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Queering the humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality: Implications for humanitarian action, IHL effectiveness and gender justice Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-04-12 Anna Chernova
Institutions are often reluctant to openly engage on controversies around the patriarchal underpinnings of the humanitarian sector, or the hard questions around implementing rights-based approaches in spaces where the dominant social norms run counter to an enabling environment for principled humanitarian and development assistance. A reluctance to engage on these issues can lead to unintended suppression
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De-dehumanization: Practicing humanity Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 Natalie Deffenbaugh
The concept of humanity has been much discussed with respect to humanitarian work and international humanitarian law. There is today an idea of a single humanity, with each member equally valued beyond superficial differences in belief, nationality, ethnicity etc., and a global legal framework exists to prevent needless human suffering, including in war. Dehumanization arises linguistically as the
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Imperfect relief: Challenges to the impartiality and identity of humanitarian action Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Marc DuBois, Sean Healy
One of the four core humanitarian principles, impartiality's substantive ethical and deeply operational nature directs aid agencies to seek and deliver aid on the basis of non-discrimination and in proportion to the needs of crisis-affected people. Designed to operationalize the principle of humanity, impartiality is challenged by a plethora of external factors, such as the instrumentalization of aid
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Practice versus perception: A discussion of the humanitarian principle of independence in the context of migration Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Nicole Hoagland, Magdalena Arias Cubas
The principle of independence is central to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement's work with and for migrants. Independence requires humanitarian actors to retain their autonomy and resist any interference that might divert them from acting according to the principles of humanity, impartiality and neutrality. Yet, in the face of increasing securitization of migration and instrumentalization
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Is wearing these sunglasses an attack? Obligations under IHL related to anti-AI countermeasures Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Jonathan Kwik
As usage of military artificial intelligence (AI) expands, so will anti-AI countermeasures, known as adversarials. International humanitarian law offers many protections through its obligations in attack, but the nature of adversarials generates ambiguity regarding which party (system user or opponent) should incur attacker responsibilities. This article offers a cognitive framework for legally analyzing
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A next-generation protective emblem: Cross-frequency protective options for non-combatants in the context of (fully) autonomous warfare Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Daniel C. Hinck, Jonas J. Schöttler, Maria Krantz, Niklas Widulle, Katharina-Sophie Isleif, Oliver Niggemann
The protection of non-combatants in times of autonomous warfare raises the question of the timeliness of the international protective emblem. (Fully) Autonomous weapon systems are often launched from a great distance, and there may be no possibility for the operators to notice protective emblems at the point of impact; therefore, such weapon systems will need to have a way to detect protective emblems
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Protecting Civilians against Digital Threats during Armed Conflict: Final report of the ICRC's Global Advisory Board Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-20
In situations of armed conflict, access to digital technology can save lives. However, the digitalization of armed conflict also brings new threats for civilians. Over the past decade, digital technologies have been used in armed conflict to disrupt critical civilian infrastructure and services, to incite violence against civilian populations, and to undermine humanitarian relief efforts. Moreover
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“Sticking together while standing one's own ground”: The meanings of solidarity in humanitarian action Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Marnie Lloydd
The notion of solidarity, although not new to the humanitarian sector, has re-emerged in recent discussions about effective and ethical humanitarian action, particularly in contexts such as Ukraine and Myanmar where the traditional humanitarian principles have been facing certain pressures. Because solidarity appears as a good but can also involve selectivity and privilege, and because it risks continued
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Lost in digital translation? The humanitarian principles in the digital age Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Pierrick Devidal
The digital transformation creates significant opportunities and risks for humanitarian action. Current approaches to humanitarian innovation-related issues are too often driven by considerations of competition and relevance, relegating the fundamental humanitarian principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence to afterthoughts. By reasserting the place and role of these principles
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Translating survivor-centredness into pedagogical approaches to training on sexual violence in conflict and emergency settings: A case study Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Chris Dolan, Lucy Hovil, Laura Pasquero
To encourage further interrogation of the language of “survivor-centredness” in the field of conflict-related sexual violence, this article offers a case study of efforts to build and intensify more survivor-centred pedagogy for use in the training of humanitarian workers seeking to address sexual violence in conflict and emergency settings. Set against the backdrop of a literature review of existing
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Humanitarian principles and humanitarian disarmament: An operator's perspective Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Josephine Dresner, Riccardo Labianco
Conceptually rooted in the efforts to ban indiscriminate weapons and both their immediate and long-term effects, humanitarian mine action and humanitarian disarmament operations have developed significantly since 1988, when the United Nations first took on work on mine action operations for the protection and benefit of local communities. A large part of those operations has been carried out by humanitarian
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Strengthening the medicolegal system: Fulfilling international law obligations during conflicts and disasters to prevent and resolve issues of humanitarian concern Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Maria Dolores Morcillo Mendez
In times of armed conflict, disasters and violence, people may become separated from their families, go missing or die, or become victims of ill-treatment and sexual violence. Under international humanitarian law, States have obligations to prevent harm and address humanitarian needs. At State level, the medicolegal system is conventionally mandated to address these needs and fulfil related legal obligations
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Environmental obligations of business entities during armed conflicts Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Sâ Benjamin Traoré, Ezéchiel Amani Cirimwami
International humanitarian law (IHL) does not address business entities, except in situations where they directly participate in hostilities, and there is no reference to business actors in the International Committee of the Red Cross's recent Guidelines on the Protection of the Natural Environment in Armed Conflict. Yet, there has been an increasing reaffirmation of specific “duties”, “obligations”
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Exploring Hindu ethics of warfare: The Purāṇas Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Raj Balkaran, A. Walter Dorn
What rules of fighting (armed combat) does Hinduism espouse? The sacred texts are the pre-eminent sources, so these need to be summarized and compared to each other. Teaching mostly through stories, the texts describe deeds of people (especially warriors), gods and demons to show how to behave and not to behave in war. While the injunctions in the Mahābhārata and Arthaśāstra are already covered in
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Addressing environmental damages in contexts of armed conflict through transitional justice in Colombia Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Andrea Camacho Rincón, Germán Parra Gallego
It is unquestionable that Colombian armed conflicts have had adverse impacts on the natural environment in the country. Current transitional justice mechanisms offer an opportunity to recognize harm and responsibility, establish restorative sanctions and reparations and adopt public policies for the recovery of ecosystems and prevention of further damage. This article focuses on how transitional justice
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A case study on War Poses Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Angelica Widström
This article delves into Sweden's evolving legal response to international crimes, notably focusing on the 2021 War Poses case before the Swedish Supreme Court. The case involves an Iraqi asylum-seeker charged with violating the personal dignity of several persons, presumed to be deceased, during a 2015 non-international armed conflict in Kirkuk, Iraq. A key contention is whether deceased individuals
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The protection of the natural environment in armed conflicts and agent-based modelling Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Mais Qandeel
This article seeks to demonstrate the nexus between agent-related technology and the protection of the environment in armed conflicts, looking at how agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS) can be used as a tool to protect the environment in armed conflicts. It further analyzes the precautionary principle and due regard, as relevant rules, and explains the legal benefits of deploying ABMS to protect
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Above the law: Drones, aerial vision and the law of armed conflict – a socio-technical approach Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Shiri Krebs
Aerial visuals play a central – and increasing – role in military operations, informing military decision-makers in real time. While adding relevant and time-sensitive information, these visuals construct an imperfect representation of people and spaces, placing additional burdens on decision-makers and creating a persuasive – yet misleading – virtual representation of the actual conditions on the
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Chair's Summary Report of State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-11-15
The “State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts”, organized by Switzerland and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for States party to the Geneva Conventions, was held in early 2023. The meeting brought together nearly 400 experts from ministries of defence, the environment and foreign affairs from over 120 countries to share
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Protected zones in context: Exploring the complexity of armed conflicts and their impacts on the protection of biodiversity Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-11-15 Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao, Adrian Garside, Doug Weir, Andrew J. Plumptre
Protected areas safeguard biodiversity of global ecological importance, even throughout armed conflicts. The International Law Commission's Principles on Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts propose that certain ecologically important areas could be designated as protected zones during armed conflicts. This article uses a geospatial analysis of armed conflicts and Key Biodiversity
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Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law By Ezequiel Heffes * Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-11-14
In this iteration of the Review's “Beyond the Literature” series, we have invited Ezequiel Heffes to introduce his recent book Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law, before then posing a series of questions to Tilman Rodenhäuser, René Provost, Mariana Chacón Lozano and Katharine Fortin, who have agreed to serve as discussants of the book. Tilman Rodenhäuser is a Legal Adviser
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Re-evaluating international humanitarian law in a triple planetary crisis: New challenges, new tools Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Britta Sjöstedt, Karen Hulme
In the face of the triple planetary crisis, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, there is growing recognition that the environment needs to be re-evaluated and better protected. Recent developments, such as a values assessment by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES),1 the concept of biocultural rights
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Protecting the environment in armed conflict: Evaluating the US perspective Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 W. Casey Biggerstaff, Michael N. Schmitt
This article outlines and evaluates the US perspective on how treaty and customary international law protect the natural environment during international armed conflict. It surveys the relevant treaties to which the United States is a party and examines US views on their pertinent provisions. It then assesses claims that the environmental obligations residing in the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the
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Increasing the safeguarding of protected areas threatened by warfare through international environmental law Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-10-23 Jérôme de Hemptinne
Vulnerable ecological areas are often seriously impacted by armed conflicts. In theory, these areas could benefit from the safeguards offered by the international humanitarian law (IHL) regimes of “demilitarized zones” and “undefended localities”, but in practice, these regimes – which are designed to protect human beings from the violence of hostilities, and whose application entirely depends on the
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The practice of the UN Security Council pertaining to the environment and armed conflict, 1945–2021 Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Radhika Kapoor, Dustin A. Lewis
Contemporary ecological and climate crises have thrown into sharp relief debates around what roles and responsibilities, if any, international security bodies ought to have in addressing environment-related matters. Building on a wider catalogue of the United Nations Security Council's practice concerning the environment, in this article, we provide a snapshot of the Council's practice pertaining in
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The protection of the natural environment under international humanitarian law: The ICRC's 2020 Guidelines Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-10-17 Helen Obregón Gieseken, Vanessa Murphy
In 2020, the International Committee of the Red Cross's work on the protection of the natural environment under international humanitarian law (IHL) produced the Committee's Guidelines on the Protection of the Natural Environment in Armed Conflict (ICRC Guidelines), an update of their 1994 predecessor. The ICRC Guidelines consist of thirty-two rules and recommendations under IHL, each accompanied by
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Interview with Marja Lehto: Former International Law Commission Special Rapporteur on the Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-10-02
Dr Marja Lehto is Ambassador for International Legal Affairs at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and Adjunct Professor of International Law at the University of Helsinki. She was a member of the United Nations (UN) International Law Commission (ILC) and served as the Special Rapporteur for the topic “Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts” from 2017 to 2022. Dr Lehto
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Leveraging emerging technologies to enable environmental monitoring and accountability in conflict zones Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Wim Zwijnenburg, Ollie Ballinger
The growth of access to the internet, wide availability of smart phones and increased public access to remote sensing data from hundreds of satellite systems have spurred a revolution in tracking the linkages between armed conflict and environmental damage. Over the last decade, a growing community of open-source investigative experts, environmentalists, academics and civil society groups have applied
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War in cities: Why the protection of the natural environment matters even when fighting in urban areas, and what can be done to ensure protection Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-09-27 Eve Massingham, Elina Almila, Mathilde Piret
Around 50 million people across the world are affected by urban warfare. When conflict occurs in cities, the natural environment has historically been relegated to an afterthought, but both the immediate and long-term environmental consequences of urban warfare are serious. This article looks at actions that can be taken to protect the natural environment – and through this, the population – against
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Building the case for a social and behaviour change approach to prevent and respond to the recruitment and use of children by armed forces and armed groups Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-09-18 Line Baagø-Rasmussen, Carin Atterby, Laurent Dutordoir
Over the last decade, social and behaviour change strategies have increasingly been used to address human rights and child protection concerns, including harmful practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation and violent discipline. Social and gender norms have also been recognized as key drivers of child recruitment. Nonetheless, the use of social and behaviour change strategies to prevent
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The Climate and Environment Charter for Humanitarian Organizations: Strengthening the humanitarian response to the climate and environment crises Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Catherine-Lune Grayson, Amir Khouzam, Nishanie Jayamaha, Stephanie Julmy
Since its launch in 2021, the Climate and Environment Charter for Humanitarian Organizations (the Charter) has been signed by hundreds of humanitarian actors across the world, including local and national organizations, United Nations agencies, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and large international NGOs. The Charter's development grew out of a sector-wide recognition that humanitarians
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International environmental law as a means for enhancing the protection of the environment in warfare: A critical assessment of scholarly theoretical frameworks Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-09-06 Raphaël van Steenberghe
The protection of the environment during warfare attracted significant attention in the 1990s, especially after the 1990–91 Gulf War. It became clear at that time that the few rules provided by international humanitarian law (IHL) aimed specifically at protecting the environment were insufficient. Various studies have since been undertaken with the aim of strengthening that protection from an IHL perspective
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At the frontlines of implementing the right to a healthy environment: Understanding human rights and environmental due diligence in relation to armed conflicts Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Amanda Kron
Potential harm to human rights and the environment, including by corporate actors, is amplified in situations of conflict. This article focuses on applying the right to a healthy environment in relation to armed conflicts and corporate responsibility. In particular, it analyzes and compares due diligence requirements in the European Union Conflict Minerals Regulation and the International Law Commission's
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Time for “environmentarian corridors”? Investigating the concept of safe passage to protect the environment during armed conflict Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Felicia Wartiainen
Actors engaging in a diverse set of environmental protection activities are experiencing serious difficulties executing their mandates during armed conflict, leading to environmental harm that could otherwise have been mitigated. This article examines to what extent the international legal and policy framework can ensure the protection of environmental protection actors during armed conflict. It is
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A galaxy of norms: UN peace operations and protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-25 Mara Tignino, Tadesse Kebebew
Given the increasing size and functions of United Nations (UN) peace operations (POs) and the fact that they often operate in contexts where natural resources are degraded, POs have repercussions on the environment. Yet, there is not much literature on their obligations regarding the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts. This article provides insights into the obligations of
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Another brick in the wall: Climate change (in)adaptation under the law of belligerent occupation Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Eva Baudichau
This article explores the legal obligations of Occupying Powers with regard to climate change adaptation for local populations and their environment under the law of occupation, specifically in the context of prolonged belligerent occupations. It focuses on the critical matter of water and food security, in light of the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. After shedding light
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It's all relative: The origins, legal character and normative content of the humanitarian principles Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Marina Sharpe
Analyses of the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence often focus on the principles’ meanings and/or the challenges of applying them in practice. This article, by contrast, steps back to address foundational but somewhat neglected questions about whether these principles can accurately be designated “the” humanitarian principles; about how they came to govern
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Criminalizing reprisals against the natural environment Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-11 Matthew Gillett
Throughout history, armed conflicts have frequently seen serious harm committed against the natural environment. From the early 1960s to 1971, the United States used Agent Orange to defoliate large tracts of Vietnamese forests. In the 1990s, Saddam Hussein vengefully ordered the burning of Kuwaiti oil wells, resulting in massive pollution to the air, land and surrounding seas. More recently, ecocentric
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Gender, conflict and the environment: Surfacing connections in international humanitarian law Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-08-03 Catherine O'Rourke, Ana Martin
Both gender and the environment have traditionally been positioned at the periphery of international humanitarian law (IHL). In recent decades, there has been important progress in moving both concerns closer to its centre; to date, however, an understanding of the intersection of gender and the environment in the legal regulation of armed conflict remains largely underdeveloped. Nevertheless, as the
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The 2022 Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas: A tool for protecting the environment in armed conflict? Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 Simon Bagshaw
In November 2022, eighty-three States endorsed the Political Declaration on Strengthening the Protection of Civilians from the Humanitarian Consequences Arising from the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas (Political Declaration). The Political Declaration is a new and significant development in the long-standing and ongoing efforts to protect civilians from the use of explosive weapons in
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Remedying the environmental impacts of war: Challenges and perspectives for full reparation Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-07-18 Lingjie Kong, Yuqing Zhao
While the law of State responsibility, particularly the principle of full reparation, provides general guidance for achieving full reparation, it is not quite obvious what kinds of reparation qualify as “full” and how to actualize full reparation. This article centres on the principles, approaches and methods surrounding full reparation for armed conflict-related environmental damage in the law of
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The obligation to prevent environmental harm in relation to armed conflict Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-07-05 Rigmor Argren
The scope of protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict has continued to expand since the issue was first introduced on the international agenda in the 1970s. Today, it is recognized that the environment is a prima facie civilian object and as such it is entitled to the same layers of protection during an armed conflict as any civilian person or object. Thus, there is a legal obligation
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A possible legal framework for the exploitation of natural resources by non-State armed groups Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-07-03 Pouria Askary, Katayoun Hosseinnejad
The law of belligerent occupation permits the Occupying Power to administer and use the natural resources in the occupied territory under the rules of usufruct. This provision has no counterpart in the provisions of humanitarian law applicable to non-international armed conflicts, which may suggest that any exploitation of natural resources by non-State armed groups is illegal. The International Committee
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The Bystander, the Good Samaritan and the Just in the Holocaust and international humanitarian law Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-06-06 Theodor Meron
Despite the thousands of pages written and words said about the Holocaust, I still am at a loss in trying to understand it. How a European people with a rich cultural tradition that produced some of the world's greatest composers, philosophers and poets could invent, enforce and docilely follow the first industrial genocide in human history remains, for me, an enigma. This essay focuses on the Jews
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Is Rio de Janeiro preparing for war? Combating organized crime versus non-international armed conflict Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-06-02 Najla Nassif Palma
The idea that Rio de Janeiro has been plunged into an actual “war” against organized crime is widely discussed and is supported by an ever-increasing number of people in Brazil. Not surprisingly, such discourse has led to less protection for the civilian population, particularly in the so-called favelas, while allowing security forces to carry out operations with even greater relative impunity. This
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Some key documents on the ICRC's response to armed violence and more Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-05-25
The purpose of this section is to share, in a consolidated format, relevant and public documentation pertaining to the theme of armed violence and the ICRC's operational response to the phenomenon.
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ICRC report on Detention by Non-State Armed Groups: Obligations under International Humanitarian Law and Examples of How to Implement Them Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-05-22
Detention – by States and non-State armed groups (NSAGs) – is a reality in armed conflict. In 2021, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) estimated that around 100 armed groups were holding detainees. Detention puts people in a vulnerable situation: their lives and dignity depend on the detaining authority. Experience shows that detention by NSAGs often presents legal and practical challenges
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The Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force Afghanistan Inquiry Report and the applicability of Additional Protocol II to intervening foreign forces Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-05-10 Carrie McDougall
This article critiques the articulation of the legal framework applicable to Australian Defence Force operations in Afghanistan found in the Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force Afghanistan Inquiry Report (Brereton Report). In particular, using the Australian experience in Afghanistan as a case study, the article argues, on the basis of the rules of treaty interpretation, that where a
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Will the centre hold? Countering the erosion of the principle of distinction on the digital battlefield Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-05-10 Kubo Mačák
This article argues that the growing involvement of civilians in activities on the digital battlefield during armed conflicts puts individuals at risk of harm and contributes to the erosion of the principle of distinction, a cornerstone of international humanitarian law (IHL). The article begins by outlining the ongoing trend of civilianization of the digital battlefield and puts forward brief scenarios
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The legal limits to the destruction of natural resources in non-international armed conflicts: Applying international humanitarian law Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Saeed Bagheri
This article analyzes whether and to what extent energy resources fulfil the definition of military objective within the meaning of international humanitarian law (IHL) and customary IHL. In order to bring conceptual clarity to the duty to protect the natural environment in armed conflict, the article explores the legal limits to the destruction of energy resources (that are part of the natural environment)
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Detonating the air: The legality of the use of thermobaric weapons under international humanitarian law Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-04-17 Arthur van Coller
Thermobaric weapons cause damage and harm through overpressure and thermal effects, but secondary harm may also occur due to fragmentation, the consumption and depletion of ambient oxygen, and the release of toxic gases and smoke. Several international instruments prohibit or regulate weapons that generate asphyxiating or toxic gases, poison or poisoned weapons, chemical weapons, and weapons primarily
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Militarization and privatization of security: From the War on Drugs to the fight against organized crime in Latin America Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Antoine Perret
Fifty-two years ago, in 1971, President Nixon declared the “War on Drugs”, identifying drug abuse as a public enemy in the United States. Since then, US drug policy has been militarized and, more recently, privatized. Every year, the US government increasingly contracts private military and security companies to provide intelligence, logistical support and training to armed forces in drug-producing
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Unveiling claims of discrimination based on nationality in the context of occupation under international humanitarian and human rights law Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 George Dvaladze
This article examines international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights guarantees of equality and non-discrimination applicable to cases of belligerent occupation. Capitalizing on the responsibilities of the Occupying Power with respect to different categories of persons living in the occupied territory distinguished by their nationality, it looks at the contents of obligations stemming from relevant
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(Transnational) Organized crime and corruption in conflict settings: Interview with Ms Ghada Waly Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-03-31
Ghada Waly is the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna and the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. She holds the rank of Undersecretary-General of the United Nations. She previously served as Minister of Social Solidarity of Egypt and chaired the Executive Council of Arab Ministers of Social Affairs. She has also served as Assistant Resident Representative
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Hidden stories: Survivors of organized crime Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-02-14
Though organized crime is the subject of numerous treaties, traditionally it has not been central to conversations about international humanitarian law (IHL) and the conduct and regulation of armed conflict. There is currently no unanimity as to the criteria to be included so that IHL applies to criminal groups. The articles in this issue of the Review explore how organized crime and the groups that
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The regulation of crimes against water in armed conflicts and other situations of violence Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Mara Tignino
Water is the lifeblood of human beings and society, but threats to water, such as the pollution of rivers, cyber crimes, and attacks against water infrastructure, are increasing. In green criminology, scholars have relied on domestic criminal law to develop the concept of crimes against water. This paper argues that international law could provide several frameworks for addressing these crimes. A number
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Targeting drug lords: Challenges to IHL between lege lata and lege ferenda Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-02-10 Chiara Redaelli, Carlos Arévalo
This article aims to clarify how international humanitarian law (IHL) rules on targeting apply when drug cartels are party to a non-international armed conflict. The question of distinguishing between a cartel's armed forces and the rest of the cartel members is a pertinent matter. It is crucial to avoid considering every drug dealer a legitimate target, just as we do not consider that everyone working
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The humanitarian impact of armed violence on communities – the Americas perspective: Interview with Sophie Orr: Regional Director for the Americas, ICRC Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-02-08
Sophie Orr oversees International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) operations in North, Central and South America (the ICRC Americas Region), providing strategic steering for the organization's response and contributing to humanitarian diplomacy efforts at different levels. The delegations and missions in the region work on addressing a wide range of needs of people affected by present and past situations
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Humanitarianism and affect-based education: Emotional experiences at the Jean-Pictet Competition Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2023-01-16 Rebecca Sutton, Emiliano J. Buis
For international lawyers seeking to promote compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL), some level of affective awareness is essential – but just where one might cultivate an understanding of emotions, and at which juncture of one's career, remains a mystery. This article proposes that what the IHL lawyers and advocates of the future need is an affect-based education. More than a simple
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The Rif War: A forgotten war? Int. Rev. Red Cross (IF 0.381) Pub Date : 2022-12-13 Pascal Daudin
Approximately 100 years ago, a colonial conflict of great breadth began on the south side of the Mediterranean. Initially seen as an “indigenous” rebellion, the conflict evolved into an intense war, the final phase of which involved the intervention of two great colonial powers (France and Spain). Looking at the Rif War (1920–1926) in a region of what is now Morocco, then claimed by Spain, as an example