Since the 1970s, scholars have begun to pay attention to the presentation of women in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, the main source for the early history of Britain (from the first century BC to the eighth century AD). Vastly different conclusions have been drawn, ranging from positivist approaches which saw the period as a golden age for women to rather more negative assessments

We propose a model of the speech perception of individual words in the presence of mishearings. This phenomenological approach is based on concepts used in linguistics, and provides a formalism that is universal across languages. We put forward an efficient two-parameter form for the word length distribution, and introduce a simple representation of mishearings, which we use in our subsequent modeling

This paper considers patterns of organization in distributions of the rate of return on capital (RoC) realized by individual enterprises. It shows that large-sample cross sections of RoC across several European economies are persistently well described by the same functional form: Sharply peaked distributions with stretched-exponential tails. To account for this observation, the paper develops a systemic

While wealth distribution in the world is highly skewed and heavy-tailed, human talent — as the majority of individual features — is normally distributed. In a recent computational study by Pluchino et al. [Talent vs luck: The role of randomness in success and failure, Adv. Complex Syst. 21(03–04) (2018) 1850014], it has been shown that the combined effects of both random external factors (lucky and

At a mixed Nash equilibrium, the payoff of a player does not depend on her own action, as long as her opponent sticks to his. In a periodic strategy, a concept developed in a previous paper [V. K. Oikonomou and J. Jost, Periodic strategies: A new solution concept and an algorithm for nontrivial strategic form games, Adv. Compl. Syst. 20(5) (2017) 1750009], in contrast, the own payoff does not depend

A cellular automaton model called the Firm Dynamics Model (FDM) is introduced to simulate the dynamics of firms within an economy. The model includes the growth of firms and their mergers and exits. The main objective is to compare the size-frequency distributions in the model with the empirical firm size distributions of several countries (USA, UK, Spain and Sweden). The empirical size distributions

Recent theoretical studies on network robustness have focused primarily on attacks by random selection and global vision, but numerous real-life networks suffer from proximity-based breakdown. Here we introduce the multi-hop generalized core percolation on complex networks, where nodes with degree less than k and their neighbors within L-hop distance are removed progressively from the network. The

To promote the implementation of realistic control over various complex networks, recent work has been focusing on analyzing energy cost. Indeed, the energy cost quantifies how much effort is required to drive the system from one state to another when it is fully controllable. A fully controllable system means that the system can be driven by external inputs from any initial state to any final state

The ability to steer the state of a dynamical network towards a desired state within a time horizon is intrinsically dependent on the number of driven nodes considered, as well as the network’s topology. The trade-off between time-to-control and the minimum number of driven nodes is captured by the notion of the actuation spectrum (AS). We study the actuation spectra of a variety of artificial and

Network science has experienced unprecedented rapid development in the past two decades. The network perspective has also been widely applied to explore various complex systems in great depth. In the first decade, fundamental characteristics of complex network structure, such as the small-worldness, scale-freeness, and modularity, of various complex networked systems were harvested from analyzing big

Boolean models represent a drastic simplification of complex biomolecular systems, and yet accurately predict system properties, e.g., effective control strategies. Why is this? Parameter robustness has been highlighted as a general feature of biomolecular systems and may play an important role in the accuracy of Boolean models. We argue here that a useful way to view a system’s controllability properties

Large complex dynamical systems behave in ways that reflect their structure. There are many applications where we need to control these systems by bringing them from their current state to a desired state. Affecting the state of these systems is done by communications with its key elements, called driver nodes, in reference to their representation as a network of nodes. Over the past decades, much

Minimal edge controllability of directed networks is investigated in this paper. A new edge dynamics model is first introduced with two nonzero parameters describing the linear relationship between the node states and the edge states. Three different digraphs as skeleton structures for minimal edge controllability are analyzed. The conditions ensuring both node controllability and edge controllability

In this paper, we propose a self-organization mechanism for newly appeared nodes during the formation of corona graphs that define a hierarchical pattern in the resulting corona graphs and we call it self-organized corona graphs (SoCG). We show that the degree distribution of SoCG follows power-law in its tail with power-law exponent approximately 2. We also show that the diameter is less equal to

We propose a new measure to quantify the impact of a node i in controlling a directed network. This measure, called “control contribution” 𝒞i, combines the probability for node i to appear in a set of driver nodes and the probability for other nodes to be controlled by i. To calculate 𝒞i, we propose an optimization method based on random samples of minimum sets of drivers. Using real-world and synthetic

We present results of network analysis of Ukrainian texts. Autosemantic (meaningful) words are considered as network vertices connected with links when belonging to one sentence. Subnetworks corresponding to specific parts of speech (verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.) are also built. The obtained networks are small-world and scale-free. To make comparisons, random texts with parameters corresponding to

Today, there exist many centrality measures for assessing the importance of nodes in a network as a function of their position and the underlying topology. One class of such measures builds on eigenvector centrality, where the importance of a node is derived from the importance of its neighboring nodes. For directed and weighted complex networks, where the nodes can carry some intrinsic property value

Our ability to understand and control the emergence of order in swarming systems is a fundamental challenge in contemporary science. The standard Vicsek model (SVM) — a minimal model for swarming systems of self-propelled particles — describes a large population of agents reaching global alignment without the need of central control. Yet, the emergence of order in this model takes time and is not robust

This paper is based on the premise that economic growth is driven by an interplay between innovation and imitation in an economy composed of interacting firms operating in a stochastic environment. A novel approach to modeling imitation is presented based on range-dependent processes that describe how firms consider proximity when imitating peers who are found in a given neighborhood in terms of productivity

Based on the stability theory of fractional-order systems, a projective synchronization scheme with different coefficients is realized in 1+N complex networks to build a model for fractal pattern recognition. In the proposed complex function projection synchronization scheme, first a drive-response network is constructed with 1+N fractional-order complex nodes; And then reasonable controllers are designed

Cellular automaton models of complex systems (CSs) are gaining greater popularity; simultaneously, they have proven the capability to solve real scientific and engineering applications. To enable everybody a quick penetration into the core of this type of modeling, three real applications of cellular automaton models, including selected open source software codes, are studied: laser dynamics, dynamic

Electronic commerce (EC) has numerous advantages. It allows saving time when we purchase an item, offers the possibility of review without depending on the schedules of traditional stores, access to a wider variety and quantity of articles, in many cases, with lower prices, etc. Based upon mathematical epidemiology tenets strongly related to social behavior able to describe the influence of peers,

We assume a community whose members adopt one of two opinions A or B. Each member appears as an inflexible, or as a non-contrarian or contrarian floater. An inflexible sticks to its opinion, whereas a floater may change into a floater of the alternative opinion. The occurrence of this change is governed by the local majority rule: members meet in groups of a fixed size, and a floater then changes its

In this paper, we consider a system in which knowledge in a dispersed form is available. In the system local classifiers are combined into coalitions. Two methods of combining classifiers in coalitions are discussed in this paper — with a hierarchical agglomeration algorithm and with Pawlak’s conflict model. The purpose of this paper is to apply methods for reducing dimensionality in these two approaches

A community is the basic component structure of complex networks and is important for network analysis. In recent decades, researchers from different fields have witnessed a boom of community detection, and many algorithms were proposed to retrieve disjoint or overlapping communities. In this paper, a unified expansion approach is proposed to obtain two different network partitions, which can provide

Recent advances in data collection and storage have allowed both researchers and industry alike to collect data in real time. Much of this data comes in the form of ‘events’, or timestamped interactions, such as email and social media posts, website clickstreams, or protein–protein interactions. This type of data poses new challenges for modeling, especially if we wish to preserve all temporal features

Humanity has been fascinated by the pursuit of fortune since time immemorial, and many successful outcomes benefit from strokes of luck. But success is subject to complexity, uncertainty, and change — and at times becoming increasingly unequally distributed. This leads to tension and confusion over to what extent people actually get what they deserve (i.e. fairness/meritocracy). Moreover, in many fields

We consider the fraction of nodes that default in large, stochastic, inhomogeneous financial networks following an initial shock to the system. Results for deterministic sequences of networks are generalized to stochastic networks to account for interbank lending relationships that change frequently. A general class of inhomogeneous stochastic networks is proposed for use in systemic risk research

Options framework is one of the prominent models serving as a basis to improve learning speed by means of temporal abstractions. An option is mainly composed of three elements: initiation set, option’s local policy and termination condition. Although various attempts exist that focus on how to derive high-quality termination conditions for a given problem, the impact of initiation set generation is

The impact of cybermediaries’ information on Consumer to Consumer (C2C) tax compliance is investigated by using a computational experiment approach and three conclusions are drawn. First, cybermediaries’ information assists tax authorities in selecting audit objects and discovering unregistered taxpayers, and the second signaling role is the main reason for the improvement of the C2C tax compliance

Stochastic volatility models describe asset prices St as driven by an unobserved process capturing the random dynamics of volatility σt. We quantify how much information about σt can be inferred from asset prices St in terms of Shannon’s mutual information in a twofold way: theoretically, by means of a thorough study of Heston’s model; from a machine learning perspective, by means of investigating

Economic complexity measures have been constructed on the basis of bipartite country-product network data, but without paying attention to the technological dimension or manufacturing capabilities. In this study, we submit a Ternary Complexity Index (TCI), which explicitly incorporates technological knowledge as a third dimension, measured in terms of patents. Different from a complexity indicator

An analytical framework for the analysis of multi-hump solitons is proposed in this paper. Multi-hump solitons are defined by imposing special symmetry conditions on the classical soliton expression. Such soliton solutions have a wide range of potential applications in the field of optical communications. The proposed algebras of soliton solutions enable a new look at the propagation dynamics of complex

In order to unveil the value of network connectivity, discounted both in space and time, we formalize the construction of networks as an optimal control dynamic graph-theoretic problem. The network is based on a set of leaders and followers linked through edges. The node dynamics, built upon the consensus protocol, form a time evolutive Mahalanobis distance weighted by the opportunity costs. The results

We introduce a method to infer lead-lag networks of agents’ actions in complex systems. These networks open the way to both microscopic and macroscopic states prediction in such systems. We apply this method to trader-resolved data in the foreign exchange market. We show that these networks are remarkably persistent, which explains why and how order flow prediction is possible from trader-resolved

This paper establishes a trade credit network with a guarantee mechanism. Based on the established network model, the trade credit network and the guarantee network are visualized. The characteristics of the distributions of both networks and the firm size distribution are then researched. Concurrently, through computer simulations, the risk contagion among firms is analyzed on the basis of the interactions

We consider a simple model of agents modifying their opinion about themselves and about the others during random pair interactions. Two unexpected patterns emerge: (1) without gossips, starting from zero, agents’ opinions tend to grow and stabilize on average at a positive value; (2) when introducing gossips, this pattern is inverted; the opinions tend to decrease and stabilize on average at a negative

In Schelling’s segregation model, agents of two ethnic groups reside in a regular grid and aim to live in a neighborhood that matches the minimum desired fraction of members of the same ethnicity. The model shows that observed segregation can emerge from people interacting under spatial constraints following homophily preferences. Even mild preferences can generate high degrees of segregation at the

Given a system where the real-valued states of the agents are aggregated by a function to a real-valued state of the entire system, we are interested in the influence or importance of different agents for that function. This generalizes the notion of power indices for binary voting systems to decisions over interval policy spaces and has applications in economics, engineering, security analysis, and

Rumor spreading is a good sample of spreading in which human beings are the main players in the spreading process. Therefore, in order to have a more realistic model of rumor spreading on online social networks, the influence of psycho-sociological factors particularly those which affect users’ reactions toward rumor/anti-rumor should be considered. To this aim, we present a new model that considers

Social issues are generally discussed by highly-involved and less-involved people to build social norms defining what has to be thought and done about them. As self-involved agents share different attitude dynamics to other agents [Wood, W., Pool, G., Leck, K. and Purvis, D., Self-definition, defensive processing, and influence: The normative impact of majority and minority groups, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol

The advantages of groups over individuals in complex decision-making have long interested scientists across disciplinary divisions. Averaging over a collection of individual judgments proves a reliable strategy for aggregating information, particularly in diverse groups in which statistically independent beliefs fall on both sides of the truth and contradictory biases are cancelled out. Social influence

The paper introduces a general sharing structure and presents sufficient and necessary conditions for the agents to approach by the dynamics of sharing an equal distribution of assets. For the special case of a ring structure with a uniform sharing rate, robustness is analyzed in case the rate does change during the process of sharing. The search for an equal distribution is similar to that for consensus

We expect that democracy enables us to utilize collective intelligence such that our collective decisions build and enhance social welfare, and such that we accept their distributive and normative consequences. Collective decisions are produced by voting procedures which aggregate individual preferences and judgments. Before and after, individual preferences and judgments change as their underlying

Influence maximization is a well-known problem in the social network analysis literature which is to find a small subset of seed nodes to maximize the diffusion or spread of information. The main application of this problem in the real-world is in viral marketing. However, the classic influence maximization is disabled to model the real-world viral marketing problem, since the effect of the marketing

Polarization between groups is a major topic of contemporary societal debate and research. Formal models of opinion dynamics try to explain how intergroup polarization arises from simple first principles of social interaction. In existing models, intergroup attitudes affect social influence in the form of homophily or xenophobia, fixed tendencies of individuals to be more open to influence from ingroup

In the last decade, the economic community has been characterized by a growing debate on the methods used in research. In particular, the financial crisis exposed the mainstream general equilibrium models used by economists to their flaws and drawbacks (Fagiolo and Roventini, 2017) and also policymakers claimed to feel ''abandoned'' by the conventional tools (Trichet, 2010). The weaknesses of conducting

This paper, proposes a complex Laplacian-based distributed control scheme for convergence in the multi-agent network. The proposed scheme has been designated as cascade formulation. The proposed technique exploits the traditional method of organizing large scattered networks into smaller interconnected clusters to optimize information flow within the network. The complex Laplacian-based approach results

Evolution of influenza viruses is a highly complex process that is still poorly understood. Multiyear persistence of similar variants and accumulating evidences of existence of multigenic traits indicates that influenza viruses operate as integrated units and not only as sets of distinct genes. However, there is still no consensus on whether it is the case, and to what extent. One of the main problems

Actors in the Prisoner’s Dilemma agent-based model presented here decide between cooperation and defection in binary interactions determined by distance and overall gains. The paper thus tries to answer one of the fundamental questions of international politics: how does cooperative behavior perform in an environment governed by power and location? Two kinds of noise and the reward for mutual cooperation

The availability of massive data about sports activities offers nowadays the opportunity to quantify the relation between performance and success. In this study, we analyze more than 6000 games and 10 million events in six European leagues and investigate this relation in soccer competitions. We discover that a team’s position in a competition’s final ranking is significantly related to its typical

The largely dominant meritocratic paradigm of highly competitive Western cultures is rooted on the belief that success is mainly due, if not exclusively, to personal qualities such as talent, intelligence, skills, smartness, efforts, willfulness, hard work or risk taking. Sometimes, we are willing to admit that a certain degree of luck could also play a role in achieving significant success. But, as

Scientific collaborations shape ideas as well as innovations and are both the substrate for, and the outcome of, academic careers. Recent studies show that gender inequality is still present in many scientific practices ranging from hiring to peer-review processes and grant applications. In this work, we investigate gender-specific differences in collaboration patterns of more than one million computer

The emerging data explosion in sports field has created new opportunities to practice data science and analytics for deeper and larger scale analysis of games. With collaborating and competing 22 players on the field, soccer is often considered as a complex system. More specifically, each game is usually modeled as a network with players as nodes and passes between them as the edges. The number of

In the modern era where highly-commodified cultural products compete heavily for mass consumption, finding the principles behind the complex process of how successful, “hit” products emerge remains a vital scientific goal that requires an interdisciplinary approach. Here, we present a framework for tracing the cycle of prosperity-and-decline of a product to find insights into influential and potent

Statistical properties of software networks have been extensively studied. However, in the previous works, software networks are usually considered as a single-layer network, which cannot capture the authentic characteristics of software since software in its nature should be multilayer. In this paper, we explore the structural properties of the multilayer software network at the class level by progressively

Since all the existing real world networks are evolving, the study of traffic dynamics is a challenging task. Avoidance of traffic congestion, system utility maximization and enhancement of network capacity are prominent issues. Network capacity may be improved either by optimizing network topology or enhancing in routing approach. In this context, we propose and design a model of the time-varying

To what extent does joint membership in intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) matter for bilateral trade? How and under what conditions do the various types of IGOs — economic, socio-cultural and general purpose — influence bilateral trade between their members? How do complex interdependencies in world trade matter? Existing research tends to examine aggregate joint IGO memberships and has done little

In this paper, we explore the relationship between Minimum Feedbackability Set (MFS) and Feedbackability Set (FS) of complex networks and use simulated annealing algorithm to obtain a relatively fast and reliable estimation of the MFS. Then, we implement this method to estimate the MFS of some real-world networks and explore whether the topological features influence the size of MFS. Additionally,

We introduce a new solution concept, called periodicity, for selecting optimal strategies in strategic form games. This periodicity solution concept yields new insight into nontrivial games. In mixed strategy strategic form games, periodic solutions yield values for the utility function of each player that are equal to the Nash equilibrium ones. In contrast to the Nash strategies, here the payoffs