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Combining information to answer epidemiological questions about a target population Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Issa J Dahabreh
Epidemiologists are attempting to address research questions of increasing complexity by developing novel methods for combining information from diverse sources. Cole et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2022;XXX(XX):XXXX–XXXX) provide two examples of combining information to draw inferences about a population proportion. In this commentary, we consider combining information to learn about a target population as
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Estimation of opioid misuse prevalence in New York State counties, 2007-2018. A Bayesian spatio-temporal abundance model approach Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Staci A Hepler, Ariadne Rivera-Aguirre, David M Kline, Magdalena Cerda
An important challenge to addressing the opioid overdose crisis is the lack of information on the size of the population of people who misuse opioids (PWMO) in local areas. This estimate is needed for better resource allocation, estimation of treatment and overdose outcome rates using appropriate denominators (i.e., the population at risk), and proper evaluation of intervention effects. In this study
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Quasi-experimental methods for pharmacoepidemiology: difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods with case studies for vaccine evaluation Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Lee Kennedy-Shaffer
Difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods have become common study designs for evaluating the effects of policy changes, including health policies. They also have potential for providing real-world effectiveness and safety evidence in pharmacoepidemiology. To effectively add to the toolkit of the field, however, designs—including both their benefits and drawbacks—must be well understood
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Missing data and missed infections: Investigating racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 testing and infection rates in Holyoke, Massachusetts Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Sara M Sauer, Isabel R Fulcher, Wilfredo R Matias, Ryan Paxton, Ahmed Elnaiem, Sean Gonsalves, Jack Zhu, Yodeline Guillaume, Molly Franke, Louise C Ivers
Routinely collected testing data has been a vital resource for public health response during the COVID-19 pandemic and has revealed the extent to which Black and Hispanic persons have borne a disproportionate burden of SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalizations in the United States. However, missing race and ethnicity data and missed infections due to testing disparities limit the interpretation of
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Standardizing to Specific Target Populations in Distributed Networks and Multi-Site Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Michael Webster-Clark, Kristian B Filion, Robert W Platt
Distributed networks and other multi-site studies assess drug safety and effectiveness in diverse populations by pooling information. Targeting groups of clinical or policy interest (including specific sites or site combinations) and applying weights based on effect measure modifiers (EMMs) prior to pooling estimates within multi-site studies may increase interpretability and improve precision. We
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Measuring Variation in Infant Mortality and Deaths of Despair by U.S. Congressional Districts in Pennsylvania: A Methodological Case Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Alina Schnake-Mahl, Giancarlo Anfuso, Neal D Goldstein, Jonathan Purtle, Jan M Eberth, Ana Ortigoza, Usama Bilal
Many ecological studies examine health outcomes and disparities using administrative boundaries such as census tracts, counties, or states. These boundaries help us to understand the patterning of health by place along with impacts of policies implemented at these levels. However, additional geo-political units, or units with both geographic and political meaning, such as congressional districts, present
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Estimating effects of longitudinal and cumulative exposure to PFAS mixtures on early adolescent body composition Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Jordan R Kuiper, Shelley H Liu, Bruce P Lanphear, Antonia M Calafat, Kim M Cecil, Yingying Xu, Kimberly Yolton, Heidi J Kalkwarf, Aimin Chen, Joseph M Braun, Jessie P Buckley
Few methods have been used to characterize repeatedly measured biomarkers of chemical mixtures. We applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to serum concentrations of four perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at four timepoints from gestation to age 12 years. We evaluated the relations between profiles and z-scores of height, body mass index, fat mass index, and lean body mass index at
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The InterSECT framework: A proposed model for explaining population-level trends in substance use and emotional concerns Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Jillian Halladay, Matthew Sunderland, Cath Chapman, Maree Teesson, Tim Slade
Across high-income countries, adolescent emotional concerns have been increasing in prevalence over the past two decades and it is unclear why this is occurring, including if and how substance use relates to these changing trends. On the other hand, substance use has been generally declining, and little is known about the role of emotional concerns in these trends. Several studies have explored the
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Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Studies Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Che-Jung Chang, Jennifer L Ish, Vicky C Chang, Meklit Daniel, Rena R Jones, Alexandra J White
We synthesized the epidemiologic evidence on the associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and breast cancer risk. Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 18 and 11 articles, respectively, covering studies up to February 2023. The summary relative risks (RR) estimated by random-effects meta-analyses did not support an association between PFAS and overall breast
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Handling missing data when estimating causal effects with Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 S Ghazaleh Dashti, Katherine J Lee, Julie A Simpson, Ian R White, John B Carlin, Margarita Moreno-Betancur
Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) is increasingly used for doubly robust causal inference, but how missing data should be handled when using TMLE with data-adaptive approaches is unclear. Based on the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study, we conducted a simulation study to evaluate eight missing data methods in this context: complete-case analysis, extended TMLE incorporating outcome-missingness
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Machine Learning Detects Heterogeneous Effects of Medicaid Coverage on Depression Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Ryunosuke Goto, Kosuke Inoue, Itsuki Osawa, Katherine Baicker, Scott L Fleming, Yusuke Tsugawa
In 2008, Oregon expanded its Medicaid program using a lottery, creating a rare opportunity to study the effects of Medicaid coverage using a randomized controlled design (Oregon Health Insurance Experiment). Analysis showed that Medicaid coverage lowered the risk of depression. However, this effect may vary between individuals, and the identification of individuals likely to benefit the most has the
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Understanding Racial/Ethinic Disparities in COVID Mortality Using a Novel Metric: COVID Excess Mortality Percentage Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Andy Ye Yuan, Vladimir Atanasov, Natalia Barreto, Lorenzo Franchi, Jeff Whittle, Benjamin Weston, John Meurer, Qian (Eric) Luo, Bernard Black
Prior research on racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality has often not considered to what extent they reflect COVID-19-specific factors, versus preexisting health differences. This study examines how racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality vary with age, gender, and time period over April – December 2020 in the US, using mortality from other natural causes to proxy for underlying health
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An Introduction to Bayesian Spatial Smoothing Methods for Disease Mapping: Modeling County Firearm Suicide Mortality Rates Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Emma L Gause, Austin E Schumacher, Alice M Ellyson, Suzanne D Withers, Jonathan D Mayer, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
This article introduces Bayesian spatial smoothing models for disease mapping, a specific application of small area estimation where the full universe of data is known, to a wider audience of public health professionals using firearm suicide as a motivating example. Besag, York and Mollié (BYM) Poisson spatial and space-time smoothing models were fit to firearm suicide counts for the years 2014-2018
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Omics feature selection with the extended SIS R package: identification of a body mass index epigenetic multi-marker in the Strong Heart Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-20 Arce Domingo-Relloso, Yang Feng, Zulema Rodriguez-Hernandez, Karin Haack, Shelley A Cole, Ana Navas-Acien, Maria Tellez-Plaza, Jose D Bermudez
The statistical analysis of omics data poses a great computational challenge given its ultra-high dimensional nature and frequent between-features correlation. In this work, we extended the Iterative Sure Independence Screening (ISIS) algorithm by pairing ISIS with elastic-net (Enet) and two versions of adaptive Enet (AEnet and MSAEnet) to efficiently improve feature selection and effect estimation
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Exercise to socialize? Bidirectional relationships between physical activity and loneliness in middle-aged and older American adults Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 D L Surkalim, P J Clare, R Eres, K Gebel, A E Bauman, D Ding
Physical inactivity and loneliness are both associated with health risks and can affect each other through various social and behavioral mechanisms. However, current evidence on this relationship is equivocal and mostly based on cross-sectional data. This longitudinal study aims to determine whether current levels of physical activity (moderate- and vigorous-intensity) and loneliness are associated
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Harnessing Causal Forests for Epidemiologic Research: Key Consideration Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Koichiro Shiba, Kosuke Inoue
Assessing heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is an essential task in epidemiology. The recent integration of machine learning into causal inference has provided a new, flexible tool for evaluating complex HTEs: causal forest. Jawadekar et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2023) introduce this innovative approach and offer practical guidelines for applied users. Building on their work, this commentary provides
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The World Was Their Laboratory: How Two Pioneer Scientist-Administrators,James Watt and Zdenek Fejfar, Advanced Methods and International Collaboration in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology During the Cold War Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Henry Blackburn, Gerald Oppenheimer
In 1952, James Watt, a young U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) infectious disease epidemiologist, was appointed--amid wide surprise--director of the U.S. National Heart Institute (NHI) where he served until 1961. He skillfully advanced epidemiological research methods and study conduct nationally while also establishing epidemiology in the administrative heirarchy of the institute. Watt soon turned
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Life Expectancy among Native Americans during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Estimates, Uncertainty and Obstacles Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-23 Noreen Goldman, Sung S Park, Hiram Beltrán-Sánchez
Few reliable estimates have been available for assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality among Native Americans. Using deidentified publicly available data on deaths and population by age, we estimated life expectancy for the years 2019 to 2022 for single-race non-Hispanic Native Americans. Life expectancy in 2022 was 67.8 years, 2.3 years higher than in 2021 but a huge four-year loss
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Understanding the roles of state demographics and state policies in epidemiologic studies of maternal-child health disparities Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Helen B Chin, Penelope P Howards, Michael R Kramer, Candice Y Johnson
Disparities in maternal-child health outcomes by race and ethnicity highlight structural differences in the opportunity for optimal health in the United States. Examples of these differences include access to state-level social policies that promote maternal-child health. States vary in their racial and ethnic composition as a result of the complex history of policies and laws related to slavery, Indigenous
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Prediction of Suicide Attempts Among Persons with Depression: A Population-Based Case Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Tammy Jiang, Dávid Nagy, Anthony J Rosellini, Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó, Katherine M Keyes, Timothy L Lash, Sandro Galea, Henrik T Sørensen, Jaimie L Gradus
Studies have highlighted the potential importance of modeling interactions for suicide attempt prediction. This case-cohort study identified risk factors for suicide attempts among persons with depression in Denmark using statistical approaches that do (random forests) or do not model interactions (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression [LASSO]). Cases made a non-fatal suicide attempt
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Environmental and Occupational Exposures and Prognosis in Patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in the Be-Well Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-07 Zinian Wang, Marilyn L Kwan, Reina Haque, Rachel Pratt, Valerie S Lee, Janise M Roh, Isaac J Ergas, Kimberly L Cannavale, Ronald K Loo, David S Aaronson, Charles P Quesenberry, Christine B Ambrosone, Lawrence H Kushi, Li Tang
Bladder cancer is primarily diagnosed as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with high recurrence and progression rates. Environmental and occupational exposures to carcinogens are well-known risk factors for developing bladder cancer, yet their effects on prognosis remain unknown. In the Be-Well Study, a population-based prospective cohort study of 1,472 patient with newly diagnosed NMIBC from
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Estimating protection afforded by prior infection in preventing reinfection: Applying the test-negative study design Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Houssein H Ayoub, Milan Tomy, Hiam Chemaitelly, Heba N Altarawneh, Peter Coyle, Patrick Tang, Mohammad R Hasan, Zaina Al Kanaani, Einas Al Kuwari, Adeel A Butt, Andrew Jeremijenko, Anvar Hassan Kaleeckal, Ali Nizar Latif, Riyazuddin Mohammad Shaik, Gheyath K Nasrallah, Fatiha M Benslimane, Hebah A Al Khatib, Hadi M Yassine, Mohamed G Al Kuwari, Hamad Eid Al Romaihi, Hanan F Abdul-Rahim, Mohamed H Al-Thani
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to use infection testing databases to rapidly estimate effectiveness of prior infection in preventing reinfection ($P{E}_S$) by novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Mathematical modeling was used to demonstrate a theoretical foundation for applicability of the test-negative, case-control study design to derive $P{E}_S$. Apart from the very early phase of an epidemic
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The application of target trials with longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation to assess the effect of alcohol consumption in adolescence on depressive symptoms in adulthood Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Yan Liu, Mireille E Schnitzer, Ronald Herrera, Iván Díaz, Jennifer O’Loughlin, Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
Time-varying confounding is a common challenge for causal inference in observational studies with time-varying treatments, long follow-up periods, and participant dropout. Confounder adjustment using traditional approaches can be limited by data sparsity, weight instability and computational issues. The Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study is a prospective cohort study involving 24 data collection
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Grandmaternal body mass index in early pregnancy and risk of grandoffspring stillbirth: A nationwide, three-generation cohort study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-12-05 Eduardo Villamor, Sven Cnattingius
We investigated the association between maternal grandmaternal early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and grandoffspring stillbirth risk in a Swedish population-based three-generation cohort of 176,908 grandmothers (F0), 197,579 mothers (F1), and 316,459 grandoffspring (F2) born 1997-2016. There were 998 stillbirths (risk, 3.2 per 1000 births). Compared with grandmaternal BMI 18.5-24.9, adjusted relative
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Correcting for Antibody Waning in Cumulative Incidence Estimation from Sequential Serosurveys Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Sarah Kadelka, Judith A Bouman, Peter Ashcroft, Roland R Regoes
Serosurveys are a widely used tool to estimate the cumulative incidence, i.e. the fraction of a population that have been infected by a given pathogen. These surveys rely on serological assays that measure the level of pathogen-specific antibodies. Because antibody levels are waning, the fraction of previously infected individuals that have sero-reverted increases with time past infection. To avoid
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Cohort vs case-control studies on night shift work and cancer risk: the importance of exposure assessment Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-28 Kyriaki Papantoniou, Johnni Hansen
It is a general assumption that the prospective cohort design is the gold standard approach and superior to the case-control design in epidemiology. However, there may be exceptions if the exposure is complex and requires collection of detailed information on many different aspects. Night shift work is an example of such a complex occupational exposure which impairs circadian rhythms and may increase
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Integrating Data Across Multiple Sites in the Northeastern United States to Examine Associations Between a Prenatal Metal Mixture and Child Cognition Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Maria José Rosa, Nicolo Foppa Pedretti, Brandon Goldson, Nicole Mathews, Francheska Merced-Nieves, Naim Xhani, Michelle Bosquet Enlow, Richard Gershon, Emily Ho, Kathi Huddleston, Robert O Wright, Rosalind J Wright, Elena Colicino
We applied a novel Hierarchical Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (HBWQS) regression to combine data across three sites to examine associations between prenatal metals exposure and cognitive functioning in childhood. Data from 326 mother-child dyads enrolled in the ongoing PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) cohort, based in New York City (recruited 2013-2020) and Boston (recruited
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Evaluating a Targeted Minimum Loss-based Estimator for Capture-Recapture Analysis: An Application to HIV Surveillance in San Francisco, CA Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Paul Wesson, Manjari Das, Mia Chen, Ling Hsu, Willi McFarland, Edward Kennedy, Nicholas P Jewell
Capture-recapture is a common tool in epidemiology to estimate the size of “hidden” populations and correct the under-ascertainment of cases, based on incomplete and overlapping lists of the target population. Log-linear models are often used to estimate the population size yet may produce implausible and unreliable estimates due to model misspecification and small cell sizes. A novel Targeted Minimum
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Does Tobacco Smoking Increase Social Isolation? A Mendelian Randomization Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-17 Yusuke Matsuyama, Takahiro Tabuchi
This study aimed to investigate the causal effect of smoking on social isolation among older adults in England. Data from older adults of European ancestry who participated in one or more waves from wave 1 (2002/2003) to 9 (2018/2019) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing were analyzed (n = 43,687 observations from 7,008 individuals; mean age 68.50). The effect of current smoking on social isolation
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Inconsistency in UK Biobank Event Definitions From Different Data Sources and Its Impact on Bias and Generalizability: A Case Study of Venous Thromboembolism Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Emily Bassett, James Broadbent, Dipender Gill, Stephen Burgess, Amy M Mason
The UK Biobank study contains several sources of diagnostic data, including hospital inpatient data and self-reported conditions for ~500,000 participants, and primary care data for ~177,000 participants (35%). Epidemiological investigations require a primary disease definition, but whether to combine sources to maximize power or focus on one to ensure a consistent outcome is not clear. The consistency
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Longitudinal transitions between combustible, non-combustible, and poly-cannabis product use from adolescence to young adulthood and intersections with nicotine use Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Dae-Hee Han, Junhan Cho, Erin A Vogel, Alyssa F Harlow, Alayna P Tackett, Sandrah P Eckel, Rob McConnell, Jessica L Barrington-Trimis, Adam M Leventhal
Understanding transitions across cannabis product use and poly use and how they intersect with nicotine use in young people can inform etiology and prevention. This study examined transitions across combustible and non-combustible form of cannabis use and poly-use from adolescence to young adulthood and the role of nicotine use in transitions. In a longitudinal cohort from Southern California (n=3
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Post-acute symptoms 4 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron period: a nationwide Danish questionnaire study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Lampros Spiliopoulos, Anna Irene Vedel Sørensen, Peter Bager, Nete Munk Nielsen, Jørgen Vinsløv Hansen, Anders Koch, Inger Kristine Meder, Poul Videbech, Steen Ethelberg, Anders Hviid
Post-acute symptoms are not uncommon after SARS-CoV-2 infection with pre-Omicron variants. How Omicron and COVID-19 booster vaccination influence the risk of post-acute symptoms is less clear. We analyzed data from the nationwide Danish questionnaire study EFTER-COVID comprising 44,553 individuals ≥15 years old, tested between July 2021 and January 2022, in order to evaluate the association of the
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Anti-COVID-19 measures and lifestyle changes during theCOVID-19 pandemic and sleep patterns in the Netherlands: a longitudinal study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Nekane Sandoval-Diez, Lidwien A M Smit, Jolanda M A Boer, Myrna M T de Rooij, Gerard H Koppelman, Warner van Kersen, Judith M Vonk, Roel Vermeulen, Ulrike Gehring, Anke Huss
Although there is scientific evidence for an increased prevalence of sleep disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still limited information on how lifestyle factors might have affected sleep patterns. Therefore, we followed a large cohort of participants in the Netherlands (n=5,420) for up to one year (September 2020-2021) via monthly web-based questionnaires to identify lifestyle changes
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Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Disparities in Mental Health Among U.S. Service Members and Veterans: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Neika Sharifian, Claire A Kolaja, Cynthia A LeardMann, Sheila F Castañeda, Felicia R Carey, Julia S Seay, Keyia N Carlton, Rudolph P Rull, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team
Although disparities in mental health occur within racially, ethnically, and gender-diverse civilian populations, it is unclear whether these disparities persist within U.S. military populations. Using cross-sectional data from the Millennium Cohort Study (2014-16, n=103,184, 70.3% men, 75.7% non-Hispanic White), a series of logistic regression models were conducted to examine whether racial, ethnic
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The Landscape of NIAID-funded Observational COVID-19 Cohort Studies Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Reed S Shabman, Mason Booth, Michael Cooper, Marciela M DeGrace, Patricia C Fulkerson, Teresa Hauguel, Chelsea Lane, Alyssa Meyer, Lori Newman, Diane Post, Mercy Prabhudas, Rubya Qidwai, Cynthia Rojas, Claire Schuster, Carolyn Williams, Liliana Brown
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 since late 2019 represented an unprecedented public health emergency, which included a need to fully understand COVID-19 disease across all ages and populations. In response, the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) rapidly funded epidemiology studies that monitored COVID-19. However, the diversity and breadth of the populations studied in NIAID-funded
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Sleep Disturbances in Early Gestation and the Risks of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: a prospective cohort study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Jing Zhu, Tao Zheng, Hong Jin, Mengdan Wei, Jun Yu, Jiaying Ni, Kun Sun, Jun Zhang, for the Early Life Plan project
Maternal poor sleep quality may increase blood pressure during pregnancy, but sound evidence is still limited and inconsistent. To evaluate whether sleep disturbances in early gestation are risk factors for the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, we conducted the Early Life Plan project from June 2016 to December 2019. Maternal sleep patterns were assessed at 12–16 weeks of gestation
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Climate and gender: association between droughts and intimate partner violence in India Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Nabamallika Dehingia, Lotus McDougal, Jay G Silverman, Elizabeth Reed, Lianne Urada, Julian McAuley, Abhishek Singh, Anita Raj
Extreme climate events are related to women’s exposure to different forms of violence. We examined the relationship between droughts and physical, sexual, and emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) in India by using two different definitions of drought: precipitation-based drought and socio-economic drought. We analyzed data from two rounds of a nationally representative survey, the National Family
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Relative Role of Age Groups And indoor Environments in Influenza Transmission Under Different Urbanization Rates in China Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Hao Lei, Nan Zhang, Shenglan Xiao, Linan Zhuang, Xueze Yang, Tao Chen, Lei Yang, Dayan Wang, Yuguo Li, Yuelong Shu
Exploring the relative role of different indoor environments in respiratory infections transmission remains unclear, which is crucial for developing targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions. In this study, a total of 2,583,441 influenza-like illness cases tested from 2010 to 2017 in China were identified. An agent-based model was built and calibrated with the surveillance data, to assess the roles
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The NICHD Fetal 3D Study: A Pregnancy Cohort Study of Fetal Body Composition and Volumes Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-10 Katherine L Grantz, Wesley Lee, Zhen Chen, Stefanie Hinkle, Lauren Mack, Magdalena Sanz Cortes, Luis F Goncalves, Jimmy Espinoza, Robert E Gore-Langton, Seth Sherman, Dian He, Cuilin Zhang, Jagteshwar Grewal
There’s a paucity of robust normal fractional limb and organ volume standards from a large and diverse ethnic population. The Fetal 3D Study was designed to develop research and clinical applications for fetal soft tissue and organ volume assessment. The NICHD Fetal Growth Studies (2009-2013) collected 2D and 3D fetal volumes. In the Fetal 3D Study (2015-2019), sonographers performed longitudinal 2D
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A Segmented Regression Analysis of Household Income and Recurrent Falls Among Adults in a National Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Janene Brown, Jana A Hirsch, Loni Philip Tabb, Suzanne E Judd, Aleena Bennett, Andrew Rundle, Gina S Lovasi
Falls can result in life-altering consequences for older adults, including extended recovery periods and compromised independence. Higher household income may mitigate the risk of falls by providing financial resources for mobility tools, addressing environmental hazards, needed supports, or buffer the impact of an initial fall on subsequent risk through assistance and care. Household income has not
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Study Design and Protocol of the Multisite Pregnancy 24/7 Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Kara M Whitaker, Melissa A Jones, Karina Smith, Janet Catov, Maisa Feghali, Christopher E Kline, Mark Santillan, Donna Santillan, Bridget Zimmerman, Bethany Barone Gibbs
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and other adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are associated with an increased risk of future maternal cardiovascular disease. Physical activity during pregnancy reduces the risk of these APOs, yet few meet physical activity guidelines during pregnancy. Little is known about the role of sedentary behavior (SB) or sleep in APOs, a critical gap in knowledge given these
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Double-Negative Results Matter: A Re-Evaluation of Sensitivities for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using Saliva Versus Nasopharyngeal Swabs Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Zheng Wang, Yu-Lun Liu, Yong Chen, Lianne Siegel, Joseph C Cappelleri, Haitao Chu
In a recent systematic review, Bastos et al. compared the sensitivities of saliva sampling and nasopharyngeal swabs in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by assuming a composite reference standard defined as positive if either test is positive, and negative if both tests are negative (double negative). Even under a perfect specificity assumption, this approach ignores the double-negative results
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Selection bias requires selection: the case of collider stratification bias Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Haidong Lu, Gregg S Gonsalves, Daniel Westreich
In epidemiology, collider stratification bias, the bias resulting from conditioning on a common effect of two causes, is oftentimes considered a type of selection bias, regardless of the conditioning methods employed. In this commentary, we distinguish between two types of collider stratification bias: collider restriction bias due to restricting to one level of a collider (or a descendant of a collider)
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Suicide mortality in formerly incarcerated people compared to the general population in North Carolina, 2000–2020 Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Kate Vinita Fitch, Brian W Pence, David L Rosen, Vanessa E Miller, Bradley N Gaynes, Monica E Swilley-Martinez, Andrew L Kavee, Timothy S Carey, Scott K Proescholdbell, Shabbar I Ranapurwala
We aimed to compare rates and characteristics of suicide mortality in formerly incarcerated people to the general population in North Carolina (NC). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 266,400 people released from NC state prisons between January 1, 2000 and March 1, 2020. Using direct and indirect standardization by age, sex, and calendar year, we calculated standardized suicide mortality
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Spatial Patterning of Spontaneous and Medically Indicated Preterm Birth in Philadelphia Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Nancy Yang, Harrison S Quick, Steven J Melly, Anne M Mullin, Yuzhe Zhao, Janelle Edwards, Jane E Clougherty, Leah H Schinasi, Heather H Burris
Preterm birth (PTB) remains a key public health issue that disproportionately affects Black individuals. Since spontaneous PTB (sPTB) and medically indicated PTB (mPTB) may have different causes and interventions, we quantified racial disparities for sPTB and mPTB, and characterized the geographic patterning of these phenotypes, overall and by race/ethnicity. We examined a pregnancy cohort of 83,952
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The Importance of Equity Value Judgements and Estimator-Estimand Alignment in Measuring Disparity and Identifying Targets to Reduce Disparity Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Ting-Hsuan Chang, Trang Quynh Nguyen, John W Jackson
The choice of which covariates to adjust for (so-called allowability designation) in health disparity measurements reflects value judgements about inequitable versus equitable sources of health differences, which is paramount for making inferences about disparity. Yet, many off-the-shelf estimators used in health disparity research are not designed with equity considerations in mind, and they imply
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Associations of Maternal Educational Level, Proximity to Greenspace During Pregnancy, and Gestational Diabetes With Body Mass Index From Infancy to Early Adulthood: A Proof-of-Concept Federated Analysis in 18 Birth Cohorts Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-19 Tim Cadman, Ahmed Elhakeem, Johan Lerbech Vinther, Demetris Avraam, Paula Carrasco, Lucinda Calas, Marloes Cardo, Marie-Aline Charles, Eva Corpeleijn, Sarah Crozier, Montserrat de Castro, Marisa Estarlich, Amanda Fernandes, Serena Fossatti, Dariusz Gruszfeld, Kathrin Gurlich, Veit Grote, Sido Haakma, Jennifer R Harris, Barbara Heude, Rae-Chi Huang, Jesús Ibarluzea, Hazel Inskip, Vincent Jaddoe, Berthold
International sharing of cohort data for research is important and challenging. We explored the feasibility of multi-cohort federated analyses by examining associations between three pregnancy exposures (maternal education, exposure to green vegetation and gestational diabetes) with offspring BMI from infancy to 17 years. We used data from 18 cohorts (n=206,180 mother-child pairs) from the EU Child
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Different Sources of Fiber Intake and Risk of 17 Specific Cancers and All Cancers Combined: Prospective Study of 364,856 Participants in UK Biobank Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-19 Solange Parra-Soto, Carolina Araya, Katrina Knight, Katherine M Livingstone, Fiona C Malcomson, Linda Sharp, John C Mathers, Frederick K Ho, Carlos Celis-Morales, Jill P Pell
Inverse associations between dietary fiber (DF) and colorectal cancer risk are well-established. However, evidence is limited in relation to other cancer sites. This study, of 364,856 participants from UK Biobank, aimed to evaluate the associations between total and source-specific partial DF and risk of 17 specific cancers and all cancers combined. Partial DF was derived from baseline touch-screen
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Distribution of suspected tick vectors and reported cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in California Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-18 George L. Rotramel, Tom G. Schwan, Robert E. Doty
Evidence is presented for an area of human risk to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in California extending beyond the range of its classic tick vector, Dermacentor andersoni. Geographic, seasonal, and host distributions of Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor occidentalis suggest these species as potential vectors of RMSF in California outside the range of Dermacentor andersoni.
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The State of Use and Utility of Negative Controls in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-18 Zafar Zafari, Jeong-eun Park, Chintal H Shah, Susan dosReis, Emily F Gorman, Wei Hua, Yong Ma, Fang Tian
Uses of real-world data in drug safety and effectiveness studies are often challenged by various sources of bias. We undertook a systematic search of the published literature through September 2020 to evaluate the state of use and utility of negative controls to address bias in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Two reviewers independently evaluated study eligibility and abstracted data. Our search identified
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Considerations for use of blood-based biomarkers in epidemiologic dementia research Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Eleanor Hayes-Larson, Sarah F Ackley, Indira Turney, Renaud La Joie, Elizabeth Rose Mayeda, M Maria Glymour, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Dementia represents a growing public health burden with large social, racial, and ethnic disparities. The etiology of dementia is poorly understood, and the lack of robust biomarkers in diverse, population-representative samples is a barrier to moving dementia research forward. Existing biomarkers and other pathology measures derived from neuropathology, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid samples
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Evaluating mixtures of urinary phthalate metabolites and serum per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in relation to adolescent hair cortisol: The HOME Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Clara G Sears, Yun Liu, Bruce P Lanphear, Jessie P Buckley, Jerrold Meyer, Yingying Xu, Aimin Chen, Kimberly Yolton, Joseph M Braun
Results of toxicological studies indicate that phthalates and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), two classes of endocrine disrupting chemicals, may alter the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. We evaluated the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites and serum PFAS during gestation and childhood with adolescent hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg hair) at
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Geographic Variation, Economic Activity, and Labor Market Characteristics in Trajectories of Suicide in the United States, 2008 to 2020 Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Katherine M Keyes, Sasikiran Kandula, Gonzalo Martinez-Ales, Catherine Gimbrone, Victoria Joseph, Shannon Monnat, Caroline Rutherford, Mark Olfson, Madelyn Gould, Jeffrey Shaman
Suicide rates have increased in the U.S. over the past 15 years with substantial geographic variation in these increases; yet there have been few attempts to cluster counties by the magnitude of suicide rate changes by intercept and slope or to identify the economic precursors of increases. We used Vital Statistics data and growth mixture models to identify clusters of counties by their magnitude of
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Characterizing imbalance in the tails of the propensity score distribution Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-13 Bethany L DiPrete, Cynthia J Girman, Panagiotis Mavros, Alexander Breskin, M Alan Brookhart
Understanding characteristics of patients with propensity scores in the tails of the propensity score distribution has relevance for inverse probability of treatment weighted and propensity score-based estimation in observational studies. We outline a method to identify variables most responsible for extreme propensity scores. The approach is illustrated in three scenarios: (1) a plasmode simulation
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Incidence of Stomach, Liver, and Colorectal Cancers by Geography and Social Vulnerability Among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations, 2010-2019 Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-12 Stephanie C Melkonian, Melissa A Jim, Avid Reza, Lucy A Peipins, Donald Haverkamp, Nathania Said, J Danielle Sharpe
Social determinants of health and associated systems, policies and practices are important drivers of health disparities. American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States have elevated incidence rates of stomach, liver, and colorectal cancers compared to other racial groups. This study examined incidence rates of three gastrointestinal cancers among non-Hispanic AI/AN (NH-AI/AN)
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Clinical Features and Outcomes of Hospitalized Adult Patients with Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections: A Propensity Score-Matched Observational Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-12 Jianli Niu, Shenae Samuels, Candice Sareli, Daniel Mayer, Alvaro Visbal, Aharon E Sareli
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vaccination on ICU admission and in-hospital mortality among breakthrough COVID-19 infections. A total of 3351 adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Memorial Healthcare System from June 1−September 20, 2021, were included, of whom 284 (8.5%) were fully vaccinated. A propensity score-matched analysis was conducted to compare fully vaccinated patients
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Confounder Adjustment Using the Disease Risk Score: A Proposal for Weighting Methods Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-12 Tri-Long Nguyen, Thomas P A Debray, Bora Youn, Gabrielle Simoneau, Gary S Collins
Propensity score analysis is a common approach to addressing confounding in non-randomized studies. Its implementation, however, requires important assumptions (e.g., positivity). The disease risk score is an alternative confounding score that can relax some of these assumptions. Like the propensity score, the disease risk score summarizes multiple confounders into a single score, on which conditioning
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Sex-Specific Body Mass Index to Optimize Low Correlation With Height and High Correlation With Fatness: A UK Biobank Study Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-10-10 Qi Feng, Jean H Kim, Junqing Xie, Jelena Bešević, Megan Conroy, Wemimo Omiyale, Yushan Wu, Mark Woodward, Ben Lacey, Naomi Allen
Body mass index (BMI: weight [kg]/height[m]2) is commonly used to measure general adiposity. However, evidence of its appropriateness for males and females remained inconsistent. This study aimed to identify the most appropriate sex-specific power value that height should be raised to in the formula and that would make it achieve height independency and body fatness dependency. We randomly assigned
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Recent methodological trends in Epidemiology: No need for data-driven variable selection? Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-29 Christian Staerk, Alliyah Byrd, Andreas Mayr
Variable selection in regression models is a particularly important issue in epidemiology, where one usually encounters observational studies. In contrast to randomized trials or experiments, confounding is often not controlled by the study design, but has to be accounted for by suitable statistical methods. For instance, when risk factors should be identified with unconfounded effect estimates, multivariable
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Racial and Economic Segregation Over the Lifecourse and Incident Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy among Black Women in California Am. J. Epidemiol. (IF 5.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Brittney Francis, Michelle Pearl, Cynthia Colen, Abigail Shoben, Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson
Black women in the U.S. have the highest incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and are disproportionately burdened by its adverse sequalae compared to women of all racial and ethnic groups. Segregation, a key driver of structural racism for Black families, can provide critical information to understanding these disparities. We examined the association between racial and economic segregation