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Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease: from hints from monogenic familial PD to biomarkers J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Nobutaka Hattori, Manabu Funayama, Yuzuru Imai, Taku Hatano
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Somatosensory evoked potentials recorded from DBS electrodes: the origin of subcortical N18 J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Arif Abdulbaki, Johannes C. Wöhrle, Christian Blahak, Ralf Weigel, Katja Kollewe, H. Holger Capelle, Hansjörg Bäzner, Joachim K. Krauss
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Genetic mouse models in opioid research: current status and future directions J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Monserrat Avila-Zozaya, Venetia Zachariou
Synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids are prescribed for the management of severe pain conditions, but their long-term use is often leading to physical dependence and addiction disorders. Understanding the complex neurobiology of the opioid system in preclinical models will be essential for the development of safe and efficacious analgesics. With rising numbers of synthetic opioid users and overdose
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Differential patterns of functional connectivity in tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor plus J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-02 Shweta Prasad, Jitender Saini, Rose Dawn Bharath, Pramod Kumar Pal
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More than fear? Brain activation patterns of dental phobic patients before and after an exposure-based treatment J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 André Wannemueller, Jürgen Margraf, Martin Busch, Hans-Peter Jöhren, Boris Suchan
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Impaired dual-task gait in Parkinson’s disease is associated with brain morphology changes J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-28
Abstract In Parkinson’s disease (PD), impaired gait and cognition affect daily activities, particularly in the more advanced stages of the disease. This study investigated the relationship between gait parameters, cognitive performance, and brain morphology in patients with early untreated PD. 64 drug-naive PD patients and 47 healthy controls (HC) participated in the study. Single- and dual-task gait
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Headache patterns in patent foramen ovale patients: beyond migraine with aura J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Raluca Ștefania Badea, N. Grecu, A. C. Ribigan, F. Antochi, C. Tiu, B. O. Popescu
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NFKB1 variants were associated with the risk of Parkinson´s disease in male J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Sergio Perez-Oliveira, Daniel Vazquez-Coto, Sara Pardo, Marta Blázquez-Estrada, Manuel Menéndez-González, Pablo Siso, Esther Suárez, Ciara García-Fernández, Beatriz de la Casa Fages, Eliecer Coto, Victoria Álvarez
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It is not just about transcription: involvement of brain RNA splicing in substance use disorders J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-24 Luana Carvalho, Amy W. Lasek
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Does thyroid diseases contribute to the natural history of idiopathic adult-onset dystonia? Data from the Italian Dystonia Registry J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Sarah Idrissi, Vittorio Velucci, Marcello Esposito, Assunta Trinchillo, Francesco Habestwallner, Daniele Belvisi, Giovanni Fabbrini, Gina Ferrazzano, Vincenzo Rizzo, Carmen Terranova, Paolo Girlanda, Roberta Pellicciari, Laura Avanzino, Francesca Di Biasio, Roberta Marchese, Francesco Bono, Giovanni Idone, Vincenzo Laterza, Christian Lettieri, Sara Rinaldo, Roberto Eleopra, Anna Castagna, Maria Concetta
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Combined light and electron microscopy (CLEM) to quantify methamphetamine-induced alpha-synuclein-related pathology J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-17 Michela Ferrucci, Paola Lenzi, Gloria Lazzeri, Carla L. Busceti, Alessandro Frati, Stefano Puglisi-Allegra, Francesco Fornai
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High-dose glucocorticoids in COVID-19 patients with acute encephalopathy: clinical and imaging findings in a retrospective cohort study J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Alexandra Rhally, Giulia Bommarito, Marjolaine Uginet, Gautier Breville, Patrick Stancu, Alice Accorroni, Frédéric Assal, Patrice H. Lalive, Karl-Olof Lövblad, Gilles Allali
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Edema related to treatment with psychotropic drugs J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-14
Abstract Edema as an adverse drug reaction is a commonly underestimated yet potentially debilitating condition. This study analyzes the incidence of severe psychotropic drug-induced edema (e.g., edema affecting the face, legs, or multiple body parts and lasting for more than 1 week, or in any case necessitating subsequent diuretic use) among psychiatric inpatients. The cases under examination are derived
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The pathobiology of depression in Huntington’s disease: an unresolved puzzle J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-13 Kurt A. Jellinger
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant progressive neurodegenerative disease that manifests with a triad of symptoms including motor dysfunctions, cognitive deficits, and prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most common of which is depression, with a prevalence between 30 and 70%. Depressive symptoms occur in all stages of HD, beginning in presymptomatic HD gene carriers, and are strongly
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Multi-target drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment and fatigue in post-COVID syndrome: focus on Ginkgo biloba and Rhodiola rosea J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Juliane K. Mueller, Walter E. Müller
Cognitive impairment, depression and (mental) fatigue represent the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these symptoms. Attempts to treat post-COVID-associated cognitive impairment and fatigue with different drugs available for other
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Obsessive–compulsive symptoms and brain lesions compatible with multiple sclerosis J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Katharina von Zedtwitz, Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Horst Urbach, Sergiu Groppa, Miriam A. Schiele, Harald Prüss, Katharina Domschke, Oliver Stich, Luciana Hannibal, Dominique Endres
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Validation of the Italian version of the Parkinson’s Disease- Cognitive Functional Rating Scale J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Michela Garon, Luca Weis, Antònia Siquier, Eleonora Fiorenzato, Francesca Pistonesi, Valeria Cianci, Margherita Canesi, Francesca Pesce, Elisa Reali, Beatrice Pozzi, Ioannis Ugo Isaias, Chiara Siri, Gabriella Santangelo, Sofia Cuoco, Paolo Barone, Jaime Kulisevsky, Angelo Antonini, Roberta Biundo
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The relationship between serum prolactin levels and cognitive function in drug-naïve schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-26 Guoshuai Luo, Fengfeng Bai, Xuehui Qu, Yifan Jing, Shuo Wang, Zaimina Xuekelaiti, Cong Yao, Meijuan Li, Jie Li
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Mild cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease: challenges and outlooks J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-24 Kurt A. Jellinger
Although Huntington's disease (HD) has classically been viewed as an autosomal-dominant inherited neurodegenerative motor disorder, cognitive and/or behavioral changes are predominant and often an early manifestation of disease. About 40% of individuals in the presymptomatic period of HD meet the criteria for mild cognitive impairment, later progressing to dementia. The heterogenous spectrum of cognitive
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Virus-induced brain pathology and the neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum: the neurochemists view J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Jeswinder Sian-Hulsmann, Peter Riederer
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Functional AGXT2 SNP rs180749 variant and depressive symptoms: Baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study in Japan J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Hiroshi Kumon, Yoshihiro Miyake, Yuta Yoshino, Jun-ichi Iga, Keiko Tanaka, Hidenori Senba, Eizen Kimura, Takashi Higaki, Bunzo Matsuura, Ryuichi Kawamoto, Shu-ichi Ueno
No study has shown the relationship between alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and depressive symptoms. The present case–control study examined this relationship in Japanese adults. Cases and control participants were selected from those who participated in the baseline survey of the Aidai Cohort Study, which is an ongoing cohort study. Cases comprised
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Association between autonomic dysfunction with motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-22 Yi Qin, De-Tao Meng, Zhao-Hui Jin, Wen-Jun Du, Bo-Yan Fang
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Modulatory effect of olanzapine on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the rat striatum J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-22 Julia Kistowska, Artur Pałasz, Anna Lipiec-Borowicz, Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek, Marek Krzystanek, Itiana Castro Menezes, Kinga Mordecka-Chamera
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The natural course of idiopathic cervical dystonia J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-20 Dirk Dressler, Bruno Kopp, Lizhen Pan, Fereshte Adib Saberi
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Oxidation of dopamine and related catechols in dopaminergic brain regions in Parkinson’s disease and during ageing in non-Parkinsonian subjects J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Bodil Fornstedt Wallin
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Driving innovation in addiction treatment: role of transcranial magnetic stimulation J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-17 Graziella Madeo, Antonello Bonci
Addictions comprises heterogenous psychiatric conditions caused by the complex interaction of genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors with a chronic relapsing-remitting pattern. Despite the long-standing efforts of preclinical and clinical research studies, addiction field has seen relatively slow progress when it comes to the development of new therapeutic interventions
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Parkinson’s disease motor progression in relation to the timing of REM sleep behavior disorder presentation: an exploratory retrospective study J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-16 Roberta Bovenzi, Mariangela Pierantozzi, Matteo Conti, Silvia Carignani, Mariana Fernandes, Tommaso Schirinzi, Rocco Cerroni, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Alessandro Stefani, Claudio Liguori
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Morphometric alterations of the mesocorticolimbic network in Parkinson’s disease with impulse control disorders J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-12 Mohammed Farhan Ansari, Shweta Prasad, Sujas Bhardwaj, Nitish Kamble, K. Rakesh, Vikram V. Holla, Ravi Yadav, Rohan R. Mahale, Jitender Saini, Pramod Kumar Pal
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The enigma of depression in corticobasal degeneration, a frequent but poorly understood co-morbidity J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-12 Kurt A. Jellinger
Depression is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms in corticobasal degeneration (CBD), a rare, sporadic, and late-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. It is clinically characterized by a levodopa-poorly responsible akinetic-rigid syndrome, apraxia, limb dystonia, cognitive, mood, behavioral, and language disorders. This 4-repeat (4R) tauopathy is morphologically
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Current perspectives on brain circuits involved in food addiction-like behaviors J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-12 Esra Senol, Hasan Mohammad
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Facial emotion recognition deficits are associated with hypomimia and related brain correlates in Parkinson’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 Jon Rodríguez-Antigüedad, Saül Martínez-Horta, Andrea Horta-Barba, Arnau Puig-Davi, Antonia Campolongo, Frederic Sampedro, Helena Bejr-Kasem, Juan Marín-Lahoz, Javier Pagonabarraga, Jaime Kulisevsky
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Sexual dysfunction in men with young onset Parkinson's disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-10 M. Sandeep, Shyam Sundar, Vikram V. Holla, Nitish Kamble, Rohan Mahale, Pramod Kumar Pal, Ravi Yadav
Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common, yet under-reported non-motor symptom of PD. Common sexual symptoms among male PD patients include erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and decreased sexual desire. Few research papers have examined sexual dysfunction in PD, especially in YOPD male patients, and there is no Indian research study on sexual dysfunction in YOPD. In this study, we determined
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Psychometric properties of the Caregiver’s inventory neuropsychological diagnosis dementia (CINDD) in mild cognitive impairment and dementia J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-10 Sofia Cuoco, Carlo Blundo, Monica Ricci, Arianna Cappiello, Rossella Bisogno, Immacolata Carotenuto, Anna Rosa Avallone, Roberto Erro, Maria Teresa Pellecchia, Marianna Amboni, Paolo Barone, Marina Picillo
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Toxic interactions between dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, and genes in mitochondria of Parkinson’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-09
Abstract Parkinson’s disease is characterized by its distinct pathological features; loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accumulation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites containing modified α-synuclein. Beneficial effects of L-DOPA and dopamine replacement therapy indicate dopamine deficit as one of the main pathogenic factors. Dopamine and its oxidation products are proposed
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Old problems, new solutions: harnessing technology and innovation in Parkinson’s disease—evidence and experiences from Thailand J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Roongroj Bhidayasiri
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Clinical correlates of pareidolias and color discrimination deficits in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-18
Abstract Visuoperceptual dysfunction is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is also reported in its prodromal phase, isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). We aimed to investigate color discrimination ability and complex visual illusions known as pareidolias in patients with iRBD and PD compared to healthy controls, and their associating clinical factors. 46 iRBD, 43 PD, and 64 healthy controls
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Motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation improves non-motor symptoms in early-onset Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-17
Abstract Early-onset Parkinson’s Disease (EOPD) demands tailored treatments. The younger age of patients might account for a higher sensitivity to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) based non-invasive neuromodulation, which may raise as an integrative therapy in the field. Accordingly, here we assessed the safety and efficacy of the primary left motor cortex (M1) anodal tDCS in EOPD. Ten
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Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease: is there a role for locus coeruleus magnetic resonance imaging? J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Giovanni Palermo, Alessandro Galgani, Gabriele Bellini, Francesco Lombardo, Nicola Martini, Riccardo Morganti, Davide Paoli, Sara De Cori, Francesca Frijia, Gabriele Siciliano, Roberto Ceravolo, Filippo Sean Giorgi
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Rewiring the future: drugs abused in adolescence may predispose to mental illness in adult life by altering dopamine axon growth J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Radu Gabriel Avramescu, Giovanni Hernandez, Cecilia Flores
Adolescence is a period of increased exploration and novelty-seeking, which includes new social behaviors, as well as drug experimentation, often spurred on by peer pressure. This is unfortunate, as the immature state of the adolescent brain makes it particularly susceptible to the negative developmental impact of drug use. During adolescence, dopamine terminals, which have migrated from the ventral
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Therapeutic use of medical Cannabis in neurological diseases: a clinical update J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Ute Hidding, Tina Mainka, Carsten Buhmann
The use of medical Cannabis has increased in recent years due to changing legal circumstances in many countries. Approval exists only for a few neurological conditions such as rare forms of epilepsy or spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Beyond that, however, medical Cannabis is used for a wide range of neurological conditions and symptoms. In Germany, in parallel with new legislation that has simplified
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Psychotherapies in opioid use disorder: toward a step-care model J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-21 Amaury Durpoix, Julie Rolling, Romain Coutelle, Laurence Lalanne
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Astrocytic transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Leanne M. Holt, Eric J. Nestler
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Neuroscience in addiction research J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Rita J. Valentino, Sunila G. Nair, Nora D. Volkow
The prevention and treatment of addiction (moderate to severe substance use disorder—SUD) have remained challenging because of the dynamic and complex interactions between multiple biological and social determinants that shape SUD. The pharmacological landscape is ever changing and the use of multiple drugs is increasingly common, requiring an unraveling of pharmacological interactions to understand
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Levodopa may modulate specific speech impairment in Parkinson's disease: an fMRI study J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-09 Martina Mračková, Radek Mareček, Jiří Mekyska, Milena Košťálová, Irena Rektorová
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Should continuous dopaminergic stimulation be a standard of care in advanced Parkinson’s disease? J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Z. Pirtošek, V. Leta, P. Jenner, M. Vérin
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Understanding depression with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a short assessment of facts and perceptions J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-03 Kurt A. Jellinger
Depression with an average prevalence of 25–40% is a serious condition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that can impact quality of life and survival of patients and caregiver burden, yet the underlying neurobiology is poorly understood. Preexisting depression has been associated with a higher risk of developing ALS, while people with ALS have a significantly higher risk of developing depression
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Baseline prevalence and longitudinal assessment of autonomic dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-04 Lanqing Yang, Huan Gao, Min Ye
Autonomic dysfunction (AutD) is common and debilitating in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Predictors of AutD are unclear, and data are limited on the biological relevance of AutD in PD. Here, we evaluated the baseline prevalence and 2-year longitudinal assessment of AutD in patients with de novo PD compared with healthy controls (HC). Moreover, we also assessed various variables that could predict longitudinal
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Risk of Parkinson’s disease in hepatitis B and C populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-29 Clyve Yu Leon Yaow, Ashley Shuen Ying Hong, Nicolette Zy-Yin Chong, Ryan Ian Houe Chong, Aaron Shengting Mai, Eng-King Tan
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The importance of choice and agency in animal models of addiction J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Serge H. Ahmed
The aim of this short commentary is twofold. First, it uncovers and outlines in broad strokes a historical, albeit oft-overlooked, trend toward a growing place for choice and agency in the design of animal models of addiction. Next, it tries to draw from this historical trend some perspectives and implications for future research.
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Constipation and pain in Parkinson’s disease: a clinical analysis J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-28 Mohammad Al-Wardat, Piergiorgio Grillo, Tommaso Schirinzi, Chiara Pavese, Chiara Salimei, Antonio Pisani, Silvia Natoli
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Home initiation of apomorphine infusion: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for current clinical practice J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-23 Christopher Kobylecki, Lucy Partington-Smith
Starting Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients on subcutaneous apomorphine (APO) infusion is generally undertaken on a hospital day-case basis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, day-case facilities were unavailable. To avoid delays in treatment, a new procedure was developed for initiation of APO therapy in the patient’s home. A home initiation protocol was developed and followed for each patient in this analysis
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The role of immune and inflammatory-related indicators in cognitive dysfunction and disease severity in patients with parkinson’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-20 Xudong Zhao, Lei Li, Xiuping Ma, Yang Li, Beibei Gao, Weifeng Luo
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The specific NQO2 inhibitor, S29434, only marginally improves the survival of dopamine neurons in MPTP-intoxicated mice J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-18 Maeva Vallucci, Jean A. Boutin, Elzbieta Janda, Florence Blandel, Ruth Musgrove, Donato Di Monte, Gilles Ferry, Patrick P. Michel, Etienne C. Hirsch
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Botulinum toxin and conservative treatment strategies in people with cervical dystonia: an online survey J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-13 Melani J. Boyce, A. B. McCambridge, L. V. Bradnam, C. G. Canning, C. Quel De Oliveira, A. P. Verhagen
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Deep brain stimulation for psychostimulant use disorders J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-12 Sarah E. Swinford-Jackson, R. Christopher Pierce
Safe and effective therapeutics for psychostimulant use disorders remain elusive. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is FDA-approved for other indications, is a promising candidate for treating severe substance use disorders. We examine the clinical and preclinical evidence for DBS of the nucleus accumbens as a possible therapeutic option for cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders. Limitations
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Facial emotion expressivity in patients with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-07 Antonio Cannavacciuolo, Giulia Paparella, Martina Salzillo, Donato Colella, Marco Canevelli, Davide Costa, Daniele Birreci, Luca Angelini, Andrea Guerra, Lucia Ricciardi, Giuseppe Bruno, Alfredo Berardelli, Matteo Bologna
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Autophagy markers, cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 Yanzhe Li, Hechao Yang, Peng Zhao, Junfeng Yang, Cong Yao, Chi Zhou, Chenghao Yang, Xiaoxiao Sun, Shen Li, Jie Li
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A 12-month prospective real-life study of opicapone efficacy and tolerability in Emirati and non-White subjects with Parkinson’s disease based in United Arab Emirates J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Vinod Metta, Huzaifa Ibrahim, Neha Muralidharan, Kislyn Rodriguez, Therese Masagnay, Judith Mohan, Arlet Lacsina, Abdullah Ahmed, Hani T. S. Benamer, Guy Chung-Faye, Rukmini Mrudula, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu, Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez, Rupam Borgohain, Vinay Goyal, Kalyan Bhattacharya, K. Ray Chaudhuri
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L-DOPA-therapy in Parkinson’s disease: some personal reflections on L-DOPA therapy from Vienna and Berlin J. Neural. Transm. (IF 3.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Peter Riederer, Reinhard Horowski
Dopamine was initially considered as a mere intermediate in the noradrenaline synthesis but was then found to be a neurotransmitter. Its depletion resulted in characteristic symptoms in experimental studies and could be antagonized by DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanin), suggesting a similarity to the human disorder Parkinson´s disease (PD) and a therapeutic potential which was successfully exploited