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A tutorial on Bayesian inference for dynamical modeling of eye-movement control during reading J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-10 Ralf Engbert, Maximilian M. Rabe
Dynamical models are crucial for developing process-oriented, quantitative theories in cognition and behavior. Due to the impressive progress in cognitive theory, domain-specific dynamical models are complex, which typically creates challenges in statistical inference. Mathematical models of eye-movement control might be looked upon as a representative case study. In this tutorial, we introduce and
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Dynamic noise estimation: A generalized method for modeling noise fluctuations in decision-making J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Jing-Jing Li, Chengchun Shi, Lexin Li, Anne G.E. Collins
Computational cognitive modeling is an important tool for understanding the processes supporting human and animal decision-making. Choice data in decision-making tasks are inherently noisy, and separating noise from signal can improve the quality of computational modeling. Common approaches to model decision noise often assume constant levels of noise or exploration throughout learning (e.g., the -softmax
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An accidental image feature that appears but not disappears J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-14 Tadamasa Sawada, Denis Volk
A cusp of a curve in a 2D image is an important feature of the curve for visual perception. It is intuitively obvious that the cusp of the 2D curve can be attributed to an angular feature contained in a 3D scene. It is accidental when a space curve with a cusp in a 3D scene is projected to a smooth curve without any cusp in a 2D image. Note that there is also an interesting case in which a smooth space
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Exploring well-gradedness in polytomous knowledge structures J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2024-01-16 Bo Wang, Jinjin Li
Enhancing learning effectiveness and comprehension, well-gradedness plays a crucial role in knowledge structure theory by establishing a systematic and progressive knowledge system. Extensive research has been conducted in this domain, resulting in significant findings. This paper explores the properties of well-gradedness in polytomous knowledge structures, shedding light on both classical confirmations
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A contextual range-dependent model for choice under risk J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-30 Manel Baucells, Michał Lewandowski, Krzysztof Kontek
We introduce a context-dependent theory for choice under risk, called range utility theory. It builds on Parducci’s range principle from psychophysics and modifies expected utility by positing that risky prospects are evaluated relative to the range of consequences of all prospects in the decision context. When the context is fixed, choices typically exhibit the four-fold pattern of risk preferences
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A variation of the cube model for best–worst choice J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-20 Keivan Mallahi-Karai, Adele Diederich
In this paper, we propose a dynamical model for the best–worst choice task. The proposed model is a modification of the multi-episode Cube model proposed and studied in so-called (Mallahi-Karai and Diederich, 2019, 2021). This model postulates that best–worst choice (or more generally, ranking) task is the outcome of sequential choices made in a number of episodes. The underlying model is a multivariate
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On delineating forward- and backward-graded knowledge structures from fuzzy skill maps J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-07 Bochi Xu, Jinjin Li, Wen Sun, Bo Wang
Forward-graded and backward-graded structures of knowledge are two important classes of knowledge structures. Spoto and Stefanutti (2020) establish necessary and sufficient conditions for skill maps to delineate these structures. We introduce fuzzy skills to describe varying levels of proficiency in skills and extend the theoretical results of Spoto and Stefanutti (2020) for delineating forward- and
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Experiment-based calibration in psychology: Optimal design considerations J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-08 Dominik R. Bach
Psychological theories are often formulated at the level of latent, not directly observable, variables. Empirical measurement of latent variables ought to be valid. Classical psychometric validity indices can be difficult to apply in experimental contexts. A complementary validity index, termed retrodictive validity, is the correlation of theory-derived predicted scores with actually measured scores
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Structure of single-peaked preferences J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-19 Alexander Karpov
The paper studies a variety of domains of preference orders that are closely related to single-peaked preferences. We develop recursive formulas for the number of single-peaked preference profiles and the number of preference profiles that are single-peaked on a circle. The number of Arrow’s single-peaked preference profiles is found for three, four, and five alternatives. Random sampling applications
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Expressions for Bayesian confidence of drift diffusion observers in fluctuating stimuli tasks J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-10-04 Joshua Calder-Travis, Rafal Bogacz, Nick Yeung
We introduce a new approach to modelling decision confidence, with the aim of enabling computationally cheap predictions while taking into account, and thereby exploiting, trial-by-trial variability in stochastically fluctuating stimuli. Using the framework of the drift diffusion model of decision making, along with time-dependent thresholds and the idea of a Bayesian confidence readout, we derive
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How averaging individual curves transforms their shape: Mathematical analyses with application to learning and forgetting curves J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-18 Jaap M.J. Murre
This paper demonstrates how averaging over individual learning and forgetting curves gives rise to transformed averaged curves. In an earlier paper (Murre and Chessa, 2011), we already showed that averaging over exponential functions tends to give a power function. The present paper expands on the analyses with exponential functions. Also, it is shown that averaging over power functions tends to give
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Regret theory, Allais’ paradox, and Savage’s omelet J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-16 V.G. Bardakhchyan, A.E. Allahverdyan
We study a sufficiently general regret criterion for choosing between two probabilistic lotteries. For independent lotteries, the criterion is consistent with stochastic dominance and can be made transitive by a unique choice of the regret function. Together with additional (and intuitively meaningful) super-additivity property, the regret criterion resolves the Allais’ paradox including the cases
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How do people build up visual memory representations from sensory evidence? Revisiting two classic models of choice J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-09 Maria M. Robinson, Isabella C. DeStefano, Edward Vul, Timothy F. Brady
In many decision tasks, we have a set of alternative choices and are faced with the problem of how to use our latent beliefs and preferences about each alternative to make a single choice. Cognitive and decision models typically presume that beliefs and preferences are distilled to a scalar latent strength for each alternative, but it is also critical to model how people use these latent strengths
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Multi-Attribute Gain Loss (MAGL) method to predict choices J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Ram Kumar Dhurkari
A better method named MAGL (Multi-Attribute Gain Loss) is proposed to predict choices made by consumers in a multi-attribute setting. The MAGL method uses the tenets of prospect theory, Kauffman’s complexity theory, norm theory, and context-dependent choice theory. Since the choice processes are often found to be affected by the context or the choice set, the proposed MAGL method is able to model and
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A characterization of two-agent Pareto representable orderings J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-23 Juan C. Candeal
Partial orders defined on a nonempty set X admitting a two-agent Pareto representation are characterized. The characterization is based upon the fulfillment of two axioms. The first one entails the existence, for any point x∈X, of a very particular decomposition of the points which are incomparable to x. The second one encodes a separability condition. Our approach is then applied to show that if the
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A new type of polytomous surmise system J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-12 Bo Wang, Jinjin Li, Zhuoheng Chen, Bochi Xu, Xiaoxian Xie
Doignon and Falmagne (1985) introduced a surmise system, which generalized the precedence relation, allowing multiple possible learning paths for an item. Heller (2021) took into account precedence relations on an extended set of (virtual) items and further generalized quasi-ordinal knowledge spaces to polytomous items. Wang et al. (2022) proposed CD-polytomous knowledge space and provided its corresponding
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Sparse attentional subsetting of item features and list-composition effects on recognition memory J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-28 Jeremy B. Caplan
Although knowledge is extremely high-dimensional, human episodic memory performance appears extremely low-dimensional, focused largely on stimulus-features that distinguish list items from one another. A cognitively plausible way this tension could be addressed is if selective attention selects a small number of features from each item. I consider an ongoing debate about whether stronger items (better
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Mathematical self-determination theory II: Affine space representation J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Ali Ünlü
Self-determination theory is a well-established theory of motivation. This theory provides for fundamental concepts related to human motivation, including self-determination. The mathematization of this theory has been envisaged in a series of two papers by the author. The first paper entitled “Mathematical self-determination theory I: Real representation” addressed the representation of the theory
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Mathematical self-determination theory I: Real representation J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Ali Ünlü
In two parts, MSDT1 this paper and MSDT2 the follow-up paper, we treat the topic of mathematical self-determination theory. MSDT1 considers the real representation, MSDT2 the affine space representation. The aim of the two papers is to lay the mathematical foundations of self-determination motivation theory. Self-determination theory was proposed by Deci and Ryan, which is a popular theory of motivation
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Bayesian stopping J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Igor Douven
Stopping rules are criteria for determining when data collection can or should be terminated, allowing for inferences to be made. While traditionally discussed in the context of classical statistics, Bayesian statisticians have also begun exploring stopping rules. Kruschke proposed a Bayesian stopping rule utilizing the concept of Highest Density Interval, where data collection can cease once enough
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An illustrated guide to context effects J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-06-03 Clintin P. Davis-Stober, A.A.J. Marley, William J. McCausland, Brandon M. Turner
Three context effects pertaining to stochastic discrete choice have attracted a lot of attention in Psychology, Economics and Marketing: the similarity effect, the compromise effect and the asymmetric dominance effect. Despite this attention, the existing literature is rife with conflicting definitions and misconceptions. We provide theorems relating different variants of each of the three context
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Modal preference structures J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-30 Davide Carpentiere, Alfio Giarlotta, Stephen Watson
A total preorder is a transitive and complete binary relation on a set. A modal preference structure of rank n is a string composed of 2 to the exponent n binary relations on a set such that there is a family of total preorders that gives all relations by taking intersections and unions. Total preorders are structures of rank zero, NaP-preferences (Giarlotta and Greco, 2013) are structures of rank
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A characterization of the existence of succinct linear representation of subset-valuations J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-29 Saša Pekeč
Decisions that involve bundling or unbundling a large number of objects, such as deciding on the bundle structure or optimizing bundle prices, are based on underlying valuation function over the set of all possible bundles. Given that the number of possible bundles (i.e., subsets of the given set of objects) is exponential in the number of objects, it is important for the decision-maker to be able
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The standard relationship between choice frequency and choice time is violated in multi-attribute preferential choice J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Guy E. Hawkins, Gavin Cooper, Jon-Paul Cavallaro
Many decision making theories assume a principle of sequentially sampling decision-relevant evidence from the stimulus environment, where sampled evidence is dynamically accumulated toward a threshold to trigger a decision in favour of the threshold-crossing option. A core prediction of sequential sampling models is that options more likely to be chosen are chosen more quickly. This result has been
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Modelling constituent order despite symmetric associations in memory J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-18 Jeremy J. Thomas, Jeremy B. Caplan
Mathematical models of association memory (study AB, given A, recall B) either predict that knowledge for constituent order of a word pair (AB vs. BA) is perfectly unrelated, or completely dependent on knowledge of the pairing itself. Data contradict both predictions; when a pair is remembered, constituent-order is above chance, but still fairly low. Convolution-based models are inherently symmetric
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Speeded response tasks with unpredictable deadlines J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-17 Steven P. Blurton, Jan Feifel, Matthias Gondan
In response time (RT) research, it is common to instruct participants to respond as fast and as accurately as possible, which is easily conceived as a contradiction. Participants may overcome this dilemma using a two-fold strategy, with (A) delaying their response until they feel confident that enough information has been sampled, and (B) scheduling the response right before the end of the response
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Towards a competence-based polytomous knowledge structure theory J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-17 Luca Stefanutti, Andrea Spoto, Pasquale Anselmi, Debora de Chiusole
The present article lays out the foundations of an axiomatic theory of attribute maps, an extension of skill maps to polytomous knowledge structure theory. A deterministic relationship between the available attributes and the observable item responses is established by means of two mappings denoted attribute map and item–response function. The attribute map assigns to each item–response pair the set
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A representation of interval orders through a bi-utility function J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-13 Yann Rébillé
The elaboration of preference relations and their representations trace their source to early economic theory. Classical representations of preferences theorems rely on Debreu–Eilenberg’s theorems in the topological setting. An important class of preferences consists of interval orders. A natural question is to achieve a bi-utility representation for interval orders. We suggest to introduce a condition
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Sufficient conditions making lexicographic rules over the power set satisfy extensibility J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Takashi Kurihara
This study aims to clarify sufficient conditions for weak orders on the existing and null alternatives to make leximax and leximin rules over the power set satisfy extensibility. Each null alternative indicates ‘choosing not to choose the corresponding existing alternative’. Extensibility requires that a preference order of any two alternatives is equivalent to that of their singleton sets. Then, the
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Subjective expected utility with signed threshold J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Yutaka Nakamura
This paper generalizes subjective expected utility by incorporating signed threshold, whose positive (respectively, negative) value enhances (respectively, reduces) subjective expected utility of chosen alternative against unchosen one. It can be interpreted, for example, that positivity of the signed threshold reflects domination of rejoicing feeling against regret feeling. Since the signed threshold
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A queueing model of visual search J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Yiqi Li, Martin Schlather, Edgar Erdfelder
Understanding how attentional resources are deployed in visual processing is a fundamental and highly debated topic. As an alternative to theoretical models of visual search that propose sequences of separate serial or parallel stages of processing, we suggest a queueing processing structure that entails a serial transition between parallel processing stages. We develop a continuous-time queueing model
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Nondecomposable Item Response Theory models: Fundamental measurement in psychometrics J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-10 Vithor Rosa Franco, Jacob Arie Laros, Marie Wiberg
The main aim of the current paper is to propose Item Response Theory (IRT) models derived from the nondecomposable measurement theories presented in Fishburn (1974). More specifically, we aim to: (i) present the theoretical basis of the Rasch model and its relations to psychophysics’ models of utility; (ii) give a brief exposition on the measurement theories presented in Fishburn (1974, 1975), some
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Special issue on knowledge structures: Theoretical developments and applications J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 Jürgen Heller
Abstract not available
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Well-graded polytomous knowledge structures J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 Wen Sun, Jinjin Li, Zhaorong He, Xun Ge, Yidong Lin
Heller (2021) and Stefanutti et al. (2020) provided the mathematical foundation for the generalization of knowledge structure theory (KST) to polytomous items. Based on their works, the well-gradedness can be extended to polytomous knowledge structures. We propose the concepts of discriminative polytomous knowledge structure and well-graded polytomous knowledge structure. Then we show that every well-graded
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Stochastic choice with bounded processing capacity J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 Thierry Marchant, Arunava Sen
We propose and characterize a class of stochastic decision functions for a decision-maker who has a capacity for processing at most k-alternatives at a time. When faced with a menu containing more than k alternatives, she randomly chooses a sub-menu of size k with uniform probability and selects the best alternative according to a strict ordering ≻. For smaller menus, she chooses the best alternative
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Adjacencies on random ordering polytopes and flow polytopes J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Jean-Paul Doignon, Kota Saito
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The best-worst-choice polytope on four alternatives J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Jean-Paul Doignon
Several papers co-authored by A.A.J. Marley helped in popularizing the best-worst-choice paradigm due to Finn and Louviere (1992). Inspired by Block and Marschak (1960), Marley conceived a random utility model for the choice frequencies of the best and worst alternatives in any proposed set of alternatives (Marley and Louviere, 2005). He then asked for a characterization of the prediction range of
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Diffusion models with time-dependent parameters: An analysis of computational effort and accuracy of different numerical methods J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 Thomas Richter, Rolf Ulrich, Markus Janczyk
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Comparison of type I error and statistical power between state trace analysis and analysis of variance J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-03-24 Wei Liu, Yu-Xue Jia
State-Trace Analysis (STA) is a methodology for investigating the number of latent variables. Recently, a quantitative STA technique based on conjoint monotonic regression and double bootstrap method (STA-CMR) has been proposed. More discussion is needed on the type I error and the statistical power of this technique, as it adopts null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) to draw statistical inference
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Geometrical properties of a generalized cone and its 2D image J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-03-21 Tadamasa Sawada, Zygmunt Pizlo
The generalized cone is a simple 3D shape that is produced by sweeping a planar cross-section along a curve. Many complex and articulated 3D objects can be represented by combining generalized cones. It has been shown that generalized cones play an important role in our visual system for perceiving the shapes of these objects and recognizing them. In this study, we analyzed the geometrical properties
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Length of the state trace: A method for partitioning model complexity J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-02-20 F. Gregory Ashby
A novel and easy-to-compute measure is proposed that compares the relative contribution of each parameter of a mathematical model to the model’s mathematical flexibility or complexity, with respect to accounting for the results of some specific experiment. When the data space is a two-dimensional plot of the type used in standard state-trace analysis, then the model complexity contributed by a single
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Semiorders and continuous Scott–Suppes representations. Debreu’s Open Gap Lemma with a threshold J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-02-16 A. Estevan
The problem of finding a utility function for a semiorder has been studied since 1956, when the notion of semiorder was introduced by Luce. But few results on continuity and no result like Debreu’s Open Gap Lemma, but for semiorders, was found. In the present paper, we characterize semiorders that accept a continuous representation (in the sense of Scott–Suppes). Two weaker theorems are also proved
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Cultural consensus theory for two-dimensional location judgments J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-01-20 Maren Mayer, Daniel W. Heck
Cultural consensus theory is a model-based approach for analyzing responses of informants when correct answers are unknown. The model provides aggregate estimates of the latent consensus knowledge at the group level while accounting for heterogeneity in informant competence and item difficulty. We develop a new version of cultural consensus theory for two-dimensional continuous judgments which are
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Stochastic additive differences J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Yutaka Nakamura
Properties of a binary choice probability function p defined on multiattributed outcomes are studied to represent p as a transformation of additive difference evaluations of chosen and unchosen outcomes into the unit interval. We use an algebraic assumption to obtain an additive difference representation, but allow for restricting strict increasingness of the transformation to the subset of the domain
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A test of attribute normalization via a double decoy effect J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2023-01-12 Remi Daviet, Ryan Webb
We report a “Double Decoy” experiment designed to separate two competing accounts of the asymmetric dominance effect. The experiment places an additional decoy alternative within the range of existing alternatives, which should leave choice behaviour unaltered if attributes are weighted by their range. Instead, we observe a decrease in the relative proportion of targets chosen, particularly for subjects
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On the correspondence between granular polytomous spaces and polytomous surmising functions J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-30 Xun Ge
By modifying the concept of polytomous surmise functions, this paper introduces polytomous surmising functions. Then, it is shown that there is a one-to-one correspondence f between granular polytomous spaces and polytomous surmising functions where polytomous surmising functions cannot be replaced with polytomous surmise functions. This result gives a correction for a correspondence between granular
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Assessment-based correct rates in learning spaces J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-28 Jürgen Heller
The basic local independence model (BLIM) is the standard probabilistic model in knowledge structure theory. It assumes that the probability of a correct response to a problem is constant for all individuals that master the problem, and accordingly, for all individuals that do not master it, irrespective of the mastering of other problems. Recently published data on the problem correct rate as inferred
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Nondistributivity of human logic and violation of response replicability effect in cognitive psychology J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-23 Masanao Ozawa, Andrei Khrennikov
The aim of this paper is to promote quantum logic as one of the basic tools for analyzing human reasoning. We compare it with classical (Boolean) logic and highlight the role of violation of the distributive law for conjunction and disjunction. It is well known that nondistributivity is equivalent to incompatibility of logical variables — the impossibility to assign jointly the two-valued truth values
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Using diverging predictions from classical and quantum models to dissociate between categorization systems J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Gunnar P. Epping, Jerome R. Busemeyer
Quantum probability theory has successfully provided accurate descriptions of behavior in the areas of judgment and decision making, and here we apply the same principles to two category learning tasks, one task using information-integration categories and the other using rule-based categories. Since information-integration categories lack verbalizable descriptions, unlike rule-based ones, we assert
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A note on the relation between the Contextual Fraction and CNT2 J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-08 Víctor H. Cervantes
Contextuality (or lack thereof) is a property of systems of random variables. Among the measures of the degree of contextuality, two have played important roles. One of them, Contextual Fraction (CNTF) was proposed within the framework of the sheaf-theoretic approach to contextuality, and extended to arbitrary systems in the Contextuality-by-Default approach. The other, denoted CNT2, was proposed as
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A statistical foundation for derived attention J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-08 Samuel Paskewitz, Matt Jones
According to the theory of derived attention, organisms attend to cues with strong associations. Prior work has shown that – combined with a Rescorla–Wagner style learning mechanism – derived attention explains phenomena such as learned predictiveness, inattention to blocked cues, and value-based salience. We introduce a Bayesian derived attention model that explains a wider array of results than previous
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Do cognitive and physical effort costs affect choice behavior similarly? J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-12-08 Li Xin Lim, Madison Fansher, Sébastien Hélie
Performing an action often incurs a cost, such as exerting effort for a reward. Previous studies used the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) to show devaluation of reward with physical effort. However, it is unclear if a similarly structured attentional task would produce a similar devaluation with cognitive effort. In the present work, we propose a new task called the “shell game task” (SGT)
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Neuro-cognitive models of single-trial EEG measures describe latent effects of spatial attention during perceptual decision making J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-16 Amin Ghaderi-Kangavari, Jamal Amani Rad, Kourosh Parand, Michael D. Nunez
Visual perceptual decision-making involves multiple components including visual encoding, attention, accumulation of evidence, and motor execution. Recent research suggests that EEG signals can identify the time of encoding and the onset of evidence accumulation during perceptual decision-making. Although scientists show that spatial attention improves participant performance in decision making, little
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A point-process model of tapping along to difficult rhythms J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-01 David Bulger, Andrew J. Milne, Roger T. Dean
Experiments where participants synchronise their taps to rhythmic cues are often used to study human perception and performance of rhythms. This experimental study is novel in two regards: The cyclic rhythms (non-isochronous patterns of cues) presented to participants were more challenging than usual (including many from unfamiliar time signatures), and we have modelled participants’ performance via
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Sequential selections with minimization of failure J. Math. Psychol. (IF 1.8) Pub Date : 2022-10-21 Krzysztof J. Szajowski