). Our purpose was to assess the rate of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in POP over a two-decade period and to analyse their influence on the adequacy of empirical antibiotic therapy (EAT). This retrospective
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Cesena guidelines: WSES consensus statement on laparoscopic-first approach to general surgery emergencies and abdominal trauma World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-08 Giacomo Sermonesi, Brian W. C. A. Tian, Carlo Vallicelli, Fikri M. Abu‑Zidan, Dimitris Damaskos, Michael Denis Kelly, Ari Leppäniemi, Joseph M. Galante, Edward Tan, Andrew W. Kirkpatrick, Vladimir Khokha, Oreste Marco Romeo, Mircea Chirica, Manos Pikoulis, Andrey Litvin, Vishal Girishchandra Shelat, Boris Sakakushev, Imtiaz Wani, Ibrahima Sall, Paola Fugazzola, Enrico Cicuttin, Adriana Toro, Francesco
Laparoscopy is widely adopted across nearly all surgical subspecialties in the elective setting. Initially finding indication in minor abdominal emergencies, it has gradually become the standard approach in the majority of elective general surgery procedures. Despite many technological advances and increasing acceptance, the laparoscopic approach remains underutilized in emergency general surgery and
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Declaration on infection prevention and management in global surgery World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-06 Massimo Sartelli, Federico Coccolini, Luca Ansaloni, Walter L. Biffl, David P. Blake, Marja A. Boermeester, Raul Coimbra, Heather L. Evans, Paula Ferrada, George Gkiokas, Marc G. Jeschke, Timothy Hardcastle, Chandler Hinson, Francesco M. Labricciosa, Sanjay Marwah, Antonio C. Marttos, Martha Quiodettis, Kemal Rasa, Jianan Ren, Ines Rubio-Perez, Robert Sawyer, Vishal Shelat, Jeffrey S. Upperman, Fausto
Surgeons in their daily practice are at the forefront in preventing and managing infections. However, among surgeons, appropriate measures of infection prevention and management are often disregarded. The lack of awareness of infection and prevention measures has marginalized surgeons from this battle. Together, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery (GAIS), the World Society of Emergency Surgery
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A retrospective study of laparoscopic, robotic-assisted, and open emergent/urgent cholecystectomy based on the PINC AI Healthcare Database 2017–2020 World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Stephen Campbell, Shih-Hao Lee, Yuki Liu, Sherry M. Wren
Robotic-assisted cholecystectomy (RAC) is becoming increasingly common, but the outcomes of emergent/urgent robotic-assisted cholecystectomies compared to emergent laparoscopic (LC) and open cholecystectomies (OC) remain understudied. The PINC AI Healthcare Database was queried to identify adults who underwent emergent or urgent (Em-Ur) cholecystectomy between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2020
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Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Sih-Shiang Huang, Kai-Wei Lin, Kao-Lang Liu, Yao-Ming Wu, Wan-Ching Lien, Hsiu-Po Wang
An updated overview of ultrasound (US) for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (AC) remains lacking. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of US for AC. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. We meticulously screened articles from MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, spanning from inception to August 2023. We employed the search strategy
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Enhancing operative documentation of emergency laparotomy: a systematic review and development of a synoptic reporting template World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Aiman Elamin, Emma Walker, Michael Sugrue, Syed Yousaf Khalid, Ian Stephens, Angus Lloyd
Currently, operative reports are narrative and often handwritten, making interpretation difficult and potentially omitting key steps of the procedure. This study undertook a systematic review to determine the current availability of synoptic operative reporting and develop a synoptic operative record template for emergency laparotomy (EL). A PROSPERO registered study from January 1st, 2012, to December
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Correction: ECLAPTE: Effective Closure of LAParoTomy in Emergency—2023 World Society of Emergency Surgery guidelines for the closure of laparotomy in emergency settings World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-27 Simone Frassini, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Paola Fugazzola, Walter L. Biffl, Federico Coccolini, Dimitrios Damaskos, Ernest E. Moore, Yoram Kluger, Marco Ceresoli, Raul Coimbra, Justin Davies, Andrew Kirkpatrick, Isidoro Di Carlo, Timothy C. Hardcastle, Arda Isik, Massimo Chiarugi, Kurinchi Gurusamy, Ronald V. Maier, Helmut A. Segovia Lohse, Hans Jeekel, Marja A. Boermeester, Fikri Abu-Zidan, Kenji Inaba
Correction: World Journal of Emergency Surgery (2023) 18:42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-023-00511-w In the original version of this article [1], the given and family names of Adriana Toro were incorrectly structured. The name was displayed correctly in all versions of the publication. The original article has been corrected. Frassini S, Cobianchi L, Fugazzola P, et al. ECLAPTE: Effective Closure
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Continuous versus interrupted abdominal wall closure after emergency midline laparotomy: CONTINT: a randomized controlled trial [NCT00544583] World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Georgios Polychronidis, Nuh N. Rahbari, Thomas Bruckner, Anja Sander, Florian Sommer, Selami Usta, Janssen Hermann, Max Benjamin Albers, Mine Sargut, Phillip Knebel, Rosa Klotz
High-level evidence regarding the technique of abdominal wall closure for patients undergoing emergency midline laparotomy is sparse. Therefore, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two commonly applied abdominal wall closure strategies after primary emergency midline laparotomy. CONTINT was a multi-center pragmatic open-label exploratory randomized
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Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-16
Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop
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Limb salvage and survival after urgent surgical treatment of popliteal artery aneurysm World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-14 Sara Pomatto, Gianluca Faggioli, Rodolfo Pini, Ilaria Ficarelli, Alessia Pini, Cecilia Angherà, Cristina Rocchi, Stefania Caputo, Andrea Vacirca, Carlo Ruotolo, Mauro Gargiulo
Popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) need urgent treatment in case of acute thrombosis, distal embolization, or rupture. Few data are available in the literature about the treatment results in these scenarios. The aim of the present study was to evaluate an 11-year multicenter experience in the urgent treatment of PAAs. All symptomatic PAAs surgically treated in two vascular centers between 2010 and 2021
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Surgical management of ostomy complications: a MISSTO–WSES mapping review World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-10 Dario Parini, Andrea Bondurri, Francesco Ferrara, Gianluca Rizzo, Francesco Pata, Marco Veltri, Cristiana Forni, Federico Coccolini, Walt L. Biffl, Massimo Sartelli, Yoram Kluger, Luca Ansaloni, Ernest Moore, Fausto Catena, Piergiorgio Danelli
The creation of an ileostomy or colostomy is a common surgical event, both in elective and in emergency context. The main aim of stoma creation is to prevent postoperative complications, such as the anastomotic leak. However, stoma-related complications can also occur and their morbidity is not negligible, with a rate from 20 to 70%. Most stomal complications are managed conservatively, but, when this
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Enhanced perioperative care in emergency general surgery: the WSES position paper World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 Marco Ceresoli, Marco Braga, Nicola Zanini, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Dario Parini, Thomas Langer, Massimo Sartelli, Dimitrios Damaskos, Walter L. Biffl, Francesco Amico, Luca Ansaloni, Zsolt J. Balogh, Luigi Bonavina, Ian Civil, Enrico Cicuttin, Mircea Chirica, Yunfeng Cui, Belinda De Simone, Isidoro Di Carlo, Andreas Fette, Giuseppe Foti, Michele Fogliata, Gustavo P. Fraga, Paola Fugazzola, Joseph M. Galante
Enhanced perioperative care protocols become the standard of care in elective surgery with a significant improvement in patients’ outcome. The key element of the enhanced perioperative care protocol is the multimodal and interdisciplinary approach targeted to the patient, focused on a holistic approach to reduce surgical stress and improve perioperative recovery. Enhanced perioperative care in emergency
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Self-expanding metal stents versus decompression tubes as a bridge to surgery for patients with obstruction caused by colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Wei Ma, Jian-Cheng Zhang, Kun Luo, Lu Wang, Chi Zhang, Bin Cai, Hua Jiang
Using self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) and decompression tubes (DT) as a bridge-to-surgery (BTS) treatment may avoid emergency operations for patients with colorectal cancer-caused obstructions. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two approaches. We systematically retrieved literature from January 1, 2000, to May 30, 2023, from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SinoMed,
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2023 WSES guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of iatrogenic urinary tract injuries (IUTIs) during emergency digestive surgery World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Nicola de’Angelis, Carlo Alberto Schena, Francesco Marchegiani, Elisa Reitano, Belinda De Simone, Geoffrey Yuet Mun Wong, Aleix Martínez-Pérez, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Vanni Agnoletti, Filippo Aisoni, Michele Ammendola, Luca Ansaloni, Miklosh Bala, Walter Biffl, Graziano Ceccarelli, Marco Ceresoli, Osvaldo Chiara, Massimo Chiarugi, Stefania Cimbanassi, Federico Coccolini, Raul Coimbra, Salomone Di Saverio
Iatrogenic urinary tract injury (IUTI) is a severe complication of emergency digestive surgery. It can lead to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality and have a long-term impact on the quality of life. The reported incidence of IUTIs varies greatly among the studies, ranging from 0.3 to 1.5%. Given the high volume of emergency digestive surgery performed worldwide, there is a need for well-defined
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Diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers to detect acute mesenteric ischaemia in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Annika Reintam Blaser, Joel Starkopf, Martin Björck, Alastair Forbes, Karri Kase, Ele Kiisk, Kaja-Triin Laisaar, Vladislav Mihnovits, Marko Murruste, Merli Mändul, Anna-Liisa Voomets, Kadri Tamme
Acute mesenteric ischaemia (AMI) is a disease with different pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to a life-threatening condition that is difficult to diagnose based solely on clinical signs. Despite widely acknowledged need for biomarkers in diagnosis of AMI, a broad systematic review on all studied biomarkers in different types of AMI is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to estimate
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Management of complicated diaphragmatic hernia in the acute setting: a WSES position paper World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 Mario Giuffrida, Gennaro Perrone, Fikri Abu-Zidan, Vanni Agnoletti, Luca Ansaloni, Gian Luca Baiocchi, Cino Bendinelli, Walter L. Biffl, Luigi Bonavina, Francesca Bravi, Paolo Carcoforo, Marco Ceresoli, Alain Chichom-Mefire, Federico Coccolini, Raul Coimbra, Nicola de’Angelis, Marc de Moya, Belinda De Simone, Salomone Di Saverio, Gustavo Pereira Fraga, Joseph Galante, Rao Ivatury, Jeffry Kashuk, Michael
Diaphragmatic hernia (DH) presenting acutely can be a potentially life-threatening condition. Its management continues to be debatable. A bibliographic search using major databases was performed using the terms “emergency surgery” “diaphragmatic hernia,” “traumatic diaphragmatic rupture” and “congenital diaphragmatic hernia.” GRADE methodology was used to evaluate the evidence and give recommendations
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ECLAPTE: Effective Closure of LAParoTomy in Emergency—2023 World Society of Emergency Surgery guidelines for the closure of laparotomy in emergency settings World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 Simone Frassini, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Paola Fugazzola, Walter L. Biffl, Federico Coccolini, Dimitrios Damaskos, Ernest E. Moore, Yoram Kluger, Marco Ceresoli, Raul Coimbra, Justin Davies, Andrew Kirkpatrick, Isidoro Di Carlo, Timothy C. Hardcastle, Arda Isik, Massimo Chiarugi, Kurinchi Gurusamy, Ronald V. Maier, Helmut A. Segovia Lohse, Hans Jeekel, Marja A. Boermeester, Fikri Abu-Zidan, Kenji Inaba
Laparotomy incisions provide easy and rapid access to the peritoneal cavity in case of emergency surgery. Incisional hernia (IH) is a late manifestation of the failure of abdominal wall closure and represents frequent complication of any abdominal incision: IHs can cause pain and discomfort to the patients but also clinical serious sequelae like bowel obstruction, incarceration, strangulation, and
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Source control in emergency general surgery: WSES, GAIS, SIS-E, SIS-A guidelines World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-07-21 Federico Coccolini, Massimo Sartelli, Robert Sawyer, Kemal Rasa, Bruno Viaggi, Fikri Abu-Zidan, Kjetil Soreide, Timothy Hardcastle, Deepak Gupta, Cino Bendinelli, Marco Ceresoli, Vishal G. Shelat, Richard ten Broek, Gian Luca Baiocchi, Ernest E. Moore, Ibrahima Sall, Mauro Podda, Luigi Bonavina, Igor A. Kryvoruchko, Philip Stahel, Kenji Inaba, Philippe Montravers, Boris Sakakushev, Gabriele Sganga
Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are among the most common global healthcare challenges and they are usually precipitated by disruption to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Their successful management typically requires intensive resource utilization, and despite the best therapies, morbidity and mortality remain high. One of the main issues required to appropriately treat IAI that differs from the
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Guided blood transfusion of trauma patients with rotational thromboelastometry: a single-center cohort study World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Mina Salehi, Rajan Bola, Nenke de Jong, Andrew W. Shih, Naisan Garraway, Philip Dawe
Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is a blood test used to measure in vitro clot strength as a surrogate for a patient’s ability to form clots in vivo. This provides information about induction, formation, and clot lysis, allowing goal-directed transfusion therapy for specific hemostatic needs. We sought to evaluate the effect of ROTEM-guided transfusion on blood product usage and in-hospital mortality
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Advantages of using a polymeric clip versus an endoloop during laparoscopic appendectomy in uncomplicated appendicitis: a randomized controlled study World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-06-29 Kil-yong Lee, Jaeim Lee, Youn Young Park, Seong Taek Oh
Polymeric clips are easy to apply, but whether they present more advantages than endoloops is unclear. This single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial study was conducted to compare the advantages of using a polymeric clip versus an endoloop in terms of the surgical time. Adult patients who were diagnosed with acute appendicitis without perforation on preoperative abdominal computed tomography
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Assessing and managing frailty in emergency laparotomy: a WSES position paper World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-06-24 Brian W. C. A. Tian, Philip F. Stahel, Edoardo Picetti, Giampiero Campanelli, Salomone Di Saverio, Ernest Moore, Denis Bensard, Boris Sakakushev, Joseph Galante, Gustavo P. Fraga, Kaoru Koike, Isidoro Di Carlo, Giovanni D. Tebala, Ari Leppaniemi, Edward Tan, Dimitris Damaskos, Nicola De’Angelis, Andreas Hecker, Michele Pisano, YunfengCui, Ron V. Maier, Belinda De Simone, Francesco Amico, Marco Ceresoli
Many countries are facing an aging population. As people live longer, surgeons face the prospect of operating on increasingly older patients. Traditional teaching is that with older age, these patients face an increased risk of mortality and morbidity, even to a level deemed too prohibitive for surgery. However, this is not always true. An active 90-year-old patient can be much fitter than an overweight
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Improving clinical suspicion of acute mesenteric ischemia among patients with acute abdomen: a cross-sectional study from an intestinal stroke center World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-06-07 Alexandre Nuzzo, Katell Peoc’h, Prabakar Vaittinada Ayar, Alexy Tran-Dinh, Emmanuel Weiss, Yves Panis, Maxime Ronot, Lorenzo Garzelli, Philippine Eloy, Iannis Ben Abdallah, Yves Castier, Olivier Corcos
Early diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is essential for a favorable outcome. Selection of patients requiring a dedicated multiphasic computed tomography (CT) scan remains a clinical challenge. In this cross-sectional diagnostic study conducted from 2016 to 2018, we compared the presentation of AMI patients admitted to an intestinal stroke center to patients with acute abdominal pain of
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Accuracy of diagnostic tests in cardiac injury after blunt chest trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-27 Ioannis Panagiotis Kyriazidis, Dominik A. Jakob, Juliana Alexandra Hernández Vargas, Oscar H. Franco, Elias Degiannis, Patrick Dorn, Sjaak Pouwels, Bijendra Patel, Ian Johnson, Christopher John Houdlen, Graham S. Whiteley, Marion Head, Anil Lala, Haroon Mumtaz, J. Agustin Soler, Katie Mellor, David Rawaf, Ahmed R. Ahmed, Suhaib J. S. Ahmad, Aristomenis Exadaktylos
The diagnosis of cardiac contusion, caused by blunt chest trauma, remains a challenge due to the non-specific symptoms it causes and the lack of ideal tests to diagnose myocardial damage. A cardiac contusion can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Several diagnostic tests have been used to evaluate the risk of cardiac complications, but the challenge of identifying patients with
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Complex duodenal fistulae: a surgical nightmare World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-19 Ari Leppäniemi, Matti Tolonen, Panu Mentula
A common feature of external duodenal fistulae is the devastating effect of the duodenal content rich in bile and pancreatic juice on nearby tissues with therapy-resistant local and systemic complications. This study analyzes the results of different management options with emphasis on successful fistula closure rates. A retrospective single academic center study of adult patients treated for complex
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WSES consensus guidelines on sigmoid volvulus management World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Brian W. C. A. Tian, Gabriele Vigutto, Edward Tan, Harry van Goor, Cino Bendinelli, Fikri Abu-Zidan, Rao Ivatury, Boris Sakakushev, Isidoro Di Carlo, Gabriele Sganga, Ronald V. Maier, Raul Coimbra, Ari Leppäniemi, Andrey Litvin, Dimitrios Damaskos, Richard Ten Broek, Walter Biffl, Salomone Di Saverio, Belinda De Simone, Marco Ceresoli, Edoardo Picetti, Joseph Galante, Giovanni D. Tebala, Solomon Gurmu
Sigmoid volvulus is a common surgical emergency, especially in elderly patients. Patients can present with a wide range of clinical states: from asymptomatic, to frank peritonitis secondary to colonic perforation. These patients generally need urgent treatment, be it endoscopic decompression of the colon or an upfront colectomy. The World Society of Emergency Surgery united a worldwide group of international
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The unrestricted global effort to complete the COOL trial World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Andrew W. Kirkpatrick, Federico Coccolini, Matti Tolonen, Samuel Minor, Fausto Catena, Emanuel Gois, Christopher J. Doig, Michael D. Hill, Luca Ansaloni, Massimo Chiarugi, Dario Tartaglia, Orestis Ioannidis, Michael Sugrue, Elif Colak, S. Morad Hameed, Hanna Lampela, Vanni Agnoletti, Jessica L. McKee, Naisan Garraway, Massimo Sartelli, Chad G. Ball, Neil G. Parry, Kelly Voght, Lisa Julien, Jenna Kroeker
Severe complicated intra-abdominal sepsis (SCIAS) has an increasing incidence with mortality rates over 80% in some settings. Mortality typically results from disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, progressive and self-perpetuating bio-mediator generation, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. A further therapeutic option may be open abdomen (OA) management with negative peritoneal
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The new timing in acute care surgery (new TACS) classification: a WSES Delphi consensus study World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-28 Belinda De Simone, Yoram Kluger, Ernest E. Moore, Massimo Sartelli, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Federico Coccolini, Luca Ansaloni, Giovanni D. Tebala, Salomone Di Saverio, Isidoro Di Carlo, Boris E. Sakakushev, Luigi Bonavina, Michael Sugrue, Joseph M. Galante, Rao Ivatury, Edoardo Picetti, Mircea Chirica, Imtiaz Wani, Miklosh Bala, Ibrahima Sall, Andrew W. Kirkpatrick, Vishal G. Shelat, Emmanouil Pikoulis
Timely access to the operating room for emergency general surgery (EGS) indications remains a challenge across the globe, largely driven by operating room availability and staffing constraints. The “timing in acute care surgery” (TACS) classification was previously published to introduce a new tool to triage the timely and appropriate access of EGS patients to the operating room. However, the clinical
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Trauma deaths of hospitalized patients in Abu Dhabi Emirate: a retrospective descriptive study World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-28 David O. Alao, Arif Alper Cevik, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
To study the epidemiology and pattern of trauma-related deaths of hospitalized patients in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates, in order to improve trauma management and injury prevention. The Abu Dhabi Trauma Registry prospectively collects data of all hospitalized trauma patients from seven major trauma centres in Abu Dhabi Emirate. We studied all patients who died on arrival or after admission
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Unlocking the potential of TIPS placement as a bridge to elective and emergency surgery in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis and future directions for endovascular resuscitation in acute care surgery World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Ramiro Manzano-Nunez, Alba Jimenez-Masip, Julian Chica-Yanten, Abdelaziz Ibn-Abdelouahab, Massimo Sartelli, Nicola de’Angelis, Ernest E. Moore, Alberto F. García
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined the evidence on transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as a bridge to elective and emergency surgery in cirrhotic patients. We aimed to assess the perioperative characteristics, management approaches, and outcomes of this intervention, which is used to achieve portal decompression and enable the safe performance of elective and
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Correction: Early management of isolated severe traumatic brain injury patients in a hospital without neurosurgical capabilities: a consensus and clinical recommendations of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-06 Edoardo Picetti, Fausto Catena, Fikri Abu-Zidan, Luca Ansaloni, Rocco A. Armonda, Miklosh Bala, Zsolt J. Balogh, Alessandro Bertuccio, Walt L. Biffl, Pierre Bouzat, Andras Buki, Davide Cerasti, Randall M. Chesnut, Giuseppe Citerio, Federico Coccolini, Raul Coimbra, Carlo Coniglio, Enrico Fainardi, Deepak Gupta, Jennifer M. Gurney, Gregory W. J. Hawryluk, Raimund Helbok, Peter J. A. Hutchinson, Corrado
Correction to: World Journal of Emergency Surgery (2023) 18:5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-022-00468-2 Following publication of the original article [1], in this article the author name Gregory W. J. Hawryluk was incorrectly written as Gregory W. J. Hawrylux. The original article has been corrected. Picetti E, et al. Early management of isolated severe traumatic brain injury patients in a hospital
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Risk factors for the leakage of the repair of duodenal wounds: a secondary analysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society multicenter retrospective review World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-04 Alberto García, Alvaro I. Sanchez, Paula Ferrada, Luke Wolfe, Juan Duchesne, Gustavo P. Fraga, Elizabeth Benjamin, Andre Campbell, Carlos Morales, Bruno M. Pereira, Marcelo Ribeiro, Martha Quiodettis, Gregory Peck, Juan C. Salamea, Vitor F. Kruger, Rao Ivatury, Thomas Scalea
Duodenal injury (DI) is infrequent. It has been reported in 0.003% to 0.5% of trauma admissions [1,2,3] and has been found in 3.1% to 5% trauma laparotomies [2, 4]. Most of the mortality occurs early and is related to associated lesions. Late deaths are associated with infections and multiple organ failure. Among late morbidity, duodenal leakage (DL) and fistula have been reported in a wide range from
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Emergency administration of fibrinogen concentrate for haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-30 Yuki Itagaki, Mineji Hayakawa, Yuki Takahashi, Satoshi Hirano, Kazuma Yamakawa
The occurrence of massive haemorrhages in various emergency situations increases the need for blood transfusions and increases the risk of mortality. Fibrinogen concentrate (FC) use may increase plasma fibrinogen levels more rapidly than fresh-frozen product or cryoprecipitate use. Previous several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have not effectively demonstrated FC efficacy in significantly improving
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Hospital mortality of blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI): a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Mingxuan Li, Yu Yan, Chaonan Wang, Haixia Tu
Studies on the mortality of blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) are rare and have yielded inconsistent results. In the present study, we aimed to quantitatively analyse the retrieved data to more accurately determine the hospital mortality of BAAI. The Excerpta Medica Database, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify relevant publications without date restrictions
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The changing epidemiology of trauma in child-bearing age women World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Hani O. Eid, David O. Alao, Hassan Elbiss
In the last two decades, there have been major improvements in the trauma system in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We aimed to study the changes in the incidence, type, severity, and outcome of trauma of hospitalized child-bearing age women in Al-Ain City, UAE, during that time. Data from two separate trauma registries of Al-Ain Hospital, which were prospectively collected from March 2003 to March
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Effectiveness of intraoperative peritoneal lavage with saline in patient with intra-abdominal infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Qi Zhou, Wenbo Meng, Yanhan Ren, Qinyuan Li, Marja A. Boermeester, Peter Muli Nthumba, Jennifer Rickard, Bobo Zheng, Hui Liu, Qianling Shi, Siya Zhao, Zijun Wang, Xiao Liu, Zhengxiu Luo, Kehu Yang, Yaolong Chen, Robert G. Sawyer
Intraoperative peritoneal lavage (IOPL) with saline has been widely used in surgical practice. However, the effectiveness of IOPL with saline in patients with intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) remains controversial. This study aims to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of IOPL in patients with IAIs. The databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science
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The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the clinical outcomes of necrotizing soft tissue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-25 Chengzi Huang, Yilian Zhong, Chaochi Yue, Bin He, Yaling Li, Jun Li
To determine the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) in the treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI), we conducted a meta-analysis of the available evidence. Data sources were PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and reference lists. The study included observational trials that compared HBO with non-HBO, or standard care. The primary outcome was the mortality rate
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Correction: Surgeons’ perspectives on artificial intelligence to support clinical decision-making in trauma and emergency contexts: results from an international survey World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Lorenzo Cobianchi, Daniele Piccolo, Francesca Dal Mas, Vanni Agnoletti, Luca Ansaloni, Jeremy Balch, Walter Biffl, Giovanni Butturini, Fausto Catena, Federico Coccolini, Stefano Denicolai, Belinda De Simone, Isabella Frigerio, Paola Fugazzola, Gianluigi Marseglia, Giuseppe Roberto Marseglia, Jacopo Martellucci, Mirko Modenese, Pietro Previtali, Federico Ruta, Alessandro Venturi, Haytham M. Kaafarani
Correction: World Journal of Emergency Surgery (2023) 18:1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-022-00467-3 Following publication of the original article [1], in PubMed the author name Daniele Bissacco under Team Dynamics Study Group has not been tagged and now it has been rectified. The original article has been corrected.Author notes Lorenzo Cobianchi, Daniele Piccolo, and Francesca Dal Mas share the first
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Survival and neurologic outcomes following aortic occlusion for trauma and hemorrhagic shock in a hybrid operating room World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-23 Jeremy A. Balch, Tyler J. Loftus, Philip A. Efron, Alicia M. Mohr, Gilbert R. Upchurch, R. Stephen Smith
Outcomes following aortic occlusion for trauma and hemorrhagic shock are poor, leading some to question the clinical utility of aortic occlusion in this setting. This study evaluates neurologically intact survival following resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) versus resuscitative thoracotomy at a center with a dedicated trauma hybrid operating room with angiographic capabilities
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Prediction of morbidity and mortality after early cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: results of the S.P.Ri.M.A.C.C. study World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-18 Paola Fugazzola, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Marcello Di Martino, Matteo Tomasoni, Francesca Dal Mas, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Vanni Agnoletti, Marco Ceresoli, Federico Coccolini, Salomone Di Saverio, Tommaso Dominioni, Camilla Nikita Farè, Simone Frassini, Giulia Gambini, Ari Leppäniemi, Marcello Maestri, Elena Martín-Pérez, Ernest E. Moore, Valeria Musella, Andrew B. Peitzman, Ángela de la Hoz Rodríguez, Benedetta
Less invasive alternatives than early cholecystectomy (EC) for acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) treatment have been spreading in recent years. We still lack a reliable tool to select high-risk patients who could benefit from these alternatives. Our study aimed to prospectively validate the Chole-risk score in predicting postoperative complications in patients undergoing EC for ACC compared with
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Efficacy of a novel polyoxazoline-based hemostatic patch in liver and spleen surgery World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Edwin A. Roozen, Roger M. L. M. Lomme, Nicole U. B. Calon, Richard P. G. ten Broek, Harry van Goor
A new hemostatic sealant based on a N-hydroxy-succinimide polyoxazoline (NHS-POx) polymer was evaluated to determine hemostatic efficacy and long-term wound healing and adverse effects in a large animal model of parenchymal organ surgical bleeds. Experiment 1 included 20 pigs that were treated with two NHS-POx patch prototypes [a gelatin fibrous carrier (GFC) with NHS-POx and an oxidized regenerated
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Retrospective cohort study of the impact of faecoliths on the natural history of acute appendicitis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Mei Sze Lee, Rachel Purcell, Andrew McCombie, Frank Frizelle, Timothy Eglinton
Despite acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies, its aetiology remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to assess the rate at which faecoliths were present in acute appendicitis treated with appendicectomy and whether their presence was associated with complicated appendicitis. All adult patients who underwent appendicectomy for acute appendicitis in a 2 years period
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Efficacy of intraosseous access for trauma resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Dong Wang, Lei Deng, Ruipeng Zhang, Yiyue Zhou, Jun Zeng, Hua Jiang
During medical emergencies, intraosseous (IO) access and intravenous (IV) access are methods of administering therapies and medications to patients. Treating patients in emergency medical situations is a highly time sensitive practice; however, research into the optimal access method is limited and existing systematic reviews have only considered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. We focused
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Science fiction or clinical reality: a review of the applications of artificial intelligence along the continuum of trauma care World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Olivia F. Hunter, Frances Perry, Mina Salehi, Hubert Bandurski, Alan Hubbard, Chad G. Ball, S. Morad Hameed
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning describe a broad range of algorithm types that can be trained based on datasets to make predictions. The increasing sophistication of AI has created new opportunities to apply these algorithms within within trauma care. Our paper overviews the current uses of AI along the continuum of trauma care, including injury prediction, triage, emergency department volume
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A prospective multicentre study evaluating the outcomes of the abdominal wall dehiscence repair using posterior component separation with transversus abdominis muscle release reinforced by a retro-muscular mesh: filling a step World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-03 Tamer A. A. M. Habeeb, Abdulzahra Hussain, Vishal Shelat, Massimo Chiaretti, Jose Bueno-Lledó, Alfonso García Fadrique , Abd-Elfattah Kalmoush, Mohamed Elnemr, Khaled Safwat, Ahmed Raafat, Tamer Wasefy, Ibrahim A. Heggy, Gamal Osman, Waleed A. Abdelhady, Walid A. Mawla, Alaa A. Fiad, Mostafa M. Elaidy, Wessam Amr, Mohamed I. Abdelhamid, Ahmed Mahmoud Abdou, Abdelaziz I. A. Ibrahim, Muhammad Ali Baghdadi
This study aimed to evaluate the results of posterior component separation (CS) and transversus abdominis muscle release (TAR) with retro-muscular mesh reinforcement in patients with primary abdominal wall dehiscence (AWD). The secondary aims were to detect the incidence of postoperative surgical site occurrence and risk factors of incisional hernia (IH) development following AWD repair with posterior
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Time for a paradigm shift in shared decision-making in trauma and emergency surgery? Results from an international survey World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-02-17 Lorenzo Cobianchi, Francesca Dal Mas, Vanni Agnoletti, Luca Ansaloni, Walter Biffl, Giovanni Butturini, Stefano Campostrini, Fausto Catena, Stefano Denicolai, Paola Fugazzola, Jacopo Martellucci, Maurizio Massaro, Pietro Previtali, Federico Ruta, Alessandro Venturi, Sarah Woltz, Haytham M. Kaafarani, Tyler J. Loftus
Shared decision-making (SDM) between clinicians and patients is one of the pillars of the modern patient-centric philosophy of care. This study aims to explore SDM in the discipline of trauma and emergency surgery, investigating its interpretation as well as the barriers and facilitators for its implementation among surgeons. Grounding on the literature on the topics of the understanding, barriers
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Surgical resident experience with common bile duct exploration and assessment of performance and autonomy with formative feedback World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-02-06 Molly Q. Nyren, Amanda C. Filiberto, Patrick W. Underwood, Kenneth L. Abbott, Jeremy A. Balch, Francesca Dal Mas, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Philip A. Efron, Brian C. George, Benjamin Shickel, Gilbert R. Upchurch, George A. Sarosi, Tyler J. Loftus
Common bile duct exploration (CBDE) is safe and effective for managing choledocholithiasis, but most US general surgeons have limited experience with CBDE and are uncomfortable performing this procedure in practice. Surgical trainee exposure to CBDE is limited, and their learning curve for achieving autonomous, practice-ready performance has not been previously described. This study tests the hypothesis
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Abdominal emergency surgery in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective single-center analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-02-06 Philipp H. von Kroge, Anna Duprée, Oliver Mann, Jakob R. Izbicki, Jonas Wagner, Paymon Ahmadi, Sören Weidemann, Raissa Adjallé, Nicolaus Kröger, Carsten Bokemeyer, Walter Fiedler, Franziska Modemann, Susanne Ghandili
Hematologic patients requiring abdominal emergency surgery are considered to be a high-risk population based on disease- and treatment-related immunosuppression. However, the optimal surgical therapy and perioperative management of patients with abdominal emergency surgery in patients with coexisting hematological malignancies remain unclear. We here report a single-center retrospective analysis aimed
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Training curriculum in minimally invasive emergency digestive surgery: 2022 WSES position paper World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-01-27 Nicola de’Angelis, Francesco Marchegiani, Carlo Alberto Schena, Jim Khan, Vanni Agnoletti, Luca Ansaloni, Ana Gabriela Barría Rodríguez, Paolo Pietro Bianchi, Walter Biffl, Francesca Bravi, Graziano Ceccarelli, Marco Ceresoli, Osvaldo Chiara, Mircea Chirica, Lorenzo Cobianchi, Federico Coccolini, Raul Coimbra, Christian Cotsoglou, Mathieu D’Hondt, Dimitris Damaskos, Belinda De Simone, Salomone Di Saverio
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), including laparoscopic and robotic approaches, is widely adopted in elective digestive surgery, but selectively used for surgical emergencies. The present position paper summarizes the available evidence concerning the learning curve to achieve proficiency in emergency MIS and provides five expert opinion statements, which may form the basis for developing standardized
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Is it possible to predict the severity of acute appendicitis? Reliability of predictive models based on easily available blood variables World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-01-27 Barza Afzal, Roberto Cirocchi, Aruna Dawani, Jacopo Desiderio, Antonio Di Cintio, Domenico Di Nardo, Federico Farinacci, James Fung, Alessandro Gemini, Lorenzo Guerci, Sen Yin Melina Kam, Svetlana Lakunina, Lee Madi, Stefano Mazzetti, Bakhtiar Nadyrshine, Ola Shams, Maria Chiara Ranucci, Francesco Ricci, Afroza Sharmin, Stefano Trastulli, Tanzela Yasin, Giles Bond-Smith, Giovanni D. Tebala
Recent evidence confirms that the treatment of acute appendicitis is not necessarily surgical, and selected patients with uncomplicated appendicitis can benefit from a non-operative management. Unfortunately, no cost-effective test has been proven to be able to effectively predict the degree of appendicular inflammation as yet, therefore, patient selection is too often left to the personal choice of
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The optimal timing and intervention to reduce mortality for necrotizing pancreatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis World J. Emerg. Surg. (IF 8.0) Pub Date : 2023-01-27 Yang Yang, Yu Zhang, Shuaiyong Wen, Yunfeng Cui
A series of randomized controlled trials have investigated the efficacy and safety of different timings of interventions and methods of intervention. However, the optimal treatment strategy is not yet clear. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library until November 30, 2022. A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis were performed following the Preferred Reporting