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The show must go on(line): the impact of content and system quality on the usage of television streaming content libraries Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Christian Zabel, Reinhard E. Kunz, Verena Telkmann, Daniel O’Brien
This study explores the impact of strategic product characteristics (content and system quality), price value, and habit on attitudinal (word of mouth and brand perception) and behavioral (actual u...
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Influencer transgressions: The impacts on endorser and brand Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2023-07-12 Walter von Mettenheim, Klaus-Peter Wiedmann
ABSTRACT Social influencer marketing has developed into a powerful form of marketing communication. Influencers, akin to any type of endorser, may commit transgressions. As influencers’ main field of activity is the internet, a transgression can propagate swiftly and cause damage to both an influencer and an endorsed brand. Against this backdrop, we contribute a framework that includes eleven transgressions
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Applying option thinking to value experiential marketing content Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2023-06-27 Franziska Völckner, Martin Spann, Henrik Sattler, Rouven Schwerdtfeger, Thorsten Hennig-Thurau, Martin Hirche
ABSTRACT Investments in new marketing offerings are notoriously risky, as they require firms to make judgments about an uncertain future. The authors develop an option-thinking framework for valuing and selecting new marketing offerings that combines real-options theory with virtual markets. They apply the framework and demonstrate its power empirically in the context of experiential content, where
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Gender Bias in German Media Reports Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2023-03-19 Lea Bernhardt, Ralf Dewenter
ABSTRACT In this paper, we empirically examine German media reports about politicians with regard to gender differences in the reporting. We analyze a comprehensive dataset with coded reports from both public and private media outlets between 1998 and 2012 and estimate the tonality of the coverage using logit models. Overall, we find a more or less balanced reporting with only small differences in
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Content-, system-, and hardware-related effects on the experience of flow in VR gaming Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-12-10 Reinhard E. Kunz, Christian Zabel, Verena Telkmann
ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to conceptualize and measure the flow experience of Virtual Reality (VR) gaming as well as to develop and empirically test a research model that explains flow experience and subsequent usage behavior. This model highlights the effects of content-, system-, and hardware-related factors on flow, as well as the relevance of interaction effects. Based on a large survey
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The effectiveness of event marketing in an attention economy: Findings from Twitch live-stream esports tournament events Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Eric Mao
ABSTRACT Previous research on the effectiveness of event marketing was predominantly focused on single events and individual participants. This paper aims to expand the scope of inquiry into this topic by investigating how the frequency and magnitude of esports tournament events affect the numbers of Twitch live-stream viewers and channels. Data containing the monthly averages of Twitch viewers and
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Externalities across advertising markets Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Rémi Devaux, Olivier Bomsel
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes externalities generated by offline advertising campaigns on the performance of online ads. Using advertising data on a panel of firms in the hotel industry, we estimate how a firm’s offline, display, and competing ad campaigns impact the effectiveness of Google and Facebook advertising. We find a positive effect of traditional mass-media campaigns on Google clicks. Advertising
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Television and women’s reproductive behavior: evidence from Uganda Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-07-27 Ishraq Ahmed
ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between television exposure and women’s reproductive behavior in Uganda. There is very little research that has explored the impact of television on the current adoption of modern contraceptives and to our knowledge, no studies have looked at the relationship between family planning programs on TV and the use of modern birth control in Uganda. We find that
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Analyzing prerelease consumer buzz and information cascades within the film industry: are there differences by gender and age groups? Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-06-03 Sofia Izquierdo-Sanchez, Alan Shaw
ABSTRACT The concept of prerelease consumer buzz (PRCB) is a relatively new phenomenon. It is the excitement generated by consumers in anticipation of a forthcoming new product, film, song, or play. The PRCB is closely associated with information cascades because the buzz generated can be a mechanism for driving consumers to experience the said new product. Earlier research has called for scholars
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Predicting movie revenue before committing significant investments Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-05-09 Chiranjib Paul, Prabir Kumar Das
ABSTRACT A movie originates at the development stage when investors evaluate multiple scripts, attach key cast and crew, and shape the budget. Investors prefer to consider various scenarios before committing a large sum of money when selecting the key cast and crew. An accurate revenue prediction at this early stage reduces the risk of investment. We use a little information available at the early
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Free lunch for all? – A path analysis on free mentality, paying intent and media budget for digital journalism Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-05-02 Daniel O’Brien
ABSTRACT The advertising-based business model of journalism is under massive economic pressure. Thus, paid online content is becoming increasingly important for publishers. However, most consumers refuse to pay for online content at all. “Free mentality,” the consumer’s aversion to accept any price point other than zero, is discussed as one major reason. This paper is the first to empirically examine
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Understanding mediators in location-based mobile marketing and why commuting hubs are so effective—a mediation analysis of a randomized field experiment Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2022-03-31 Patrick Felka, Cristina Mihale-Wilson, Oliver Hinz
ABSTRACT Due to its inexpensiveness, speed of implementation and adaptation, push location-based mobile advertising (LBMA) can constitute a powerful, cost-effective marketing tool. Thus, in theory, LBMA bears considerable potential for conducting effective marketing campaigns. However, in reality, to tap into this potential, practitioners, and academics must first understand how targeting strategies
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Violent Video Games and Crime Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-12-07 Joost Impink, Patrick Kielty, Han Stice, Roger White
ABSTRACT This study examines the change in crime observed in the weeks following the release (exogenous shocks to video game play) of top-selling video games between 2006 and 2011. We find that the release of violent (Mature-rated) video games is associated with an increase in overall crime in the weeks following release. Crime increases for both youth and adults following blockbuster Mature-rated
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Genuine Liking or the Need for Closure? The Differential Effects of Consumers’ TV Drama Viewing Motivations on Commercial Viewership Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-06-04 Yang Shi, Tingting Wang
ABSTRACT Television advertising effectiveness constitutes a key marketing issue. Advertisers rely on program TV ratings to determine advertisement placement because consumers’ decisions to view TV commercials are largely influenced by their TV program-viewing behavior. However, high program viewership of television dramas does not always entail high commercial viewership; consumers’ motivations for
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Detecting coverage bias in user-generated content Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-04-26 Anna Kerkhof, Johannes Münster
ABSTRACT The importance of user-generated content is growing as media consumption is moving online; yet, investigations of media bias on user-generated content platforms are rare. We develop a novel procedure to detect coverage bias – i.e., bias in the amount of coverage certain topics or issues receive – on user-generated content platforms. We proceed in two steps. First, we focus on a sample of homogeneous
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Packaging deals in the entertainment industry: a bargaining approach Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-05-18 Thomas J Miceli
ABSTRACT Creation of a television or movie project requires the bundling of inputs – writers, actors, directors – into a coherent package that can be produced and distributed. Traditionally this bundling was done by studios, which then negotiated compensation deals with input suppliers via their agents. However, large talent agencies have increasingly engaged in the practice of “packaging,” which involves
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Cultural dimensions of online vs. offline media competition: an application of niche theory Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-05-13 Sung Wook Ji, Junwon Lee
ABSTRACT Using 50 countries’ media-market panel data from 2012 to 2016, this study examines changes in the global media industry caused by the development of the Internet and assesses the influence of cultural factors on these changes. In the light of niche theory, an analytical method of measuring the competition among media, this study analyzes gradual changes in the online and offline media markets
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Media corruption perceptions and US foreign direct investment Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-04-01 Mohammad Refakar, Jean-Pierre Gueyie
ABSTRACT Media play an important role in shaping people’s beliefs and ideas. More specifically, media have a great influence on what we think about foreign countries. The media influence the way a country’s citizens view the people and governments of other countries and shape our image of them. All types of articles about foreign countries are covered in the media. Investors looking to invest abroad
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On the pricing of quality attributes at movie theaters Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-02-04 Julio C. Arteaga, Daniela Coronado, Daniel Flores
ABSTRACT In this study, we use hedonic and conjoint analyses to estimate the effects of a series of service attributes such as VIP (top luxury), IMAX, X4D (a 3D movie projection with synchronized physical effects), JUNIOR (an auditorium with a playground for kids), and 3D on admission prices at movie theaters. As far as we know, this is the first effort to measure consumers’ willingness to pay for
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When journalists become stars: drivers of human brand images and their influence on consumer intentions Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-03-17 Nina Klaß, Christian-Mathias Wellbrock
ABSTRACT Technology has disrupted the news media, and the limited intention to pay for content is still a challenge for the industry. News media outlets currently distribute single articles through online and profile logic platforms, such as social media sites, to consumers and marketers. Thus, journalists are becoming more visible, relevant and, consequently, valuable–for both consumers and firms
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The effects of first and second screen marketing on TV viewing activity Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-02-27 Lena Hoeck, Martin Spann
ABSTRACT One of the core challenges in the media industry is attracting audiences. To this end, publishers, such as TV broadcasters, spend significant resources on advertising their contents on TV and in digital channels. Among others, they are trying to leverage the growing use of additional screen-based devices (second screens) in conjunction with the television, the first screen. This paper empirically
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Cross-country variation in the share of national movies in total box office revenue Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-01-20 M. Utku Özmen
ABSTRACT This study investigates the cross-country variation in the share of national movies in total box office revenue using annual observations from a sample of 43 countries. For this purpose, the preference for national movies is associated with the size of domestic movie production (proxied by absolute and relative number of national movies produced), availability of top-class movie directors
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Geography and consumption of local media Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Orsa Kekezi, Charlotta Mellander
ABSTRACT Urbanization has led to the centralization of many important functions, including the media sector. In the case of Sweden, 53% of journalists now live in the capital region of Stockholm. The number of local editorial offices has shrunk from 668 to 273 in 28 years. What impact does this media centralization have? A recent report from the U.S. by the PEW Institute shows that rural communities
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The economics of social media (super-)stars: an empirical investigation of stardom and success on YouTube Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-10-02 Oliver Budzinski, Sophia Gaenssle
A new type of superstars developed with the rise of social media markets: social media superstars (SMS). The economic literature on the superstar phenomenon provides empirical evidence on different...
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Agenda 2020: Research Opportunities with Managerial and Economic Impact Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-04-03 Michel Clement, Jan U. Becker
The Journal of Media Economics is a leading journal for the media discipline. It publishes relevant insights from rigorous original research on the economics and policy of mediated communication, f...
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Overlooked history in the Age of Surveillance Capitalism Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-04-03 Noel Packard
In a Democracy Now interview about her book, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (2019), Harvard Business School and Charles Edward Wilson ...
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IDEA FORUM: the impact of subscription-based video on demand on traditional distributors’ value chains and business models Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-04-03 Michel Clement, Cord Otten, Rouven Seifert, Ole Kleinen, Mark B. Houston, Ekaterina V. Karniouchina, Christoph Heller
ABSTRACT This paper introduces the new Idea Forum at the Journal of Media Economics and provides an overview of the challenges in the movie industry caused by the market entry of subscription-based video on demand (SVOD) providers such as Netflix and Amazon (Prime). Specifically, we focus on the fundamental shift in traditional distributors’ value chains and business models that are threatened by the
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A comparative study: Performance of Hollywood and Korean sequel films in Korea Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-04-03 Dam Hee Kim, Seongcheol Kim
ABSTRACT The film business is notoriously high risk. This paper investigates what types of films are successful by analyzing 1,539 films released between 2004 and 2009 in South Korea, whose consumption rate of domestic films is exceptionally high. Drawing from the literature on brand extension and country of origin, this paper demonstrates that sequels attract more box office audiences than non-sequels
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Promotional effects and the determination of royalty rates for music Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-04-03 T. Randolph Beard, George S. Ford, Michael Stern
ABSTRACT When a terrestrial radio station plays a song during its over-the-air broadcast, the artists and their record labels receive no compensation for the sound recording right. Yet radio’s digital competitors – including streaming services and satellite radio – do pay performance royalties to performers and their labels for the sound recording. Terrestrial radio’s cost-advantage is not the result
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A thirty-year retrospective of the Journal of Media Economics: who wrote what, and how? Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2018-04-03 Jaemin Jung, Youngju Kim, Haeyeop Song
ABSTRACT This paper provides a content analysis of the published articles in the Journal of Media Economics during the period 1988–2017 and was sparked by the 30th anniversary of the journal. A total of 388 papers were content-analyzed to answer the questions of who wrote what, and how in the journal for the above-mentioned 30 years. Each article was classified based on the number of authors, author’s
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Feedback effect of brand extension in cable networks established by parent newspaper brands: applying expectation disconfirmation theory Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-10-02 Sang Ki Baek, Sang-Hyun Nam, Byeng-Hee Chang
ABSTRACT In the present study, we constructed a new research model to understand the feedback effects of brand extension by applying expectation disconfirmation theory to a real-world case of brand extension among South Korean newspapers. We found that the feedback effect was significant in brand extension efforts between the newspaper and broadcast industries. In addition, the relationships between
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Federal Reserve Communication and the Media Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-10-02 Carola Binder
ABSTRACT The effectiveness of monetary policy and political legitimacy of central banks depend on monetary policymakers ability to communicate through the media. The literature on monetary policy communication remains disconnected from relevant research in communication and media studies. This article uses a new database of Federal Reserve communication events merged with a database of 310,565 news
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Intrafirm competition and release dates: evidence from the recorded music industry Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-10-02 Kellie Konsor
ABSTRACT Major consolidation has occurred in the recorded music industry over the past 20 years, which has led some industry stakeholders to question the power and influence of the major remaining firms. I test whether there is evidence that subsidiaries of the large parent firms in this industry act as a cohesive unit or if they focus on maximizing their own profit without taking into consideration
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Sales Forecasting of New Entertainment Media Products Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-07-03 Christina Hofmann-Stölting, Michel Clement, Steven Wu, Sönke Albers
ABSTRACT Managers predict the sales of new entertainment products prior to their release using comparables, such as similar books from the same author or movies with the same actors. In this study, the authors analyze whether diffusion models for media products provide helpful support in the management task of predicting prelaunch sales of the first distribution channel for three different product
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Platform Competition in the Video Game Console Industry: Impacts of Software Quality and Exclusivity on Market Share Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-07-03 Haeyop Song, Jaemin Jung, Daegon Cho
ABSTRACT This study examines impacts of the complementary products on platform competition, in the context of video game consoles. Using 10-year panel data, the results demonstrate that high-quality software has a disproportionately significant effect on hardware demand. The high-quality exclusive software is an important factor affecting consumers’ utility, and it tends to be developed in hardware
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Influence of quality and exclusivity in two-sided markets, effects of infinite durability on the consumption of information goods, and improving sales forecasting for media products Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-07-03 Hugh J. Martin, Adam D. Rennhoff
Each article in this this issue provides new insight into demand for media goods. The first revisits network effects in two-sided markets by focusing on the quality and exclusivity of video games. The study finds gamers tend to play just a few widely popular games. Popular games therefore have an outsize influence on the success of video game consoles. The second article examines effects from the introduction
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The introduction of infinite durability to an information good and the decision to buy or rent: evidence from the film industry Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-07-03 Gabriel Pablo Axarlian
ABSTRACT Home entertainment markets have seen dramatic declines in revenues over the last 10 years due to the digital revolution, making new adaptation strategies of crucial importance to maintaining existing profitability. Recently, the film industry has worked with related firms to develop a standardized ecosystem for the sale and access to digital versions of their films. This system, known as UltraViolet
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Media pluralism: What matters for governance and regulation? Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-04-03 Henry Allen, Sara Connolly, Shaun P. Hargreaves Heap
ABSTRACT Media pluralism is valued in most jurisdictions because it contributes to a well-informed citizenry. The authors examine what media policy and regulatory levers appear to affect five types of citizen knowledge across the European Union. They conclude that concentration of titles matters more than ownership in newsprint; and that neither type of concentration matters in broadcasting in the
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Profitably Bundling Information Goods: Evidence From the Evolving Video Library of Netflix Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-04-03 R. Scott Hiller
ABSTRACT Using a unique dataset of the Netflix video on demand library, this article measures the characteristics of information goods important when employing a strategic bundling strategy. By matching the titles entering and exiting the library to their relevant properties, I use a characteristic approach to determine when the value to Netflix of adding a title exceeds the licensing fee and when
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Information Asymmetry and Investor Reaction to Corporate Crisis: Media Reputation as a Stock Market Signal Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2017-04-03 Zhe OuYang, Jia Xu, Jiuchang Wei, Yang Liu
ABSTRACT Information asymmetry between corporate management and investors creates a context in which corporate reputation conveyed in the media may serve as a valid signal of firm quality to investors in times of corporate crisis. Results confirmed our hypothesis that corporate media reputation was positively correlated with postcrisis stock return. Furthermore, the positive effect of media reputation
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The More You Know … The More You Enjoy? Applying ‘Consumption Capital Theory’ To Motion Picture Franchises Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Christian Opitz, Kay H. Hofmann
ABSTRACT In this article, we build on Stigler and Becker’s (1977) “consumption capital theory” and propose a novel conceptualization of film quality for the analysis of motion picture franchises. Generally, this theory predicts that the utility consumers derive from a particular good or service increases with prior consumption. We test our theoretical conjectures by drawing on the population of sequels
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Repeat Consumption of Media Goods: Examining Factors Affecting Repeat Theatrical Viewing of Movies Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Byeng-Hee Chang, Sang-Hyun Nam, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted, Hun Kim
ABSTRACT This study explored the factors affecting repeat theatrical viewing of movies. Integrating content, social influence, and access/competition variables, the analysis reveals that the drivers of theatrical repeat viewing are different from those for box office performance. For example, the effects of genre, transmedia content, and audience review were significant only for the latter and factors
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Which New Forms of Television Advertising Are Most Strongly Recalled? A Quantitative Analysis Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-10-01 María Arrazola, José de Hevia, Pedro Reinares
ABSTRACT In recent years the loss of effectiveness of television advertising based on traditional spots has led to the development and consolidation of new forms of advertising. In this article, the authors analyze the recall effectiveness of three new television advertising formats (television billboards, internal telepromotions, and external telepromotions). We use a representative sample of Spanish
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Boost Movie Ticket Sales by Location-Based Advertising: A Bayesian VAR Approach Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-07-02 Zheng Fang, Yang Yang, Yanyan Xu, Wei Li
ABSTRACT Compared to previous research studying movie advertising focusing on traditional advertising, this study introduce location-based ads (LBA), an important new media advertising, to raise limited coverage of traditional movie advertising. This study explores the role of LBA in generating ticket sales dynamically and compares it with that of pop-up window ads (PWA). Using daily aggregate cinema
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Media Control: A Case for Privatization in Transitional Economies Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-07-02 Fran Galetić, Marina Dabić, Timothy Kiessling
ABSTRACT The television market can be one of the most dynamic industries if country-specific regulations allow for private competitors to enter the market. The entry of competition changes the market from monopolistic to oligopolistic, which has positive performance implications for the industry. Our research analyzes the development of the Croatian TV market from the monopolistic stage to the current
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Journal of Media EconomicsAward of Honor 2016 Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-07-02 Hugh J. Martin, Adam D. Rennhoff
Prof. Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero of the Universidad de Navarra has been recognized with the Journal of Media Economics Award of Honor for his scholarly contributions to the field of media economics. Prof. Sánchez-Tabernero’s research is mainly focused on strategies of growth and diversification of media companies, and on the concept of media quality. His work has resulted in more than 50 journal articles
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Do New Media Substitute for Old Media?: A Panel Analysis of Daily Media Use Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-04-02 Shinjae Jang, Minsoo Park
ABSTRACT In this article, we estimate the user substitutability and complementarity of media by using media diary data on the media use of individuals over the course of three days. Fixed-effects panel data models allow us to eliminate possible bias due to individual-specific media use propensity. We observe significant substitution among paper, television, and computer use, while telephone and computer
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Advertising Content and Avoidance, New Media or Old Media, and Media Coverage of Celebrity Suicides Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-04-02 Hugh J. Martin, Adam D. Rennhoff
This issue of Journal of Media Economics includes three articles covering a wide range of mediarelated topics. All three articles have important implications for media firms, from advertisers to traditional media content providers. These articles also raise important points in a larger publicpolicy sense, as well. The first article is “Advertising Content and Television Advertising Avoidance,” by Kenneth
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Does Media Coverage of a Celebrity Suicide Trigger Copycat Suicides?: Evidence from Korean Cases Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-04-02 Yun Jeong Choi, Hyungna Oh
ABSTRACT This article investigates the link between media coverage of celebrity suicides and the nation’s suicide rate. The instrumental variable regression is applied to suicide data from Statistics Korea and the media coverage data on celebrity suicides from Mediagaon of the Korea Press Foundation during the period from 1997 to 2009. The estimation results demonstrate that Korean celebrity suicides
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Advertising Content and Television Advertising Avoidance Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-04-02 Kenneth C. Wilbur
ABSTRACT This article proposes a new measure of television advertising avoidance, the Passive/Active Zap (PAZ), as an occurrence of a set-top box switching channels during a commercial break after at least 5 min of inactivity prior to the break. Twenty-seven percent of eligible commercial breaks are interrupted by a PAZ. A proportional hazards model is applied to a unique dataset to estimate the impact
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The Value of the Internet as Entertainment in Five European Countries Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-01-02 Smaranda Pantea, Bertin Martens
ABSTRACT We estimate the value of leisure online by applying Goolsbee and Klenow (2006) method to Nielsen Clickstream dataset, which covers the clickstream of more than 12,000 internet users in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom, in 2011. We find that the equivalent variation of welfare from leisure online for the average internet user was between 524 and 785 euros per year. At country
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The Economics of Sensationalism: The Lack of Effect of Scandal-Reporting on Business Outcomes Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-01-02 Brinja Meiseberg, Jochen Lengers, Thomas Ehrmann
ABSTRACT It goes nearly unchallenged that ambition for increased demand and therefore commercial forces induce newspapers to engage in sensationalism. However, who actually benefits, and to what extent, by reporting on alleged scandals remains largely unclear. Accordingly, this study evaluates the business outcomes of the most spectacular German scandal in recent decades. The results provide an explanation
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Measuring the Welfare Effects of Public Television Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-01-02 Joost Poort, Barbara Baarsma
ABSTRACT Based on an explorative case study in the Netherlands, the authors developed a methodology to assess the welfare effects of public service broadcasting. This methodology consists of a combination of revealed and stated preferences, using readily available data for all programs broadcast in the evening in 2011. The results cover both individual programs and an aggregate level. Because the data
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Scandal Reporting and Business Outcomes, Welfare Effects from Internet Access, and Welfare Effects from Public Broadcasting Journal of Media Economics Pub Date : 2016-01-02 Hugh J. Martin, Adam D. Rennhoff
The first article in this issue finds no support for the widespread belief that sensational news coverage can increase a news organization’s profits. The second article estimates the average user in five European countries receives consumer surplus from free access to internet leisure activities of 525 to 785 Euros per year. The third article estimates the annual welfare from public service broadcasting