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Unleashing the anticipatory reasonable adjustment duty: University of Bristol v Abrahart (EHRC intervening) [2024] EWHC 299 (KB) International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2024-03-23 Achas K Burin, Shreya Atrey
On 14 February 2024, the High Court upheld the decision of the Bristol County Court in University of Bristol v Dr Robert Abrahart. Ms Abrahart, a physics undergraduate, took her own life in April 2018, the morning before she was meant to deliver an oral presentation. The claim brought by Ms Abrahart’s father was that in failing to remove or adjust the requirement for oral assessments, the University
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Disability discrimination in the provision of health insurance: Article 25(e) of the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Daryl WJ Yang
Article 25(e) of the CRPD obliges State Parties to “prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities in the provision of health insurance… which shall be provided in a fair and reasonable manner”. Equal access to health insurance is critical in ensuring that persons with disabilities can enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. However, the scope and substance of Article 25(e) have
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The Equality Act 2010 - changes in 2024 including Brexit-related codification International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2024-01-19 James Hand
This legislative note considers the widespread changes to the Equality Act 2010 which have been made or are set to be made in 2024. These are predominantly but not exclusively as a result of Brexit and the effect of the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023 and see indirect effect give way to express statutory provisions. The breadth of the changes span: aspects of the definitions of direct
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For all (Hu)mankind? The intersection of mental capacity, informed consent and contract law with U.K. space law International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Alexander Ian Simmonds
The UK Space Industry Act 2018 has now been supplemented with the new Space Industry Regulations. While examples of Space Tourism grace our screens and newsfeeds on an increasingly regular basis su...
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Access to post-secondary Education in Canada for students with disabilities International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-05-15 Laverne Jacobs
In Canada, access to post-secondary education is guaranteed by a number of domestic instruments. These instruments are: statutory human rights legislation, constitutional law, and accessibility leg...
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Dutch disability discrimination law and further and higher education: A case study based on the Opinions of the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Lisa Waddington
Dutch legislation has prohibited disability discrimination with regard to post-secondary education since 2003, when the Equal Treatment of Disabled and Chronically Ill People Act came into force. T...
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A co-designed tool to gather data from students with disability about their experiences in tertiary education: Insights from Australia International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-05-04 Alicia Steele, Robin Banks, Winnifred R Louis
A small internal investigation by the University of Queensland (UQ) Union Disability Collective resulted in a student-led project supported by academics across three Australian universities. The pr...
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Inclusive learning in Ireland: A case study International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-04-24 Lucy-Ann Buckley, Shivaun Quinlivan
Ireland ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2018. However, the CRPD’s provisions on inclusive education have not been widely considered in relation to Irish...
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Using the new disability human rights paradigm to create higher education leadership opportunities International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-04-12 Paul Harpur, Brooke Szucs
Driven by anti-discrimination laws and a desire to promote human rights, universities have made strategic efforts to support their students with disabilities and provided some support to their staf...
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Able to study? Reasonable accommodation at flemish universities International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Lotte Lammens, Marie Spinoy, Kurt Willems
Across Flemish universities, students with disabilities continue to make up a minority of the student population. Yet Article 24 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (‘CR...
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A path towards true inclusion: Disabled students and higher education in America International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Janni Lehrer-Stein, Jordan Berger
We live in a moment of immense and developing change, reacting to global challenges that appear with increasing speed and requiring reassessment of priorities and perhaps, reshaping the framework b...
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In search of a landing place for persons with disabilities: A critique of South Africa’s skills development programme International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-03-10 Michele Botha, Karina Fischer Mogensen, Adèle Ebrahim, Dominique Brand
South African legislation is viewed as progressive in relation to persons with disabilities. Policies addressing socio-economic inequality include a focus on promoting skills development and employ...
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Overarmed or underdressed? whistleblowers between anti-discrimination law and freedom of expression International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2023-01-27 Olivier Leclerc
Does retaliation against a whistleblower qualify as discrimination or an infringement of freedom of expression? In France, whistleblowing legislation has built whistleblower protection on the model...
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There but for the grace of OGOD: Religion and diversity in South African public schools International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-08-30 Meghan Finn
South Africa’s doctrinal approach to religion in public schools allows for circumscribed space for religious observances, while protecting diverse and minority interests. In Organisasie vir Godsdie...
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Anti-discrimination jurisprudence: US v. Carrillo-Lopez International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-08-29 Kevin Scott Jobe
In August 2021, a U.S. Federal District Court ruled that §1326 of the Immigration Naturalization Act (INA) which criminalizes illegal reentry violated the Equal Protection clause of the Fifth Amend...
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Guest Editor Introduction: Contesting and Undoing Discriminatory Borders International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-08-23 Shreya Atrey, Catherine Briddick, Michelle Foster
When people ask if we select on the basis of skin colour, then we have to readily admit that. Somebody’s skin colour is for us the first sign of possible illegality. But, because we select on the basis of skin colour does not automatically mean that we discriminate.2
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(Some) refugees welcome: When is differentiating between refugees unlawful discrimination? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-08-24 Cathryn Costello, Michelle Foster
Europe’s extraordinary response to those fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has prompted many criticisms of Europe’s treatment of other refugees, and indeed people of colour a...
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Supporting continued work under the UNCRPD – views of employees living with mild cognitive impairment or early onset dementia International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Katja Karjalainen, Mervi Issakainen, Marjo Ylhäinen, Sheida Marashi, Ann-Charlotte Nedlund, Jennifer Boger, Arlene Astell, Anna Mäki-Petäjä-Leinonen, Louise Nygård
This article reports the results of a socio-legal investigation into how continued work among people living with progressive cognitive impairments such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early o...
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Non-Discrimination and special protection for migrants and refugees International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-08-05 Luisa Feline Freier, Valeria Aron Said, Diego Quesada Nicoli
In the Americas, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) have established that the principle of equality and non-discrimination r...
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Special issue: Contesting and undoing discriminatory borders International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-07-21
Welcome to this Special issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law in which we are delighted to hand over editorial duties to our Guest Editors Shreya Atrey, Catherine Briddick and Michelle Foster.
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Unprincipled and unrealised: CEDAW and discrimination experienced in the context of migration control International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Catherine Briddick
This article analyses the CEDAW Committee’s General Recommendations and Views on individual complaints, to evaluate its contribution to the elimination of discrimination against women experienced i...
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The dichotomy within denationalisation: Perpetuating or emancipating from its discriminatory past? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Christian Prener
This article examines the acceptability of the differential treatment of dual citizens within contemporary denationalisation from both doctrinal and normative perspectives with particular focus on ...
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Denationalisation and discrimination in postcolonial India International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-07-12 Sumedha Choudhury
With the recent National Register of Citizens updating process in Assam (a northeastern state in India) and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA 2019), there have been significant changes to India’s citizenship laws and policies. This may create one of the world’s largest stateless populations in modern times. These changes manifest the government’s othering process of creating binaries of belonging
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The prospects for the legalization of same sex marriages in vietnam International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-06-29 Trinh Thi Hong Nguyen, Luong Duc Doan
This article discusses the various factors in Vietnam that are influencing the possibility of introducing a law on same sex marriage and draws three main conclusions. Firstly, it argues that the greatest concern about the possible success of the campaigns on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) issues in general, and the recognition of same sex marriages in particular, is indeed a political
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Editorial Summer 2022 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-05-18 Nicole Busby, Grace James
We welcome you to this issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law in which we are delighted to present an array of articles covering several jurisdictions, all of which offer excellent analyses of recent developments in discrimination law.
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The judicialisation of discrimination in the Indonesian constitutional court International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-05-03 Mohammad Ibrahim
Following the post-Soeharto constitutional reform from 1999 to 2002, the Indonesian Constitutional Court was established with powers, inter alia, to review the constitutionality of national legislation. The constitutional amendments also incorporated a constitutional Bill of Rights, which includes the right to be free from discrimination on any ground and the right to protection against discrimination
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Why are you offline? The issue of digital consent and discrimination of Roma communities during pandemic in Slovakia International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-04-24 Denisa Nevická,Matúš Mesarčík
The article is focused on the issue of discrimination against Roma communities in the use of educational online platforms on account of failure to provide digital consent. The digital education model used during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Slovak Republic somehow forgot about Roma communities, thus preventing Roma students from accessing education through online platforms. This contribution is aimed
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When rights collide: Examining conflicts between gender identity, sexual orientation, & religious discrimination protections International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-04-23 Ashley M Alteri
In 2020 the U.S. Supreme Court extended federal employment discrimination protections to individuals based on their gender identity or sexual orientation. While this decision represents a victory for LGBTQIA+ employees, it did not speak to whether religious freedom laws would provide a suitable defense for violating this law. After this decision, we are left with an HR puzzle. When employment discrimination
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G.L. v. Italy: The ambiguous role of article 14 European court of human rights in inclusive education cases International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-03-28 Marie Spinoy,Kurt Willems
In September 2020, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the case of G.L. v. Italy found the Italian authorities in violation of their Convention obligations towards a child with disabilities. More specifically, as they had taken insufficient action to secure the implementation of support to which the learner had a legal right, Italy had violated its obligations under Article 2 of the First
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A continuing constitutional conversation: Locating Nitisha International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-03-09 Gauri Pillai
In April 2021, the Supreme Court of India decided Nitisha v Union of India, holding that the gender neutral hiring procedure adopted by the Indian Army indirectly discriminated against women officers by disproportionately excluding them from promotion. This effect was experienced due to systemic discrimination against women built into the appointment criteria. To redress systemic discrimination, the
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Editorial Spring 2022 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-03-09 Nicole Busby, Grace James
Welcome to this issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law which, as always, carries some insightful and thought-provoking contributions from scholars around the world.
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Indirect discrimination and substantive equality in Nitisha: Easier said than done under Indian constitutional jurisprudence International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-01-31 Vandita Khanna
This note analyses the recent landmark case of Lt Col Nitisha v Union of India, dated 25 March 2021, where the Supreme Court of India formally recognised the concept of indirect discrimination under Articles 14 and 15(1) of the Indian Constitution. Despite the favourable outcome and conceptual leaps in acknowledging that indirect discrimination is closely tied to substantive equality, the reasoning
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Legal gender recognition in Turkey International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2022-01-29 Ulaş Sunata, Aslı Makaracı Başak, Seda Öktem Çevik
Despite recent advances in transgender rights in European countries, some legal systems still have barriers such as obligatory diagnosis, sterilization, and medical interventions and incorporating societal acceptance and public order into their discourse. This study dealing with the regime of legal gender recognition in Turkey first reveals critical reciprocating historical developments in national
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Winter 2021 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-11-30 Nicole Busby, Grace James
Welcome to the December issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. As the world continues to struggle with the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic – discussed at length in our Autumn Special Issue – we are, in the first two articles here, reminded of the difficulties faced by many due to law’s inability to adequately engage with stubborn, damaging prejudices that have permeated
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Rien que des mots: Counteracting homophobic speech in European and U.S. law International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-10-07 Natalie Alkiviadou, Uladzislau Belavusau
Adopting a comparative perspective, this article examines legal means and practices of challenging homophobic speech in European and U.S. law. This exercise revolves around the study of major cases concerning homophobic speech from the law of the European Court of Human Rights and broader legal framework within the Council of Europe (the CoE), the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) as well
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Combating workplace discrimination on the basis of HIV status through disability law in Zambia International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-09-20 Dumisani J Ngoma
Zambia has within the last two decades enacted several pieces of legislation aimed at enhancing equality in the labour market and the workplace. However, despite being one of the countries that has been severely devastated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Zambia does not yet have specific legislation targeted at HIV-related stigma and discrimination in the labour market and workplace. Apart from the general
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Access to justice for Nigerian women: A veritable tool to achieving sustainable development International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-09-17 Olaitan O Olusegun, Olatunji S Oyelade
Access to justice promotes the achievement of sustainable development as it promotes the participation of citizens of a country, reduces poverty, increases the productivity of persons and strengthens the peace and development of nations. In Nigeria, however, most women are deprived of justice in several ways. Using the doctrinal method of study, this article examines the concept of access to justice
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Religious freedom and the right against religious discrimination: Democracy as the missing link International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-09-16 Myriam Hunter-Henin
The article puts forward a novel democratic framework to rethink the relationships between religious freedom and religious discrimination. First, it makes a case for a unifying normative basis for all religious interests grounded in a democratic framework, which emphasises the dual dimension of religious interests, both as negative rights protecting individual autonomy against interferences as well
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Populations, Pandemics, and Politics International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-09-03 Martha Albertson Fineman
The pandemic has created a series of practical and policy challenges for the entities and individuals deemed responsible for public health and welfare.1 The way in which those challenges have been approached reveals the assumptions that underlie the allocation of social welfare responsibility in a society. Of particular interest are the norms or standards and values governing the relationship between
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Editorial Covid-19: Lessons for and from Vulnerability Theory International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-09-01
This Special Issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, guest edited by Professor Martha Albertson Fineman, was pre-empted by the Covid-19 pandemic which has impacted upon, and continues to impact upon, the lives of us all. To say that Covid-19 has caused unprecedented harm to humanity is an understatement. The virus is responsible for the deaths of over 4 million people across
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COVID-19 magnifies the vulnerabilities: The Brazilian case International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-07-28 Danielle Mendes Thame Denny, Clarice Seixas Duarte, Douglas de Castro, Luiz Ismael Pereira
This paper discusses inequalities of the health system in Brazil and advocates that now, more than ever in light of the Covid-19 pandemic, the world needs to put in place a more collaborative and egalitarian way of financing health research and investments in public health systems. The role of the state and institutions in the design of public policies for the realization of social rights is debated
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Reimagining state responsibility for workers following COVID-19: A vulnerability approach International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-07-21 Lisa Rodgers
In this article it is argued that the COVID-19 crisis offers an important opportunity for engagement and reflection on the operation and effectiveness of laws regarding the workplace in the UK and beyond. The crisis underscores the temporality and partiality of labour law measures, and the need for a reimagining of that law based on more sustainable principles. I argue that this reimagination should
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The jurisprudence of universal subjectivity: COVID-19, vulnerability and housing International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-07-16 Kevin Scott Jobe
Drawing upon Martha Fineman’s vulnerability theory, the paper argues that the legal claims of homeless appellants before and during the COVID-19 pandemic illustrate our universal vulnerability which stems from the essential, life-sustaining activities flowing from the ontological status of the human body. By recognizing that housing availability has constitutional significance because it provides for
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Vulnerable bodies and invisible work: The Covid-19 pandemic and social reproduction International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-07-14 Ellen Gordon-Bouvier
The restrained state has always sought to devalue socially reproductive work, often consigning it to the private family unit, where it is viewed as a natural part of female relational roles. This marginalisation of social reproduction adversely affects those performing it and reduces their resilience to vulnerability. The pandemic has largely shattered the liberal illusions of autonomous personhood
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Vulnerability, legal need and technology in England and Wales International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-07-12 Daniel Newman, Jess Mant, Faith Gordon
This paper explores legal need and legal advice in England and Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic. It uses the lens of vulnerability theory to examine the ways in which this crisis exposed pre-existing fragilities between the state and its relationship with the advice sector, and the individuals who experience social welfare problems. The paper commences by exploring Fineman’s vulnerability thesis
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Critical analysis of transformative interventions redressing apartheid land discrimination and injustices in South Africa: From land segregation to inclusivity International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-06-30 Precius Sihlangu, Kola Sola Odeku
In 1994, as soon as South Africa became a democratic country, the first step taken by the new democratic government was to introduce various transformative constitutional and legislative interventions that sought to redress all the past apartheid discriminatory laws. This paper looks at these interventions by critically showcasing how they are being used to transform and reform land by ensuring inclusivity
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Critical issues arising from litigating HIV/AIDS discrimination in Nigeria International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-06-21 Bola Fajemirokun
The evolution of HIV/AIDS policy and legal frameworks in Nigeria has happened in distinct phases. The first period between 1986 when the first AIDS cases were reported and 1996 was uneventful and generally characterized by a distinct lack of appreciation of the spread and impact of the disease. During the following decade, notable achievements included the institutionalization of multisectoral responses
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Competition and collaboration: Title IX Coordinators and the barriers to achieving educational equity International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-05-27 Brian Pappas
How do compliance occupations successfully navigate complex institutional environments characterized by changing policy initiatives, managerial logics, unclear expectations, and competition from other occupational groups? This article examines the work of Title IX Coordinators at U.S. Colleges and Universities, who often hold dual roles, operate at lower levels within the institution, and lack the
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Editorial Summer 2021 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-05-27 Nicole Busby, Grace James
Welcome to this issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. The first two articles in this issue take the higher education sector as the focus for their analyses of discrimination law in two very different contexts. The two remaining articles provide a deep consideration of hate crime in Ecuador and a review of legal responses to xenophobia within the South African labour market
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Beyond discrimination: Mahlangu and the use of intersectionality as a general theory of constitutional interpretation International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-05-12 Shreya Atrey
This case note explores the landmark decision of the South African Constitutional Court in Mahlangu and Another v. Minister of Labour and Others, which recognised intersectional discrimination under section 9(3) of the Constitution. It shows that the Court went beyond that in fact and recognised intersectionality not just as part of discrimination law, but also as part of general constitutional law
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Xenophobia in the labour market: A South African legal and human rights perspective International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-05-06 John C Mubangizi
This article focuses on xenophobia in the South African labour market and the effect it can and does have on foreign employees. In contrast to current scholarship that portrays xenophobia in South Africa as a consequence of anti-immigrant sentiments and stereotypes that stem from social, political, economic and cultural misconceptions, this paper argues that the causes of xenophobia are much more complex
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The equalisation of the state pension age in United Kingdom: Indirect sex discrimination? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-04-29 Pauline Roberts
This commentary examines the Court of Appeal’s decision in R (Delve and Glynn) v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, which concerned the judicial review of the incremental increase of the state pension age in the United Kingdom for women born in the 1950s. It focuses on the claims of discrimination contrary to Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, in particular the discussion
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Does removing default retirement ages benefit individuals? A comparative empirical case study of the university sector International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-04-26 Alysia Blackham
In 2011, the UK government abolished the national default retirement age. While this could support extended working lives and promote individual choice, it could also be a neoliberal ‘ploy’ to individualise the risks of old age. The question, then, is what impact does the removal of mandatory retirement have in practice: does it help to promote individual choice and autonomy? Or does it lead to work
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Hate crime and racial discrimination in Ecuador: The case of Michael Arce in ESMIL International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-03-30 Rocío Elizabeth Vera Santos
For the first time in Ecuador a hate crime was tried in court and led to a conviction. This was the case of Michael Arce, a young Afro-Ecuadorian former cadet who won the trial against Captain Fernando Encalada of the Eloy Alfaro Military School (ESMIL). ESMIL belongs to the Ecuadorian Armed Forces, a state institution considered to be of great prestige and a guarantor of citizens’ rights and democracy
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Editorial Spring 2021 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-03-01
Welcome to this issue of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. In setting its Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) to ‘achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’ by 2030, the United Nations has noted that, ‘The commitment to advancing gender equality has brought about improvements in some areas, but the promise of a world in which every woman and girl enjoy full gender
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Untangling discrimination in the private sector workplace in South Africa: Paving the way for Black African women progression to managerial positions International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2021-02-03 Motlhatlego Dennis Matotoka, Kolawole Olusola Odeku
Black African women in South Africa are poorly represented at managerial levels in the South African private sector since the advent of democracy. Their exclusion at these occupational levels persists despite the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) requiring that the private sector must ensure that all occupational levels are equitably represented and reflects the demographics of South Africa. The
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Are laws the appropriate solution: The need to adopt non-policy measures in aid of the implementation of sex discrimination laws in Nigeria International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2020-12-22 Onyeka C Okongwu
Gender inequality is a social problem facing women all over the world and is a barrier to human development. The United Nations commits to achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls and have adopted the Sustainable Development Goals to achieve gender equality by 2030. Nigeria, a Member State of the United Nations has ratified international and regional instruments which advocate for the
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The case for treating violence against women as a form of sex discrimination in India International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2020-12-11 Ayushi Agarwal
Violence against women (VAW) is rampant in India, and rising every year. However, Indian laws are geared towards punishing individual instances of such violence, instead of attempting to eradicate ...
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Palliation or protection: How should the right to equality inform the government’s response to Covid-19? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Meghan Campbell, Sandra Fredman, Aaron Reeves
This article examines what role equality law can play in addressing the inequalities created and exacerbated by the British government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. We argue that while there is great potential in existing legislation, there is a need for both policy-makers and courts to apply a more searching and nuanced understanding of the right to equality if this potential is to be realised
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Protecting women from violence through legislation in Nigeria: Need to enforce anti-discrimination laws International Journal of Discrimination and the Law Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Grace Ayodele Arowolo
Violence against women is a commonplace and widespread phenomenon in Nigeria. It results from multifarious factors the major ones being gender discrimination/male chauvinism, despite the ratification of major international anti-discrimination laws and the enactment of national laws that prohibit violence. Preliminary investigations reveal among others, that these ratified international anti-discrimination