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Gestational and Developmental Contributors of Pediatric MASLD Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Marialena Mouzaki, Jessica G. Woo, Senad Divanovic
Pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is common and can be seen as early as in utero. A growing body of literature suggests that gestational and early life exposures modify the risk of MASLD development in children. These include maternal risk factors, such as poor cardiometabolic health (e.g., obesity, gestational diabetes, rapid weight gain during pregnancy, and
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Tailored Model of Care for Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Mohamed El-Kassas, Abeer Awad, Mohamed Elbadry, Juan Pablo Arab
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is increasing globally, creating a growing public health concern. However, this disease is often not diagnosed, and accurate data on its epidemiology are limited in many geographical regions, making it challenging to provide proper care and implement effective national plans
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UDCA for Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Basis Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-02-20
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse reaction to medications and other xenobiotics that leads to liver dysfunction. Based on differential clinical patterns of injury, DILI is classified into hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed types; although hepatocellular DILI is associated with inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis, cholestatic DILI is associated with bile plugs and bile duct paucity
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Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review and A Glimpse into The Future Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Hao Liu, Vrishketan Sethi, Xingjie Li, Yao Xiao, Abhinav Humar
Liver transplantation (LT) is a highly effective treatment for carefully selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we explored the development of LT selection criteria and organ allocation policies, comparing original data to underscore their historical progression into the intricate task of quantitatively estimating pre- and post-LT survivals. We emphasized the role of
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Algorithms for Early Detection of Silent Liver Fibrosis in the Primary Care Setting Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Katrine Tholstrup Bech, Katrine Prier Lindvig, Maja Thiele, Laurent Castera
More than one-third of the adult world population has steatotic liver disease (SLD), with a few percent of individuals developing cirrhosis after decades of silent liver fibrosis accumulation. Lack of systematic early detection causes most patients to be diagnosed late, after decompensation, when treatment has limited effect and survival is poor. Unfortunately, no isolated screening test in primary
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Biliary Tract Cancer: Molecular Biology of Precursor Lesions Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-12-15
Biliary tract cancer is a devastating malignancy of the bile ducts and gallbladder with a dismal prognosis. The study of precancerous lesions has received considerable attention and led to a histopathological classification which, in some respects, remains an evolving field. Consequently, increasing efforts have been devoted to characterizing the molecular pathogenesis of the precursor lesions, with
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The Ploidy State as a Determinant of Hepatocyte Proliferation Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Sierra R. Wilson, Andrew W. Duncan
The liver's unique chromosomal variations, including polyploidy and aneuploidy, influence hepatocyte identity and function. Among the most well-studied mammalian polyploid cells, hepatocytes exhibit a dynamic interplay between diploid and polyploid states. The ploidy state is dynamic as hepatocytes move through the “ploidy conveyor,” undergoing ploidy reversal and re-polyploidization during proliferation
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Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Treatment of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 MohammadMahdi Saeidinejad, Ahmed Elshabrawi, Supachaya Sriphoosanaphan, Fausto Andreola, Gautam Mehta, Banwari Agarwal, Rajiv Jalan
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), a clinical syndrome that can develop at any stage in the progression of cirrhotic liver disease, is characterized by an acute decompensation in liver function with associated multiorgan failure and high short-term mortality. Current evidence points to ACLF being reversible, particularly in those at the lower end of the severity spectrum. However, there are no
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Liver Injury Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Cathrin L.C. Gudd, Roosey Sheth, Mark R. Thursz, Evangelos Triantafyllou, Lucia A. Possamai
In recent years cancer treatment has been revolutionized by the development and wide application of checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) drugs, which are a form of immunotherapy. CPI treatment is associated with immune-related adverse events, off-target tissue destructive inflammatory complications, which may affect a range of organs, with liver inflammation (hepatitis) being one of the more commonly noted events
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The Hepatic Porphyrias: Revealing the Complexities of a Rare Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Oluwashanu Balogun, Kari Nejak-Bowen
The porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders that are caused by defects in heme biosynthesis pathway enzymes. The result is accumulation of heme precursors, which can cause neurovisceral and/or cutaneous photosensitivity. Liver is commonly either a source or target of excess porphyrins, and porphyria-associated hepatic dysfunction ranges from minor abnormalities to liver failure. In this review
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Hedgehog Signaling: Implications in Liver Pathophysiology Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-11-10
The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about the role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in liver homeostasis and disease. Hedgehog is a morphogenic signaling pathway that is active in development. In most healthy tissues, pathway activity is restricted to stem and/or stromal cell compartments, where it enables stem cell self-renewal and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant over-activation
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Unraveling the Complexities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Xinpu Han, Qianhui Sun, Manman Xu, Guanghui Zhu, Ruike Gao, Baoyi Ni, Jie Li
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as effective therapeutics for multiple cancers. Nevertheless, as immunotherapeutic approaches are being extensively utilized, substantial hurdles have arisen for clinicians. These include countering ICIs resistance and ensuring precise efficacy assessments of these drugs, especially in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review attempts
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Mechanisms of Lipid Droplet Accumulation in Steatotic Liver Diseases Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Joseph L. Dempsey, George N. Ioannou, Rotonya M. Carr
The steatotic diseases of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and chronic hepatitis C (HCV) account for the majority of liver disease prevalence, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. While these diseases have distinct pathogenic and clinical features, dysregulated lipid droplet (LD) organelle biology represents a convergence of pathogenesis
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COVID-19 and Liver Disease: An Evolving Landscape Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Kai Zhu, Olivia Tsai, Daljeet Chahal, Trana Hussaini, Eric M. Yoshida
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. In this review, we examine the intricate relationships between COVID-19 and liver diseases. While respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 are well known, its impact and consequences in patients with liver diseases remain an area of ongoing investigation. COVID-19 can induce liver injury through various mechanisms and
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Genetic Contributions to Biliary Atresia: A Developmental Cholangiopathy Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-09-19 Dominick J. Hellen, Saul J. Karpen
Biliary atresia (BA) is the most prevalent serious liver disease of infancy and childhood, and the principal indication for liver transplantation in pediatrics. BA is best considered as an idiopathic panbiliary cholangiopathy characterized by obstruction of bile flow and consequent cholestasis presenting during fetal and perinatal periods. While several etiologies have been proposed, each has significant
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Research Progress on the Role and Mechanism of IL-37 in Liver Diseases Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-09-11
Cytokines are important components of the immune system that can predict or influence the development of liver diseases. IL-37, a new member of the IL-1 cytokine family, exerts potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects inside and outside cells. IL-37 expression differs before and after liver lesions, suggesting that it is associated with liver disease; however, its mechanism of action
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Gut Microbiome-Centered Therapies for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Tannaz Ranjbarian, Bernd Schnabl
Globally, liver disease caused by alcohol is becoming more prevalent each year. Misuse of alcohol causes a spectrum of liver diseases, such as liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The cornerstone of treatment is abstinence from alcohol. In spite of this, available treatment for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) shows limited effectiveness currently
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Hepatitis Delta Infection: A Clinical Review Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Brian Pearlman
First discovered over 40 years ago, the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a unique RNA virus, requiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens for its assembly, replication, and transmission. HBV and HDV can be acquired at the same time (coinfection) or HDV infection can occur in persons with chronic HBV (superinfection). Screening guidelines for HDV are inconsistent. While some guidelines recommend universal
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Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Is There a Safe Alcohol Consumption Limit for Liver Disease? Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Katrina Pekarska, Richard Parker
This review is to evaluate how much alcohol is safe in the context of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). In patients without an established diagnosis of ALD consuming alcohol at quantities below 12 to 20 g daily with alcohol-free days is associated with a very low risk of developing disease. This risk is mediated by the presence of cofactors such as sex, medical comorbidity, obesity, and genetic
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The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Liver Regeneration Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Kshitij Deshmukh, Udayan Apte
Exposure to hepatotoxic chemicals is involved in liver disease–related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The liver responds to damage by triggering compensatory hepatic regeneration. Physical agent or chemical-induced liver damage disrupts hepatocyte proteostasis, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Post–liver injury ER experiences a homeostatic imbalance, followed by active ER stress
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FXR Friend-ChIPs in the Enterohepatic System Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 Vik Meadows, Zhenning Yang, Veronia Basaly, Grace L. Guo
Chronic liver diseases encompass a wide spectrum of hepatic maladies that often result in cholestasis or altered bile acid secretion and regulation. Incidence and cost of care for many chronic liver diseases are rising in the United States with few Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs available for patient treatment. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acid homeostasis
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Angiocrine Signaling in Sinusoidal Health and Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 Shawna A. Cooper, Enis Kostallari, Vijay H. Shah
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are key players in maintaining hepatic homeostasis. They also play crucial roles during liver injury by communicating with liver cell types as well as immune cells and promoting portal hypertension, fibrosis, and inflammation. Cutting-edge technology, such as single cell and spatial transcriptomics, have revealed the existence of distinct LSEC subpopulations
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Pediatric and Adult Liver Disease in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Mathias Ruiz, Florence Lacaille, Christina Schrader, Monica Pons, Piotr Socha, Aleksander Krag, Ekkehard Sturm, Marion Bouchecareilh, Pavel Strnad
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) arises due to inherited variants in SERPINA1, the AAT gene that impairs the production or secretion of this hepatocellular protein and leads to a gain-of-function liver proteotoxicity. Homozygous Pi*Z pathogenic variant (Pi*ZZ genotype) is the leading cause of severe AATD. It manifests in 2 to 10% of carriers as neonatal cholestasis and 20 to 35% of adults as significant
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How to Identify Advanced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Primary Care Setting Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-07-06 Pegah Golabi, Dipam Shah, Zobair M. Younossi
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 30 to 40% of the population globally and is increasingly considered the most common liver disease. Patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases are at especially increased risk for NAFLD. Although most patients with NAFLD do not have progressive liver disease, some patients progress to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver mortality
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Genetic and Epigenetic Basis of Drug-Induced Liver Injury Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Snigdha Singh, P.V.S.N. Kiran Kumar, J. Pradeep Kumar, Sojit Tomo, Dharamveer Yadav, Praveen Sharma, Mahadev Rao, Mithu Banerjee
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare but severe adverse drug reaction seen in pharmacotherapy and a major cause of postmarketing drug withdrawals. Advances in genome-wide studies indicate that genetic and epigenetic diversity can lead to inter-individual differences in drug response and toxicity. It is necessary to identify how the genetic variations, in the presence of environmental factors
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HNF4α in Hepatocyte Health and Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Manasi Kotulkar, Dakota R. Robarts, Udayan Apte
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) is a highly conserved member of the nuclear receptor superfamily expressed at high levels in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and gut. In the liver, HNF4α is exclusively expressed in hepatocytes, where it is indispensable for embryonic and postnatal liver development and for normal liver function in adults. It is considered a master regulator of hepatic differentiation
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To TIPS or Not to TIPS in High Risk of Variceal Rebleeding and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Wenyi Gu, Markus Kimmann, Wim Laleman, Michael Praktiknjo, Jonel Trebicka
Variceal bleeding is a consequence of severe portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although the rate of bleeding has decreased over time, variceal bleeding in the presence of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) carries a high risk of treatment failure and short-term mortality. Treatment and/or removal of precipitating events (mainly bacterial infection and alcoholic hepatitis) and
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Mast Cell and Innate Immune Cell Communication in Cholestatic Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Jessica K. Bernard, Corinn Marakovits, Leah G. Smith, Heather Francis
Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases (primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC] and primary biliary cholangitis [PBC]). PSC and PBC are immune-mediated, chronic inflammatory diseases, characterized by bile duct inflammation and stricturing, advancing to hepatobiliary cirrhosis. MCs are tissue resident immune cells that may promote hepatic injury, inflammation, and
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Critical Care Management of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Certainties and Unknowns Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-06-27 Enric Reverter, David Toapanta, Octavi Bassegoda, Juliana Zapatero, Javier Fernandez
Intensive care unit (ICU) admission is frequently required in patients with decompensated cirrhosis for organ support. This entity, known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), is associated with high short-term mortality. ICU management of ACLF is complex, as these patients are prone to develop new organ failures and infectious or bleeding complications. Poor nutritional status, lack of effective
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Endoscopic Advances in Hepatology Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-05-16 Emma Vanderschueren, Jonel Trebicka, Wim Laleman
Endoscopy is and remains an indispensable tool in diagnosing and managing liver disease and its complications. Due to the progress in advanced endoscopy, endoscopy has become an alternative route for many surgical, percutaneous, and angiographic interventions, not only as a backup tool when conventional interventions fail but increasingly as a first-line choice. The term endo-hepatology refers to the
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Screening for At-Risk Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Primary Care Setting Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-05-16 Esteban Urias, Vincent L. Chen
While nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a leading cause of end-stage liver disease, most patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease do not develop cirrhosis and its complications. Therefore, risk stratification using inexpensive, noninvasive screening modalities is critical to avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment of a large proportion of the population. In this review, we discuss the data supporting
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Hepatic Innervations and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Monika Adori, Sadam Bhat, Roberto Gramignoli, Ismael Valladolid-Acebes, Tore Bengtsson, Mathias Uhlèn, Csaba Adori
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder. Increased sympathetic (noradrenergic) nerve tone has a complex role in the etiopathomechanism of NAFLD, affecting the development/progression of steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and liver hemodynamical alterations. Also, lipid sensing by vagal afferent fibers is an important player in the development of hepatic steatosis
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Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Pathway: Precision Medicine for Biliary Cancer and Beyond Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-03-29 Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior, Mitesh J. Borad
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors are now being included in the treatment guidelines of multiple countries for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Activation of the FGF–FGFR pathway is related to proliferation and tumor progression. Targeting the FGF–FGFR pathway is effective and can yield durable responses in patients with CCA harboring FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements
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Cirrhosis Management in the Intensive Care Unit Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-02-13 Thomas N. Smith, Alice Gallo de Moraes, Douglas A. Simonetto
Patients with cirrhosis frequently require admission to the intensive care unit as complications arise in the course of their disease. These admissions are associated with high short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Thus, understanding and characterizing complications and unique needs of patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure helps providers identify appropriate level of
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Growth Hormone Signaling in Liver Diseases: Therapeutic Potentials and Controversies Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Madisyn Oxley, Heather Francis, Keisaku Sato
Growth hormone (GH) and downstream insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling mediate growth and metabolism. GH deficiency causes short stature or dwarfism, and excess GH causes acromegaly. Although the association of GH/IGF1 signaling with liver diseases has been suggested previously, current studies are controversial and the functional roles of GH/IGF1 signaling are still undefined. GH supplementation
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Update on Hepatobiliary Plasticity Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Minwook Kim, Fatima Rizvi, Donghun Shin, Valerie Gouon-Evans
The liver field has been debating for decades the contribution of the plasticity of the two epithelial compartments in the liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), to derive each other as a repair mechanism. The hepatobiliary plasticity has been first observed in diseased human livers by the presence of biphenotypic cells expressing hepatocyte and BEC markers within bile ducts and regenerative
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Emerging Links between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Neurodegeneration Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Taylor J. Kelty, Ryan J. Dashek, W. David Arnold, R. Scott Rector
The association between liver and brain health has gained attention as biomarkers of liver function have been revealed to predict neurodegeneration. The liver is a central regulator in metabolic homeostasis. However, in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), homeostasis is disrupted which can result in extrahepatic organ pathologies. Emerging literature provides insight into the mechanisms behind
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The Changing Epidemiology of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: Gender, Race, and Risk Factors Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Ahmad Anouti, Jessica L. Mellinger
Cases of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are increasing at a steady rate in the United States with more patients presenting with alcohol-associated hepatitis and alcohol-associated cirrhosis. While alcohol use has increased across many demographic groups, women are suffering from a greater increase in alcohol use disorder (AUD), and are at a greater risk of ALD due to pathophysiological differences
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Physiomimetic In Vitro Human Models for Viral Infection in the Liver Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2023-01-10
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver morbidity and mortality globally. The mechanisms underlying acute infection and clearance, versus the development of chronic infection, are poorly understood. In vitro models of viral hepatitis circumvent the high costs and ethical considerations of animal models, which also translate poorly to studying the human-specific hepatitis viruses. However, significant
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Therapeutic Pipeline in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-12-26 Nimish Thakral, Sasha Deutsch-Link, Ashwani K. Singal
Alcohol-associated liver disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Patients with alcohol-associated liver disease are often diagnosed at advanced stage and disease spectrum including alcoholic hepatitis, a severe manifestation with a high short-term mortality. Corticosteroid, recommended first-line treatment for patients with alcoholic hepatitis, is a very suboptimal treatment
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Current Challenges and Future Direction in Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-12-26 George Cholankeril, Hashem B. El-Serag
The burden for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) attributed to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to grow in parallel with rising global trends in obesity. The risk of HCC is elevated among patients with NAFLD-related cirrhosis to a level that justifies surveillance based on cost-effectiveness argument. The quality of current evidence for HCC surveillance in all patients with chronic liver
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Beyond Varices: Complications of Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension in Pediatrics Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-12-26 Anna M. Banc-Husu, Henry Shiau, Peace Dike, Benjamin L. Shneider
Complications of cirrhotic portal hypertension (PHTN) in children are broad and include clinical manifestations ranging from variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) to less common conditions such as hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The approaches to the diagnosis
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Recent Advances in Intrahepatic Biliary Epithelial Heterogeneity Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-12-15
Biliary epithelium (i.e., cholangiocytes) is a heterogeneous population of epithelial cells in the liver, which line small and large bile ducts and have individual responses and functions dependent on size and location in the biliary tract. We discuss the recent findings showing that the intrahepatic biliary tree is heterogeneous regarding (1) morphology and function, (2) hormone expression and signaling
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Novel Biomarkers of AKI in Cirrhosis Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Adrià Juanola, Ann T. Ma, Elisa Pose, Pere Ginès
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in patients with cirrhosis that is associated with poor outcomes and decreased survival. The definition of AKI in cirrhosis is currently based on changes of serum creatinine levels with respect to baseline values. Differential diagnosis of the causes of AKI is of major relevance, considering that some causes of AKI, such as hepatorenal syndrome,
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Regulation of Progression and Resolution of Liver Fibrosis by Immune Cells Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-11-02 Yuzo Koda, Nobuhiro Nakamoto, Takanori Kanai
The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins results in fibrosis—a condition implicated in several diseased conditions, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Despite its prevalence, direct and effective treatments for fibrosis are lacking, warranting the development of better therapeutic strategies. Accumulating evidence has shown that liver
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Dietary Recommendations for the Management of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Nutritional Geometry Perspective Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-10-28 Manuel Romero-Gómez, Rocío Aller, Franz Martín-Bermudo
Diet could be both culprit and solution of NAFLD. Dietary modifications have been associated with histological features improvement in NAFLD. The Western diet was related to a greater risk of disease progression while the Mediterranean diet (MD) could promote regression of histological lesions. Modifications in the nutrient composition seems to have lesser impact on NAFLD than dietary modifications
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Early Implementation of Palliative and Supportive Care in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-10-18 Cameron Gofton, Meera Agar, Jacob George
Early palliative and supportive care referral is the standard of care for many malignancies. This paradigm results in improvements in patients' symptoms and quality of life and decreases the costs of medical care and unnecessary procedures. Leading oncology guidelines have recommended the integration of early referral to palliative and supportive services to care pathways for advanced malignancies
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From a Single Cell to a Whole Human Liver: Disease Modeling and Transplantation Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022 Takashi Motomura, Lanuza A.P. Faccioli, Ricardo Diaz-Aragon, Zehra Nur Kocas-Kilicarslan, Nils Haep, Rodrigo M Florentino, Sriram Amirneni, Zeliha Cetin, Bhaavna S. Peri, Kazutoyo Morita, Alina Ostrowska, Kazuki Takeishi, Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez, Edgar Naoe Tafaleng
Although the underlying cause may vary across countries and demographic groups, liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for liver failure but is limited by the lack of donor livers. The development of drugs that prevent the progression of liver disease and the generation of alternative liver constructs for
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NAFLD in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Contributor or Comorbidity? Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-10-14 Bing Chen, W.H Wilson Tang, Mario Rodriguez, Kathleen E. Corey, Arun J. Sanyal, Patrick S. Kamath, Biykem Bozkurt, Hafeez Ul Hassan Virk, Gregg S. Pressman, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Hashem B. El-Serag, Chayakrit Krittanawong
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases are both highly prevalent conditions around the world, and emerging data have shown an association between them. This review found several longitudinal and cross-sectional studies showing that NAFLD was associated with coronary artery disease, cardiac remodeling, aortic valve remodeling, mitral annulus valve calcifications, diabetic
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Hepatocellular carcinoma chemoprevention with generic agents Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022 Fahmida Rasha, Subhojit Paul, Tracey G Simon, Yujin Hoshida
Liver cancer, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. With the global epidemic of obesity, the major HCC etiologies have been dynamically shifting from viral to metabolic liver diseases. This change has made HCC prevention difficult with increasingly elusive at-risk populations as rational target for preventive interventions. Besides ongoing efforts
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3D Organoids as a Model to Study Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022 Yujin Park, Deepthi Thadasina, Ifeoluwa Bolujo, Abdulkadir Isidan, Arthur A Cross-Najafi, Kevin Lopez, Ping Li, Andrew Dahlem, Lindsey Kennedy, Keisaku Sato, Heather Francis, Gianfranco Alpini, Wenjun Zhang, Burcin Ekser
Despite the rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the underlying disease pathophysiology remains unclear. The need is great for an efficient and reliable ‘human’ in vitro model to study NAFLD and the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which will soon become the leading indication for liver transplantation. Here, we review the recent developments in the use
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Shared mechanisms between cardiovascular disease and NAFLD Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022 Daniel Huang, Michael Downes, Ronald Evans, Joseph Witztum, Christopher Glass, Rohit Loomba
The burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising globally. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with NAFLD. Nearly half of individuals with NAFLD have coronary heart disease, and more than a third have carotid artery atherosclerosis. Individuals with NAFLD are at substantially higher risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. NAFLD and cardiovascular
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Novel Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022 Khushboo Gala, Farah Abdul Razzak, Babusai Rapaka, Abu Dayyeh BK
Obesity is strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as advanced forms of the disease such as steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While lifestyle and diet modifications have been the cornerstone of treatment for NASH thus far, they are only effective for less than half of the patients. New endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBT) have already
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Liver Diseases Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Frederik Nevens, Schalk van der Merwe
Promising preclinical data suggested that bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) can reduce hepatic fibrosis and stimulate liver regeneration. Preclinical studies moreover suggested that the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of MSCs may reduce hepatic inflammation, improve liver function, and decrease infection incidences which are deemed especially important in the case
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Global Burden Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Mohamed El-Kassas, Joaquín Cabezas, Paula Iruzubieta Coz, Ming-Hua Zheng, Juan Pablo Arab, Abeer Awad
The map and global disease burden of chronic liver diseases are markedly changing, with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becoming the most common cause of liver diseases coinciding with the current epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Understanding the incidence and prevalence of NAFLD is critical because of its linkage to a significant economic burden of hospitalization
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Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Drug Development Pipeline: An Update Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Nicholas W. S. Chew, Cheng Han Ng, Emily Truong, Mazen Noureddin, Kris V. Kowdley
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a burgeoning global health crisis that mirrors the obesity pandemic. This global health crisis has stimulated active research to develop novel NASH pharmacotherapies targeting dysregulated inflammatory, cellular stress, and fibrogenetic processes that include (1) metabolic pathways to improve insulin sensitivity, de novo lipogenesis, and mitochondrial utilization
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Management of Acute Liver Failure: Update 2022 Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Shannan Tujios, R. Todd Stravitz, William M. Lee
Abbreviated pathogenesis and clinical course of the acute liver failure syndrome. The pathogenesis and clinical course of the syndrome of acute liver failure (ALF) differs depending upon the etiology of the primary liver injury. In turn, the severity of the liver injury and resulting synthetic failure is often the primary determinant of whether a patient is referred for emergency liver transplantation
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Mastering Core Recommendations during HEPAtology ROUNDS in Patients with Advanced Chronic Liver Disease Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Mauricio Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia, Lolwa Al-Obaid, Dempsey L. Hughes, Andrés Duarte-Rojo
Efficient and thorough care of hospitalized patients with advanced chronic liver disease is of utter importance to improve outcomes and optimize quality of life. This requires understanding current evidence and best practices. To facilitate focus on up-to-date knowledge and a practical approach, we have created the HEPA-ROUNDS mnemonic while outlining a practical review of the literature with critical
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Cellular Homeostasis and Repair in the Biliary Tree Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Wei Wang, Dongfeng Chen, Jun Wang, Liangzhi Wen
During biliary tree homeostasis, BECs are largely in a quiescent state and their turnover is slow for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. BTSCs continually replenish new BECs in the luminal surface of EHBDs. In response to various types of biliary injuries, distinct cellular sources, including HPCs, BTSCs, hepatocytes, and BECs, repair or regenerate the injured bile duct. BEC, biliary epithelial
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Unraveling the Complexity of Liver Disease One Cell at a Time Semin. Liver Dis. (IF 4.2) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Jawairia Atif, Cornelia Thoeni, Gary D. Bader, Ian D. McGilvray, Sonya A. MacParland
The human liver is a complex organ made up of multiple specialized cell types that carry out key physiological functions. An incomplete understanding of liver biology limits our ability to develop therapeutics to prevent chronic liver diseases, liver cancers, and death as a result of organ failure. Recently, single-cell modalities have expanded our understanding of the cellular phenotypic heterogeneity