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Underrepresented and Underserved Populations in Neurological Research Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Charles C. Windon, Ashley J. Jackson, Gloria A. Aguirre, Miwa Tucker, Alinda Amuiri, Tanisha Hill-Jarrett, Miranda Chen, Stefanie D. Pina Escuedro, Kevin Lieu, Lucia Lopez, Diana Mei, Boon Lead Tee, Caitlin W. Watson, Chidera Agwu, Joel Kramer, Serggio Lanata
Underserved and underrepresented populations have historically been excluded from neurological research. This lack of representation has implications for translation of research findings into clinical practice given the impact of social determinants of health on neurological disease risk, progression, and outcomes. Lack of inclusion in research is driven by individual-, investigator-, and study-level
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Neurological Health in Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Rubinee Simmasalam, Mary C. Zuniga, H.E. Hinson
Despite representing a significant proportion of the U.S. population, there is a paucity of population-based research on the health status and health needs of sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals in neurology. Compared with heterosexual peers, some SGM populations have a higher burden of chronic health conditions. In parallel, SGM individuals are more likely to experience stigma and discrimination
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Developing Systems of Emergency and Inpatient Neurologic Care in Resource-Limited Settings Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Gentle Sunder Shrestha, Gaurav Nepal, Morgan Lippitt Prust
Neurologic diseases represent a significant global health challenge, leading to disability and mortality worldwide. Healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected. In these resource-limited settings, numerous barriers hinder the effective delivery of emergency and inpatient neurologic care, including shortages of trained personnel, limited access to diagnostics
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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Neurological Care in the United States Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Michael A. Perez, Sahily Reyes-Esteves, Adys Mendizabal
The burden of neurological disease is increasing globally. In the United States, this burden is disproportionally greater for Black and Latino communities who have limited access to neurological care. Health services researchers have attempted to identify racial and ethnic disparities in neurological care and possible solutions. This article reviews the most current literature on racial and ethnic
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Neurological Practice in the Time of War: Perspectives and Experiences from Ukraine Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Yuriy Flomin, Andriy Dubenko, Olga Dubenko, Larysa Sokolova, Tatyana Slobodin, Yevhen Shepotinnyk, Maryna Guliaieva, Francesca Romana Pezzella
The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has significantly impacted the country's healthcare system. Insufficient infrastructure, destruction of medical facilities, and barriers to prevention and treatment efforts hinder the provision of timely, high-quality care to our patients. We aim to describe the impact of the war on neurological care across Ukraine. In this article, leading national experts
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Building Equitable Neuroscience Research Collaborations in Resource-limited Settings Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-14 Melody T. Asukile, Joseph R. Zunt, Kiran T. Thakur
The burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders, such as stroke, dementia, and headache disorders, are on the rise in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), while neuroinfectious diseases remain a major concern. The development of neuroscience research aimed at defining the burden of neurological diseases across the lifespan, as well as optimizing diagnosis and treatment strategies, is fundamental
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Updates in the Management of Paraneoplastic Syndrome Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Neha Verma, Muhammad H. Jaffer, Avinash S. Kolli, Sepideh Mokhtari
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are defined as remote neurologic immune-mediated effects triggered by underlying systemic tumors. While recognizing specific syndromes can aid early cancer detection, overutilization of paraneoplastic assays in the absence of a classic syndrome can precipitate overdiagnosis and overtreatment. PNS involve autoantibodies targeting intracellular or extracellular
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Neurologic Complications in Adult Cancer Survivorship Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Tresa Michelle McGranahan, Karl Cristie Figuracion, Myron Goldberg, David P. Sheppard
Over the past decade, the improvement in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics has extended the overall survival of patients diagnosed with cancer including brain cancer. However, despite these unprecedented medical successes, patients continue to experience numerous neurologic complications after treatment that interfere with their independence, functionality, and overall quality of life. These include
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Headache Management in Individuals with Brain Tumor Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Ami Cuneo, Natalia Murinova
Headache occurs commonly in individuals diagnosed with cerebral neoplasm. Though the features of a brain tumor-associated headache may vary, a progressive nature of headache and a change in headache phenotype from a prior primary headache disorder often are identified. Pathophysiologic mechanisms proposed for headache associated with brain tumor include headache related to traction on pain-sensitive
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Management of Neurologic Complications in Patients with Brain and Spine Tumors Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-04
Patients with brain and spine tumors represent a distinct population with unique needs. We provide a practical review of neurologic care in this group with an emphasis on familiarizing the general neurologist to the nuances of neuro-oncologic supportive care. We review the management of cerebral edema, steroid dosing, and pertinent side effects. We discuss seizure management, including choice of anticonvulsants
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Palliative Care in Neuro-Oncology Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-04
Historically, the practice of neurology as an independent subspecialty from internal medicine began in Europe and the United States in the 1930s. The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) was founded 75 years ago in 1948, solidifying its emergence as a stand-alone discipline of medicine. In 1967, St. Christopher's Hospice, the first free standing hospice home, was opened in London by Dame Cicely Saunders
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Evolving Barriers to Clinical Trial Enrollment and Clinical Care in Neuro-oncology in the Face of COVID-19 Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-29 Nikhil Grandhi, Alice Y. Zhou, Margaret O. Johnson, Omar H. Butt
The lack of treatments with durable response in neuro-oncology highlights the critical need for clinical trials to advance patient care. The intersection of relatively low incidence, evolving classification schema, and entrenched community, healthcare provider, and organizational factors have been historic challenges against successful trial enrollment and implementation. The additional need for multidisciplinary
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Cancer Predisposition Syndromes in Neuro-Oncology Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-14 Brian Na, Shilp Shah, Phioanh Leia Nghiemphu
Although most primary central and peripheral nervous system (NS) tumors occur sporadically, there are a subset that may arise in the context of a cancer predisposition syndrome. These syndromes occur due to a pathogenic mutation in a gene that normally functions as a tumor suppressor. With increased understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors, more people have been identified with a
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Neuro-oncology Treatment Strategies for Primary Glial Tumors Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-14 Fernando Santos-Pinheiro, Jerome J. Graber
Primary brain tumors underwent reclassification in the 2021 World Health Organization update, relying on molecular findings (especially isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations and chromosomal changes in 1p, 19q, gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10). Newer entities have also been described including histone 3 mutant midline gliomas. These updated pathologic classifications improve prognostication
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The Natural History and Treatment of Meningiomas: An Update Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Arsene Daniel Nyalundja, Fabrice Mugisha, Claire Karekezi
Meningiomas are the most frequent nonmalignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite their benign nature and slow-growing pattern, if not diagnosed early, these tumors may reach relatively large sizes causing significant morbidity and mortality. Some variants are located in hard-to-access locations, compressing critical neurovascular structures, and making the surgical management even
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Neurorehabilitation for Adults with Brain and Spine Tumors Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-04
Central nervous system (CNS) malignancies (i.e. brain and spine tumors) and their treatments can result in a multitude of neurologic deficits. Patients with CNS malignancies experience physical, cognitive, and psychosocial sequelae that can impact their mobility and quality of life. Neurorehabilitation can play a critical role in maintaining independence, preventing disability, and optimizing safety
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Management of Brain Metastases: A Review of Novel Therapies Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-27
Brain metastases (BMs) represent the most common intracranial tumors in adults, and most commonly originate from lung, followed by breast, melanoma, kidney, and colorectal cancer. Management of BM is individualized based on the size and number of brain metastases, the extent of extracranial disease, the primary tumor subtype, neurological symptoms, and prior lines of therapy. Until recently, treatment
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Central Nervous System Lymphoma Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Trusha Shah, Vyshak A. Venur
Central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that primarily affects the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of CNSL encompassing its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment modalities, and prognosis. Although the main focus is on primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), ocular
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Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis from Solid Tumor Malignancies: Treatment Strategies and Biomarkers Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-21
Leptomeningeal metastases/diseases (LMDs) are a late-stage complication of solid tumor or hematologic malignancies. LMD is spread of cancer cells to the layers of the leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid maters) and subarachnoid space seen in 3 to 5% of cancer patients. It is a disseminated disease which carries with it significant neurologic morbidity and mortality. Our understanding of disease pathophysiology
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Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Teri Danielle You Ying Yeoh, Vincent Nga, Miriam Kimpo, Simon S. Lo, Balamurugan Vellayappan
Intracranial germ cell tumors are rare tumors occurring in adolescents and young adults, which include germinomas and non-germinomatous type germ cell tumors (NGGCT). In the past few decades, cooperative trial groups in Europe and North America have developed successful strategies to improve survival outcomes and decrease treatment-related toxicities. New approaches to establishing diagnosis have deferred
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Surgical Management and Advances in the Treatment of Glioma Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14
The care of patients with both high-grade glioma and low-grade glioma necessitates an interdisciplinary collaboration between neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, neurologists and other practitioners. In this review, we aim to detail the considerations, approaches and advances in the neurosurgical care of gliomas. We describe the impact of extent-of-resection in high-grade and low-grade glioma, with particular
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Brain Tumor Imaging: Review of Conventional and Advanced Techniques Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Andrew Campion, Michael Iv
Approaches to central nervous system (CNS) tumor classification and evaluation have undergone multiple iterations over the past few decades, in large part due to our growing understanding of the influence of genetics on tumor behavior and our refinement of brain tumor imaging techniques. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) both play a critical role in the diagnosis and monitoring
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Classification and Grading of Central Nervous System Tumors According to the World Health Organization 5th Edition Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Rebecca A. Yoda, Patrick J. Cimino
The World Health Organization (WHO) released the 5th edition of its classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in 2021. Advances in the landscape of molecular tumor pathophysiology prompted major revisions to the previous edition released in 2016, some of which were first introduced by the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy—Not Official WHO (cIMPACT-NOW)
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Brain Tumors in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Review Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Julien Rousseau, Julie Bennett, Mary Jane Lim-Fat
Brain tumors account for the majority of cancer-related deaths in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), defined as individuals aged 15 to 39. AYAs constitute a distinct population in which both pediatric- and adult-type central nervous system (CNS) tumors can be observed. Clinical manifestations vary depending on tumor location and often include headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and
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The Severely Wounded Brain Healed: Outcome Prognostication in Neurology. Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-11-02 Zachary D Threlkeld,David Y Hwang
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Electroencephalography as a Biomarker of Prognosis in Acute Brain Injury Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-13
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive tool that allows the monitoring of cerebral brain function in critically ill patients, aiding with diagnosis, management, and prognostication. Specific EEG features have shown utility in the prediction of outcomes in critically ill patients with status epilepticus, acute brain injury (ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and
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Ethical Considerations in Neuroprognostication Following Acute Brain Injury Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 India A. Lissak, Brian L. Edlow, Eric Rosenthal, Michael J. Young
Neuroprognostication following acute brain injury (ABI) is a complex process that involves integrating vast amounts of information to predict a patient's likely trajectory of neurologic recovery. In this setting, critically evaluating salient ethical questions is imperative, and the implications often inform high-stakes conversations about the continuation, limitation, or withdrawal of life-sustaining
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Prognostic Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Acute Vascular Brain Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-06 Lindsey J. Krawchuk, Matthew F. Sharrock
Prognostic imaging biomarkers after acute brain injury inform treatment decisions, track the progression of intracranial injury, and can be used in shared decision-making processes with families. Herein, key established biomarkers and prognostic scoring systems are surveyed in the literature, and their applications in clinical practice and clinical trials are discussed. Biomarkers in acute ischemic
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Cognitive Biases and Shared Decision Making in Acute Brain Injury Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-04 Alexis Steinberg, Baruch Fischhoff
Many patients hospitalized after severe acute brain injury are comatose and require life-sustaining therapies. Some of these patients make favorable recoveries with continued intensive care, while others do not. In addition to providing medical care, clinicians must guide surrogate decision makers through high-stakes, emotionally charged decisions about whether to continue life-sustaining therapies
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Neuroprognostication: Guillain–Barré Syndrome Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-03 Rebecca Traub, Vinay Chaudhry
Guillain–Barré syndrome is an immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves characterized by rapidly progressing symmetric weakness, areflexia, and albuminocytological dissociation. Most patients reach their nadir within 2 weeks. Disease severity can be mild to severe, with 20% of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange are equally effective treatments
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Clinical Grading Scales and Neuroprognostication in Acute Brain Injury Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-03 Sahily Reyes-Esteves, Monisha Kumar, Scott E. Kasner, Jens Witsch
Prediction of neurological clinical outcome after acute brain injury is critical because it helps guide discussions with patients and families and informs treatment plans and allocation of resources. Numerous clinical grading scales have been published that aim to support prognostication after acute brain injury. However, the development and validation of clinical scales lack a standardized approach
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Functional MRI for Acute Covert Consciousness: Emerging Data and Implementation Case Series Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-10-03 Varina L. Boerwinkle, Kirsten Gillette, Clio A. Rubinos, Jordan Broman-Fulks, Fazila Aseem, Grace K. DeHoff, Martin Arhin, Emilio Cediel, Tamara Strohm
Although research studies have begun to demonstrate relationships between disorders of consciousness and brain network biomarkers, there are limited data on the practical aspects of obtaining such network biomarkers to potentially guide care. As the state of knowledge continues to evolve, guidelines from professional societies such as the American and European Academies of Neurology and many experts
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Prognostication in Prolonged and Chronic Disorders of Consciousness Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Julia M. Carlson, David J. Lin
Patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (DOCs) longer than 28 days may continue to make significant gains and achieve functional recovery. Occasionally, this recovery trajectory may extend past 3 (for nontraumatic etiologies) and 12 months (for traumatic etiologies) into the chronic period. Prognosis is influenced by several factors including state of DOC, etiology, and demographics. There
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Disease-Based Prognostication: Neuro-Oncology Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Kristin A. Waite, Gino Cioffi, Mark G. Malkin, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan
Primary malignant and non-malignant brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while relatively rare, are a disproportionate source of morbidity and mortality. Here we provide a brief overview of approaches to modeling important clinical outcomes, such as overall survival, that are critical for clinical care. Because there are a large number of histologically distinct types of primary malignant
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Neuroprognostication for Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Updated, Evidence-Based Review Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Christina Martin Schaff, Jerome E. Kurent, Sherry Kolodziejczak, Michelle Milic, Laura A. Foster, Ambereen K. Mehta
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that presents and progresses in various ways, making prognostication difficult. Several paradigms exist for providers to elucidate prognosis in a way that addresses not only the amount of time a patient has to live, but also a patient's quality of their life moving forward. Prognostication, with regard to both survivability
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Blood-Based Biomarkers for Neuroprognostication in Acute Brain Injury Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Andrew M. Nguyen, Vishal Saini, H. E. Hinson
Acute brain injury causes loss of functionality in patients that often is devastating. Predicting the degree of functional loss and overall prognosis requires a multifaceted approach to help patients, and more so their families, make important decisions regarding plans and goals of care. A variety of blood-based markers have been studied as one aspect of this determination. In this review, we discuss
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Disease-Based Prognostication: Myasthenia Gravis Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Jorge L. Almodovar, Anahit Mehrabyan
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired autoimmune neuromuscular junction transmission disorder that clinically presents as fluctuating or persistent weakness in various skeletal muscle groups. Neuroprognostication in MG begins with some basic observations on the natural history of the disease and known treatment outcomes. Our objective is to provide a framework that can assist a clinician who encounters
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Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Conditions Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-13
Nervous system disorders may be accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Brain lesions may be responsible for GI problems such as decreased peristalsis (e.g., lesions in the basal ganglia, pontine defecation center/Barrington's nucleus), decreased abdominal strain (e.g., lesions in the parabrachial nucleus), hiccupping and vomiting (e.g., lesions in the area postrema), and appetite loss (e
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An Overview of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinsonian Syndromes Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-13 Lauren Talman, Delaram Safarpour
Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common nonmotor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as other parkinsonian syndromes and may precede the onset of motor symptoms by decades. Involvement of all segments of the GI tract can lead to altered responses to medications and worsened quality of life for patients. While some GI symptoms occur in isolation, others overlap. Therefore, understanding
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Delaram Safarpour, MD, MSCE, FAAN, and Ronald F. Pfeiffer, MD. Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-09-13 David M Greer
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Wilson's Disease Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Manida Wungjiranirun, Kaveh Sharzehi
Wilson's disease (WD) can present with liver disease, neurological deficits, and psychiatric disorders. Results of genetic prevalence studies suggest that WD might be much more common than previously estimated. Early recognition of WD remains challenging because it is a great imitator and requires a high index of suspicion for correct and timely diagnosis. Early diagnosis of WD is crucial to ensure
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Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Jacob Raber, Thomas J. Sharpton
Increasing research links the gut microbiome to neurodegenerative disorders. The gut microbiome communicates with the central nervous system via the gut–brain axis and affects behavioral and cognitive phenotypes. Dysbiosis (a dysfunctional microbiome) drives increased intestinal permeability and inflammation that can negatively affect the brain via the gut–brain axis. Healthier metabolic and lipid
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Surgery for Malignant Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review of the Knowns and Unknowns Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Kailash Krishnan, Milo Hollingworth, Thanh N. Nguyen, Ashwin Kumaria, Matthew A. Kirkman, Surajit Basu, Christos Tolias, Philip M. Bath, Nikola Sprigg
Malignant acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is characterized by acute neurological deterioration caused by progressive space-occupying brain edema, often occurring in the first hours to days after symptom onset. Without any treatment, the result is often fatal. Despite advances in treatment for AIS, up to 80% of patients with a large hemispheric stroke or cerebellar stroke are at risk of poor outcome. Decompressive
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What Is the Evidence for Endovascular Thrombectomy in Posterior Circulation Stroke? Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Silja Räty, Thanh N. Nguyen, Simon Nagel, Volker Puetz, Fana Alemseged, Mohamad Abdalkader, Wouter J. Schonewille, Daniel Strbian
Posterior circulation infarcts comprise approximately 25% of ischemic strokes but are less often treated with recanalization therapy and have longer treatment delays compared with anterior circulation strokes. Among posterior circulation strokes, basilar artery occlusion is associated with the most severe deficits and the worst prognosis. Endovascular thrombectomy is a standard of care for patients
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Endovascular Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Julien Ognard, Elsa Magro, Jildaz Caroff, Vivek Bodani, Pascal John Mosimann, Jean-Christophe Gentric
Due to the risk of cerebral hemorrhage, and its related morbidity–mortality, brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are a rare and potentially life-threatening disease. Despite this, there is only one randomized controlled trial on bAVM management, A Randomized trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA). The results of the ARUBA trial favor a noninterventional approach in the
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Mohamad Abdalkader MD, and Thanh N. Nguyen MD, FRCP, FSVIN, FAHA. Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 David M Greer
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Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Genetically Defined Neurodevelopmental Disorders Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-16 Elizabeth A. Davidson, Calliope Holingue, Andres Jimenez-Gomez, Julia E. Dallman, Baharak Moshiree
Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in most forms of neurodevelopment disorders (NDDs) such as in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current patient-reported outcome measures with validated questionnaires used in the general population of children without NDDS cannot be used in the autistic individuals. We explore here the multifactorial pathophysiology of ASD and the role of genetics and the environment
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Constipation in Parkinson's Disease Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Eamonn M. M. Quigley
Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal features of Parkinson's disease (PD), occurring in over 50% of all PD patients during the course of their disease. Furthermore, constipation is now recognized as an important, prodromal symptom and may predate the onset of the classical motor symptoms by decades. Thereafter, the prevalence and severity of constipation in PD tend to parallel the
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Dysphagia in Neurological Disorders Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Maan El Halabi, Remy Arwani, Henry P. Parkman
Dysphagia is a common symptom in many neurologic disorders. Patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia present with difficulties when they start to swallow, often with coughing and choking; whereas patients with esophageal dysphagia describe the feeling that swallowed food stops in the chest. Chronic neurologic diseases such stroke, Parkinson's disease, or dementia often have dysphagia as a symptom, particularly
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Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Stroke Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Heather Y.F. Yong, Aravind Ganesh, Carlos Camara-Lemarroy
Gastrointestinal (GI) complications are seen in over 50% of ischemic stroke survivors; the most common complications are dysphagia, constipation, and GI bleeding. The bidirectional relationship of the gut–brain axis and stroke has recently gained traction, wherein stroke contributes to gut dysbiosis (alterations in the normal host intestinal microbiome) and gut dysbiosis perpetuates poor functional
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Overview of the Gut–Brain Axis: From Gut to Brain and Back Again Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Zoë Post, Richard A. Manfready, Ali Keshavarzian
The gut–brain axis refers to a bidirectional communication pathway linking the gastrointestinal system to the central nervous system. The hardware of this multifaceted pathway takes many forms, at once structural (neurons, microglia, intestinal epithelial cell barrier), chemical (neurotransmitters, enteroendocrine hormones, bacterial metabolites), and cellular (immune signaling, inflammatory pathways)
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Robotic Interventional Neuroradiology: Progress, Challenges, and Future Prospects Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Shen Ning, Christophe Chautems, Yoonho Kim, Hal Rice, Uta Hanning, Sami Al Kasab, Lukas Meyer, Marios Psychogios, Osama O. Zaidat, Ameer E. Hassan, Hesham E. Masoud, Adnan Mujanovic, Johannes Kaesmacher, Permesh S. Dhillon, Alice Ma, Artem Kaliaev, Thanh N. Nguyen, Mohamad Abdalkader
Advances in robotic technology have improved standard techniques in numerous surgical and endovascular specialties, offering more precision, control, and better patient outcomes. Robotic-assisted interventional neuroradiology is an emerging field at the intersection of interventional neuroradiology and biomedical robotics. Endovascular robotics can automate maneuvers to reduce procedure times and increase
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Gastroparesis and Gastroparesis Syndromes as Neuromuscular Disorders Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Le Yu Naing, Prateek Mathur, Garvit Chhabra, Abigail Stocker, Thomas L. Abell
Gastroparesis syndromes (GpS) are a spectrum of disorders presenting with characteristic symptoms increasingly recognized as being gastrointestinal (GI) neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). This review focuses on GpS as a manifestation of neurologic disorders of GI NMD. GpS can be associated with systemic abnormalities, including inflammatory, metabolic, and serologic disorders, as well as autoimmune antibodies
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Venous Pathologies and Interventions of the Head Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Tej Ishaan Mehta, Anirudh Arun, Caleb Heiberger, David Cognetti, Tyler R. Ray, Matthew R. Amans, Kyle Fargen, Thierry A.G.M. Huisman, Ferdinand Hui
Intracranial venous pathologies are a historically underrecognized group of disorders that can have a devastating impact on patients. Despite advancements in peripheral venous disorders and arterial neurointerventions, intracranial venous pathologies have received comparatively little attention. Understanding the anatomy, physiology, clinical relevance, and treatment options of intracranial venous
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Overview of the Enteric Nervous System Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Gary M. Mawe, Kenton M. Sanders, Michael Camilleri
Propulsion of contents in the gastrointestinal tract requires coordinated functions of the extrinsic nerves to the gut from the brain and spinal cord, as well as the neuromuscular apparatus within the gut. The latter includes excitatory and inhibitory neurons, pacemaker cells such as the interstitial cells of Cajal and fibroblast-like cells, and smooth muscle cells. Coordination between these extrinsic
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Antiplatelet therapy in Neurointervention Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Alice Ma, Harshil Dharamdasani Detaram, Brendan Steinfort, Tim Harrington, Thanh N. Nguyen, Mohamad Abdalkader, George Siopis, Philip M. Bath, Permesh Singh Dhillon, Anna Podlasek, Adnan I. Qureshi, Zhongming Qiu, Kailash Krishnan
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of antiplatelet medication in neurointervention, with a focus on the clinical indications for antiplatelet use in both preventing and reducing platelet aggregation. This review will cover current antiplatelet medications, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. We will provide an overview of different endovascular devices and discuss the antiplatelet
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The Role of Helicobacter pylori and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Parkinson's Disease Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Maria Belen Justich, Olga L. Rojas, Alfonso Fasano
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology remains largely unexplained. Several studies have aimed to describe a causative effect in the interactions between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, for both PD pathogenesis and disease course. However, the results have been controversial. Helicobacter pylori and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) are theorized
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The Interface between Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Neuroinflammation, and Neurological Disorders Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Grace E. Hey, Vinata Vedam-Mai, Matthew Beke, Manuel Amaris, Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. IBD has been associated with a variety of neurologic manifestations including peripheral nerve involvement, increased risk of thrombotic, demyelinating and events. Furthermore, an evolving association between IBD and neurodegenerative disorders has been recognized, and early data suggests
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Overview of the Gut Microbiome Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Lisa Blackmer-Raynolds, Timothy R. Sampson
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microorganisms—collectively referred to as the gut microbiome—that maintain a symbiotic relationship with their host. This diverse community of microbes grows and changes as we do, with developmental, lifestyle, and environmental factors all shaping microbiome community structure. Increasing evidence suggests this relationship is bidirectional
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Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Semin. Neurol. (IF 2.7) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Mohamad Abdalkader, Thanh N. Nguyen, Francesco Diana, Shadi Yaghi, Liqi Shu, Piers Klein, Michel E. Mawad, Raghid Kikano
Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are abnormal communications between meningeal arteries and dural venous sinuses and/or cortical veins. Although many fistulas are benign and do not require treatment, some may carry a significant risk of bleeding or cause symptoms and warrant treatment. This review provides a review of various aspects of intracranial DAVFs including epidemiology, pathophysiology