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Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) – A retrospective cohort study Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Khoa L. Nguyen, Dominic A. Fitzgerald, Annabel Webb, Barbara Bajuk, Himanshu Popat
To investigate the neurodevelopmental outcomes for preterm infants born < 29 weeks gestation with/without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Preterm infants < 29 weeks’ gestation born 2007–2018 in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia, were included. Infants who died < 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age and those with major congenital anomalies were excluded. Subjects were assessed
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NECROTIZING PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN: A REVIEW Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Helena Teresinha Mocelin, Gilberto Bueno Fische, Júlia Danezi Piccini, Júlio de Oliveira Espinel, Cristiano Feijó Andrade, Andrew Bush
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The Lower Airway Microbiome in Paediatric Health and Chronic Disease Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 S Campbell, K Gerasimidis, S Milling, AJ Dicker, R Hansen, RJ Langley
The advent of next generation sequencing has rapidly challenged the paediatric respiratory physician’s understanding of lung microbiology and the role of the lung microbiome in host health and disease. In particular, the role of “microbial key players” in paediatric respiratory disease is yet to be fully explained. Accurate profiling of the lung microbiome in children is challenging since the ability
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Expiratory airflow limitation in adults born extremely preterm: a systematic review and meta-analysis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Henriette Lahn-Johannessen Lillebøe, Merete Salveson Engeset, Hege H Clemm, Thomas Halvorsen, Ola Drange Røksund, Thomas Potrebny, Maria Vollsæter
Extreme preterm (EP) birth, denoting delivery before the onset of the third trimester, interrupts intrauterine development and causes significant early-life pulmonary trauma, thereby posing a lifelong risk to respiratory health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate adult lung function following EP birth (gestational age <28 weeks); comparing forced expiratory volume in
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“Antibiotic hypersensitivity reactions in Cystic Fibrosis: A thorough inspection on a stumbling block in patient care” Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Effie Skevofilax, Maria Moustaki, Ioanna Loukou, Konstantinos Douros
One hurdle in the management of CF, a disease characterized by progressive endobronchial infection, is the presence of hypersensitivity reactions to antimicrobials due to prolonged and repetitive treatment courses. The aim of this review is to compile existing data and provide insight to medical professionals on a long-debated topic for optimum patient care. Clinical studies were inducted from the
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Intravenous magnesium sulfate for asthma exacerbations in children: Systematic review with meta-analysis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Dominika Ambrożej, Aleksander Adamiec, Erick Forno, Izabela Orzołek, Wojciech Feleszko, Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez
Asthma is the most prevalent chronic disease in children and constitutes a significant healthcare burden. First-line therapy for acute asthma exacerbations is well established. However, secondary treatments, including intravenous magnesium sulfate (IV-MgSO4), remain variable due to scarcity of data on its efficacy and safety. To assess the effectiveness and safety of IV-MgSO4 as a second line of treatment
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A Review of Post Covid Syndrome Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Management in Children and Young people Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Rebecca Johnston, Samatha Sonnappa, Anne-Lise Goddings, Elizabeth Whittaker, Terry Segal
Educational Aims: The reader will come to appreciate: Our current understanding of what Post Covid Syndrome (PCS) represents. The presentation and assessment of children and young people (CYP) with PCS Management strategies to address symptoms and their impact on functioning. Future Directions for Research: To establish key pathophysiological mechanisms and possible targeted pharmacological treatment
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Biochemical and genetic tools to predict the progression to Cystic Fibrosis in CRMS/CFSPID subjects: a systematic review Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-18 Vito Terlizzi, Sara Manti, Federica D'Amico, Giuseppe F. Parisi, Elena Chiappini, Rita Padoan
Objectives Aim of this study was to identify risk factors for a progression to cystic fibrosis (CF) in individuals detected as CF Screening Positive, Inconclusive Diagnosis (CFSPID). Methods This is a systematic review through literature databases (2015-2023). Blood immunoreactive trypsinogen (b-IRT) values, CFTR genotype, sweat chloride (SC) values, isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) from respiratory
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Racial and skin color mediated disparities in pulse oximetry in infants and young children Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-05 Megha Sharma, Andrew Brown, Nicholas M. Powell, Narasimhan Rajaram, Lauren Tong, Peter M. Mourani, Mario Schootman
Race-based and skin pigmentation-related inaccuracies in pulse oximetry have recently been highlighted in several large electronic health record-based retrospective cohort studies across diverse patient populations and healthcare settings. Overestimation of oxygen saturation by pulse oximeters, particularly in hypoxic states, is disparately higher in Black compared to other racial groups. Compared
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Cystic fibrosis liver disease in the new era of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance receptor (CFTR) modulators Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-28 Jessica A. Eldredge, Mark R. Oliver, Chee Y. Ooi
Educational aims The reader will come to appreciate that: Severe cystic fibrosis liver disease (CLFD) commonly presents in early childhood years, and affects up to 10 % of people with cystic fibrosis by age 30 years. United States CF Foundation (USCFF) guidelines have recently further defined CF hepatobiliary involvement (CFHBI) and advanced CF liver disease (aCFLD). Familiarity with Cystic Fibrosis
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The impact of maternal asthma on the fetal lung: outcomes, mechanisms and interventions Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-23 Joshua L Robinson, Kathryn L Gatford, Vicki L Clifton, Janna L Morrison, Michael J Stark
Maternal asthma affects up to 17% of pregnancies and is associated with adverse infant, childhood, and adult respiratory outcomes, including increased risks of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, childhood wheeze and asthma. In addition to genetics, these poor outcomes are likely due to the mediating influence of maternal asthma on the in-utero environment, altering fetal lung and immune development
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Exercise testing for young athletes Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-19 H. Fitzgerald, D.A. Fitzgerald, H. Selvadurai
With increasing competitiveness across the sporting landscape, there is a need for more research into monitoring and managing the young athlete, as the needs of a young athlete are vastly different to those of an older athlete who is already established in their respective sport. As the age of sports specialisation seems to decrease, exercise testing in the younger cohort of athletes is crucial for
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Virtues of PEEP in the PICU and beyond Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Henry Rozycki, Brigitte Fauroux
Abstract not available
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Pulmonary fibrosis treatment in children – what have we learnt from studies in adults? Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Michael Jia, Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in children is a rare complication of specific forms of childhood interstitial lung diseases (chILD) with extremely limited scientific evidence to guide optimal management. Whilst there continues to be significant progress in PF management for adult populations, paediatric guidelines have stagnated. New anti-fibrotic medications (nintedanib and pirfenidone) are finding regular
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Paediatric Melioidosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-24 Olivia Jarrett, Soputhirith Seng, Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Melioidosis is a tropical infectious disease caused by the saprophytic gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite the infection being endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia, the broad clinical presentations and diagnostic difficulties limit its early detection, particularly in children. Melioidosis more commonly affects the immunocompromised and adults. Melioidosis is increasingly
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Positive end-expiratory pressure in the pediatric intensive care unit Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Martin C.J. Kneyber, Critical care
Application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) targeted towards improving oxygenation is one of the components of the ventilatory management of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). Low end-expiratory airway pressures cause repetitive opening and closure of unstable alveoli, leading to surfactant dysfunction and parenchymal shear injury. Consequently, there is less lung volume
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Learning from cystic fibrosis: How can we start to personalise treatment of Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease (chILD)? Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-19 Andrew Bush
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic disorder cause by mutations in the CF Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene. The prognosis of cystic fibrosis has been transformed by the discovery of highly effective modulator therapies (HEMT). Treatment has changed from reactive therapy dealing with complications of the disease to pro-active correction of the underlying molecular functional abnormality. This has
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Bronchoscopy findings in children with congenital lung and lower airway abnormalities Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Pierre Goussard, Ernst Eber, Shyam Venkatakrishna, Jacques Janson, Pawel Schubert, Savvas Andronikou
Congenital lung and lower airway abnormalities are rare, but they are an important differential diagnosis in children with respiratory diseases, especially if the disease is recurrent or does not resolve. The factors determining the time of presentation of congenital airway pathologies include the severity of narrowing, association with other lesions and the presence or absence of congenital heart
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Adherence in paediatric respiratory medicine: A review of the literature Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-11 Ella A. Kotecha, Dominic A. Fitzgerald, Sailesh Kotecha
Poor adherence is an important factor in unstable disease control and treatment failure. There are multiple ways to monitor a patient’s adherence, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. The reasons for poor adherence are multi-factorial, inter-related and often difficult to target for improvement. Although practitioners can implement different methods of adherence, the ultimate aim is to
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Association of respiratory virus types with clinical features in bronchiolitis: Implications for virus testing strategies. A systematic review and meta-analysis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-17 Dominika Ambrożej, Izabela Orzołek, Heidi Makrinioti, Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez, Carlos A. Camargo Jr., Kohei Hasegawa, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, James E. Gern, Gustavo Nino, Luiz Vicente Ribeiro Ferreira da Silva Filho, Aya Takeyama, Özlem Üzüm, Aleksander Adamiec, Marek Ruszczyński, Tuomas Jartti, Wojciech Feleszko
Background Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of infant hospitalization, linked to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV). Guidelines lack specific viral testing for bronchiolitis management. To establish effective management strategies, it is crucial to assess whether specific respiratory virus types are correlated with distinct examination features. Methods Through a systematic search
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“The expectations of life depend upon diligence; the mechanic that would perfect his work must first sharpen his tools”: Confucius Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-16 Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Abstract not available
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Trials and tribulations of highly effective modulator therapies in cystic fibrosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Nathan Lieu, Bernadette J. Prentice, Penelope Field, Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Highly effective modulator therapies (HEMTs) have revolutionised the management approach of most patients living with cystic fibrosis (CF) who have access to these therapies. Clinical trials have reported significant improvements across multiorgan systems, with patients surviving longer. However, there are accumulating case reports and observational data describing various adverse events following
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Preventative therapies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in children: Where are we now? Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Marie-Hélène Bourassa, Larry C. Lands
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in young children and represents a substantial health-care burden around the world. Advances in research have helped identify the prefusion F protein as the key target component in RSV immunization. In this article, we review the previous, current, and ongoing research efforts for immunization against RSV in children. We present
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Diagnostic Challenges in CFTR-Related Metabolic Syndrome: Where the Guidelines Fall Short Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Erin F Kallam, Ajay S Kasi, Eileen Barr, Rachel W Linnemann, Lokesh Guglani
Newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) has enabled earlier diagnosis and has improved nutritional and growth-related outcomes in children with CF. For those with a positive NBS for CF that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for CF, the clinical entity called CFTR-Related Metabolic Syndrome (CRMS) or CF Screen- Positive, Inconclusive Diagnosis (CFSPID) is used. Although most children with
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Cough medicines for children- time for a reality check Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Gene Clark, Dominic A. Fitzgerald, Bruce K. Rubin
Cough medicines have been in use for over a century to treat the common and troublesome, but often helpful, symptoms of cough in children. They contain various combinations of “anti-tussive” drugs including opioids, antihistamines, herbal preparations, mucolytics, decongestants and expectorants. Whilst theoretically attractive for symptom relief when children are suffering, as time has passed these
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Can postural changes in spirometry in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy predict sleep hypoventilation? Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 C. Pandit, B. Kennedy, K. Waters, H. Young, K. Jones, D.A. Fitzgerald
Aim To explore the relationship between postural changes in lung function and polysomnography (PSG) in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods In this prospective cross-sectional study, children with DMD performed spirometry in sitting and supine positions. A control group of age and gender matched healthy children also underwent postural lung function testing. PSG was performed within
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A systematic review on the use of bacteriophage in treating Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 Jagdev Singh, Eugene Yeoh, Dominic A. Fitzgerald, Hiran Selvadurai
Background Respiratory infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major concern for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that selectively target and kill bacteria, are being studied as an alternative treatment for these infections. This systematic review evaluates the safety and effectiveness of bacteriophages
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Unintended impacts of COVID-19 on the epidemiology and burden of paediatric respiratory infections Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-03 Rebecca Burrell, Gemma Saravanos, Philip N Britton
Acute respiratory infections (ARI), especially lower respiratory infections (LRI), are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) employed during the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted on the epidemiology and burden of paediatric ARI, although accurately describing the full nature of the impact is challenging. For most ARI pathogens, a reduction
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Individualized Aerosol Medicine: Integrating Device Into the Patient Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-17
Pulmonary drug delivery is complex due to several challenges including disease-, patient-, and clinicians-related factors. Although many inhaled medications are available in aerosol medicine, delivering aerosolized medications to patients requires effective disease management. There is a large gap in the knowledge of clinicians who select and provide instructions for the correct use of aerosol devices
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Variable and evolving degrees of CFTR dysfunction: Implications for diagnosis and clinical management Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-15 A. Shawcross, J.C. Davies, R. Pabary
Abstract not available
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Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of current drug treatments on the clinical outcomes of paediatric spinal muscular atrophy type 1: A systematic review Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Anmar Al-Taie, Aygül Köseoğlu
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe hereditary lower motor neuron disorder characterised by degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord, resulting in progressive weakness and paralysis of proximal muscles. A systematic literature search was carried out by using PRISMA guidelines and searching through different databases that could provide findings of evidence on the health outcomes
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Cystic fibrosis to CFSPID: Burden of care vs need and rational approach to weaning therapies Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 S. Hadjisymeou Andreou, J.C. Davies
We present a case of a 10-year-old boy initially diagnosed with CF based on NBS guidelines. However, as CF genetics knowledge has advanced, he has been reclassified as CFSPID based on normal investigations and excellent general clinical status, in line with updated CFSPID guidelines. This case highlights the significance of reviewing CF diagnoses according to the latest understanding of CFTR mutation
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Cystic Fibrosis screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) to Cystic Fibrosis: Detecting disease with serial assessments Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-06-17 J. Manzoor, D.A. Hughes
We present the case of a child given a CFSPID designation in early life who was later reclassified as having CF based on a combination of recurrent respiratory symptoms and CFTR functional testing, despite normal sweat chloride levels. Here we demonstrate the importance of monitoring these children, each time reviewing the diagnosis based on updated understanding of individual CFTR mutation phenotypes
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Exposure to residential mold and dampness and the associations with respiratory tract infections and symptoms thereof in children in high income countries: A systematic review and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-06-17 Jonathan Groot, Emilie Tange Nielsen, Trine Fuhr Nielsen, Per Kragh Andersen, Marie Pedersen, Torben Sigsgaard, Steffen Loft, Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen, Amélie Keller
Background Multiple reviews have been conducted on the associations between residential mold and dampness and respiratory outcomes in children, with few specifically investigating respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Objective We aimed to review and synthesize the available epidemiological literature on mold and dampness and risk of RTIs and respiratory symptoms compatible with RTIs in children living
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An innovative strategy for personalised medicine in a CFSPID case that evolved with time Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-06-17 J. Twynam-Perkins, A. Fall, J.W. Lefferts, D.S. Urquhart
We present a challenging case that illustrates how the clinical manifestations in children with CFTR mutations of uncertain significance may change over time. This case highlights the evolution of confirming a diagnosis of CF and emphasises the importance of regular review and monitoring of this patient cohort.
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Microbiology and management of respiratory infections in children with tracheostomy Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-26 F. Birru, C.A. Gerdung, M. Castro-Codesal
Tracheostomy-related respiratory infections are common, though the diagnosis and management can be challenging in children. The goal of this review article was to provide an overview of the current knowledge known about recognizing and treating respiratory infections in this population and to emphasize future areas for further research. While several small and retrospective papers attempt to provide
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Airway epithelial development and function: A key player in asthma pathogenesis? Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Grigorios Chatziparasidis, Andrew Bush, Maria Rafailia Chatziparasidi, Ahmad Kantar
Though asthma is a common and relatively easy to diagnose disease, attempts at primary or secondary prevention, and cure, have been disappointing. The widespread use of inhaled steroids has dramatically improved asthma control but has offered nothing in terms of altering long-term outcomes or reversing airway remodeling and impairment in lung function. The inability to cure asthma is unsurprising given
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Editorial: Optimism grows after 10 years of modulator therapies in Cystic Fibrosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Abstract not available
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Patient rotation chest X-rays and the consequences of misinterpretation in paediatric radiology Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-09 Jani Marais, Shyam Sunder B. Venkatakrishna, Juan S. Calle-Toro, Pierre Goussard, Ernst Eber, Savvas Andronikou
Purpose We aimed to demonstrate the consequences of rotation on neonatal chest radiographs and how it affects diagnosis. In addition, we demonstrate methods for determining the presence and direction of rotation. Background Patient rotation is common in chest X-rays of neonates. Rotation is present in over half of chest X-rays from the ICU, contributed to by unwillingness of technologists to reposition
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When to panic about a panic attack: A challenging case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-09 Timothy D. Hicks, Deena Yousif, Iris A. Perez, Thomas G. Keens, Manvi Bansal
The COVID-19 pandemic has created diagnostic difficulties with the increase in mental health illnesses that often present with nonspecific symptoms, like hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a complex syndrome of varying triggers, onset, severity, and clinical manifestations that can be challenging to diagnose in many cases. Typical symptoms are nonspecific and can be attributed
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 replacement therapy after extremely premature birth: An opportunity to optimize lifelong lung health by preserving the natural sequence of lung development Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-06 Boris W. Kramer, Steven Abman, Mandy Daly, Alan H. Jobe, Victoria Niklas
The past decades have seen markedly improved survival of increasingly immature preterm infants, yet major health complications persist. This is particularly true for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the chronic lung disease of prematurity, which has become the most common sequelae of prematurity and a significant predictor of respiratory morbidity throughout childhood as well as adult life, neurodevelopmental
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The United States’ decision to mask children as young as two for COVID-19 has been extended into 2023 and beyond: The implications of this policy Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-25 Tracy Beth Høeg, Sebastián González-Dambrauskas, Vinay Prasad
Abstract not available
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Exercise induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) in children and young people: Approaches to assessment and management Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-13 Charlotte Wells, Ioannis Makariou, Nicki Barker, Ravi Thevasagayam, Samatha Sonnappa
Exercise Induced Laryngeal Obstruction (EILO) is characterised by breathlessness, cough and/or noisy breathing particularly during high intensity exercise. EILO is a subcategory of inducible laryngeal obstruction where exercise is the trigger that provokes inappropriate transient glottic or supraglottic narrowing. It is a common condition affecting 5.7–7.5% of the general population and is a key differential
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Domiciliary management of infants and children with chronic respiratory diseases Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Henry J. Rozycki, Sailesh Kotecha
Abstract not available
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Psychosocial needs and interventions for young children with cystic fibrosis and their families Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-07 Stella Li, Tonia Douglas, Dominic A. Fitzgerald
This review summarises the experiences of young children and their families living with CF during the first five years of life following NBS diagnosis, as well as the options of psychosocial support available to them. We present strategies embedded within routine CF care that focus on prevention, screening, and intervention for psychosocial health and wellbeing that constitute essential components
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Airway clearance in patients with neuromuscular disease Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-02-23 Alexander Ilan Gipsman, Nicole Christine Lapinel, Oscar Henry Mayer
Airway clearance is a critical component of both maintenance of respiratory health and management of acute respiratory illnesses. The process of effective airway clearance begins with the recognition of secretions in the airway and culminates in expectoration or swallowing. There are multiple points on this continuum at which neuromuscular disease causes impaired airway clearance. This can result in
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Phylogenomics of nontuberculous mycobacteria respiratory infections in people with cystic fibrosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Nicholas Bolden, Joshua Chang Mell, Jennifer Bouso Logan, Paul J. Planet
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause severe pulmonary disease in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). These infections present unique challenges for diagnosis and treatment, prompting a recent interest in understanding NTM transmission and pathogenesis during chronic infection. Major gaps remain in our knowledge regarding basic pathogenesis, immune evasion strategies, population dynamics, recombination
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The infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia on home oxygen: The oxygen weaning conundrum in the absence of good evidence Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-01-25 Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Summary Bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD] is the most common complication of extremely preterm delivery and its optimal management remains challenging because of a lack of evidence to guide management. There has been improvement in the management of evolving BPD in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The threshold for provision of home oxygen therapy, often occurring because of a preference for
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Long-term non-invasive ventilation in children: Transition from hospital to home Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Joanna E. MacLean, Brigitte Fauroux
Long-term non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is an accepted therapy for sleep-related respiratory disorders and respiratory insufficiency or failure. Increase in the use of long-term NIV may, in part, be driven by an increase in the number of children surviving critical illness with comorbidities. As a result, some children start on long-term NIV as part of transitioning from hospital to home. NIV may
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Positive end-expiratory pressure in the chronic care Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2023-01-11 Brigitte Fauroux, Meryl Vedrenne
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) consists of the delivery of a constant positive pressure in the airways by means of a noninvasive interface aiming to maintain airway patency throughout the entire respiratory cycle. PEEP is increasingly used in the chronic care of children with anatomical or functional abnormalities of the upper airways to correct severe persistent obstructive sleep apnea despite
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Race, bias, disparities, and pulmonary medicine Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-19 Bruce K. Rubin
Abstract not available
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Complicated intrathoracic tuberculosis: Role of therapeutic interventional bronchoscopy Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-17 Pierre Goussard, Ernst Eber, Shyam Venkatakrishna, Lisa Frigati, Jacques Janson, Pawel Schubert, Savvas Andronikou
In recent years bronchoscopy equipment has been improved with smaller instruments and larger size working channels. This has ensured that bronchoscopy offers both therapeutic and interventional options. As the experience of paediatric interventional pulmonologists continues to grow, more interventions are being performed. There is a scarcity of published evidence in the field of interventional bronchoscopy
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Intrathoracic tuberculosis: Role of interventional bronchoscopy in diagnosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-16 Pierre Goussard, Ernst Eber, Shyam Venkatakrishna, Lisa Frigati, Jacques Janson, Pawel Schubert, Savvas Andronikou
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent globally. Mortality is related to the delay in diagnosis and starting treatment. According to new guidelines it is very important to classify pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) as severe or not severe disease due to the difference in treatment duration. Bronchoscopy is the gold standard for assessing the degree of airway compression
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Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) in the era of modulators: A scoping review Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-05 Bernadette Prentice, Michael Nicholson, Grace Y. Lam
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a common complication of CF that increases in incidence as patients age. Poor glycemic control has been shown to negatively impact lung function and weight, resulting in higher risk of recurrent pulmonary exacerbations. With the advent of highly effective modulator therapies (HEMT), patients with CF are living longer and healthier lives. Consequently, CFRD
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Surgical treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children and adolescents: A review Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-21 Helena Teresinha Mocelin, Gilberto Bueno Fischer, Júlia Danezi Piccini, Renata Baú, Cristiano Feijó Andrade, Janice Luisa Lukrafka
Objective To discuss surgery for non-cystic fibrosis [CF] bronchiectasis in children and adolescents. Sources Non-systematic review including articles in English, mainly from the last 5 years. Summary of findings In this review, we present that in low- and middle-income countries [LMIC] clinical treatment fails in around 20% of cases due to low socioeconomic status and poor adherence. This causes the
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Racial bias in recruitment to clinical trials on paediatric asthma Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-19 Adam Lawton, Alexander Stephenson-Allen, Abigail Whitehouse, Atul Gupta
Asthma is now the commonest chronic disease of childhood, but not all children with asthma receive equivalent standards of medical care which influences their clinical outcomes. In this paper we sought to determine the proportion of participants in registered clinical trials relating to paediatric or adolescent asthma over the last decade that were from white and non-white backgrounds. We searched
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Editorial: What new in the NICU: Part 2 Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-17 Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Abstract not available
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to transplant in neonates with fatal pulmonary conditions: A review Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-13 Brandy Johnson, Shoshana Leftin Dobkin, Maureen Josephson
Neonates with progressive respiratory failure should be referred early for subspecialty evaluation and lung transplantation consideration. ECMO should be considered for patients with severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction and a high likelihood of death while on maximal medical therapy, either in the setting of reversible medical conditions or while awaiting lung transplantation. While ECMO offers hope
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Approaches to the management of haemoptysis in young people with cystic fibrosis Paediatr. Respir. Rev. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Megan Sheppard, Hiran Selvadurai, Paul D. Robinson, Chetan Pandit, S. Murthy Chennapragada, Dominic A. Fitzgerald
Haemoptysis occurs in up to 25 % of young people with Cystic fibrosis (CF) [1]. We undertook a literature review and described the management approach to haemoptysis in CF between 2010 and 2020 at an Australian tertiary paediatric centre, The Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, using a retrospective review of the medical records which identified 67 episodes. Sixty episodes met inclusion