Studies gauging opinions about the effectiveness of the Presidential Amnesty Programme (PAP) as a peace building strategy in the Niger Delta abound. However, none has gauged the opinions of church leaders regarding the PAP especially in Rivers State. This is despite the fact that church leaders are key stakeholders and have played significant roles in peace-building in many societies across the globe

Technology advances neither enhances nor detracts from cognitive human bias since its existence over thousands of years. However, skewness in conventional artificial intelligence mechanisms leads to algorithmic mishaps. Understanding the interconnection between human and machine, that algorithms are subject to bias through interactions, and the output of algorithmic bias forms a source of inspiration

Despite growing interest in crime prevention initiatives on college campuses, little is known about the practicality of such approaches. This case study was conducted in a college which had systematically applied crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), a proactive crime prevention approach. Qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews, a focus group, participant observations, and

This study explores the extent to which the frequency and lethality of terrorist attacks change after pledging allegiance to religious terrorist groups. Drawing on data from the Global Terrorism Database, the analyses specifically aim to explore whether a significant change occurred in Boko Haram`s bombing attacks after its pledge to the Islamic State in 2015. Results from our time-series analysis

Aside from the primary objective of finding potential digital evidence, preserving the integrity of the evidence and maintaining proper chain of custody are also equal priorities for an investigator to ensure admissibility of evidence in the court of law. Advanced mobile forensic techniques pose a serious challenge in achieving the latter due to the complexity of the process and possibility of alteration

After publication, it was noticed that the affiliation of the author was incorrectly published in the online published article. The correct affiliation should read as Political Science Department, University of Crete, Rethymnon 74100, GR.

The theft of diamonds from diamond mines has been a longstanding problem for mine owners in South Africa (7th largest world producer of diamonds by carats). To combat such thefts mining operations have, over the years, instituted various measures, inter alia integrated security measures, and implemented several technological aids to try to reduce and/or stamp out this theft from their mining operations

Phishing emails have permeated our digital communication, taking advantage of vulnerabilities that the information technology system poses to users. Given the potential for further cybersecurity incidents, theft of personally identifiable information, and damage to organizations’ assets, cybersecurity professionals have implemented various mitigation practices to combat phishing emails. This paper

This article investigates how the Nigerian state is implicated in police brutality and clampdown on the #EndSARS protesters and its implications for democracy, development and national security. The article used primary data comprising 38 telephone interviews, 19,609 Facebook posts/reposts and 24,799 Twitter tweets/retweets, complementing it with a wide range of secondary data. From the analyses of

This study examines the specifics of legal regulation in matters of taking and killing hostages and legal responsibility for this crime from the perspective of Ukrainian and foreign law. Through the study the norms of the criminal legislation of Ukraine stipulating punishment for the murder of hostages, the paper focuses on the importance of differentiating the dispositive norms of the articles of

The present research examined the determinants of private security officers’ job satisfaction. Specifically, the impact of perceived citizen views and supervisor support on job satisfaction was explored while investigating the mediating effect of self-legitimacy. A convenience sample of South Korean private security officers were explored by using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire and in-depth interviews

No other crime affects more students, faculty, and staff on the university campus than theft. While it is common for campus officials and community members to implement anti-theft strategies, few of these efforts are ever examined empirically, let alone experimentally, making it difficult to rule out alternative explanations for any changes observed. The present study employed a completely randomized

The article reveals the problems of modern terrorism, which has spread almost all over the world. Political and legal documents of international and regional nature were reviewed and analysed, including 1937 United Nations (UN) Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, the UN Counter-Terrorism Strategy, the Strategy “Kazakhstan-2050”, and the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The pluralisation of policing has caused much debate in criminology. Yet very few studies examine how the public perceive private security. This article addresses this gap by drawing on empirical qualitative data from the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. It makes an empirical contribution to the existing mega-events literature by showing how local residents from a community perceived private security

Property marking is a popular tool used by police agencies in burglary prevention programmes. 345 property marking kits were distributed to households in a treatment area in an English city. Changes in burglary in the treatment area were compared to three control areas. Crime type displacement to vehicle crime, criminal damage and violent crime, and changes in crime while controlling for geographic

Nowadays, the feeling of fear and the lack of security in urban environment, in particular parks, are considered as the main concerns in public health. Thus, users’ characteristics should be considered for meeting the requirements for planning and designing urban parks. The aim of the study is to explain influential factors and to develop users' preferences model related to components affecting security

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a crime prevention strategy used in many advanced states to safeguard community members from criminal activities. In a non-western setting of Malaysia, individual selected states apply the system to control their crime occurrences. Despite its implementation throughout its municipal councils in the states, Selangor still has the highest recorded

While studies have explored how the porosity of the Nigeria–Niger Republic border has fuelled the insecurity in Nigeria, they have glossed over the value of a shift in strategy from surveillance to whistleblowing as an approach for managing trans-border arms trafficking. This study explores the inadequacy of the surveillance approach in the management of trans-border arms trafficking on theNigeria–Niger

This paper explores football as a national security threat for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). It reveals how a 2013 FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) initiative to reunify the Greek-Cypriot and the Turkish-Cypriot football associations failed to reach its target because it was considered an imminent threat to TRNC’s national security. The substance of the threat

This article analyzes the international legal framework against cybercrime. The international legal framework provides a solution to the problem in three areas: reducing discrepancies between national laws, introducing new powers of authorities, and promoting international cooperation. The study argues that the core documents effectiveness in the field of cybercrime counteraction does not appear to

To effectively protect critical infrastructure, it is essential to identify vulnerable areas for priority protection. The use of geographic information systems has increased over the last few decades for crime activity and the identification of delinquency hotspots. This study analyzes the areas of a power grid that are exposed to a higher than the average risk of terrorist attacks. One of the concerns

The empirical research on the effects of 9/11 attacks on suicide terrorism is limited. The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on attack types, weapon types, and target types in suicide terrorism worldwide and the trends in the suicide attack outcomes before and after 9/11. The data were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and included suicide-terrorism

Since 2012, thousands of individuals have traveled from Western countries to join jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq. While much has been written about these individuals, only sparse attention has been paid to the social environment of these jihadist travelers and, more specific, the role of family members in their radicalization, joining and returning from jihadist groups. In order to gain greater

Cities promote the distribution of more and better greenspaces across their urbanized areas. These spaces are not, however, well received in all quarters, and a particular category of greenspace, the public park, is often lamented for its relationship with crime.his has been found true of parks, but little has been done to disaggregate the impact of park types or their location within the city. This

Using an experimental design within a large national survey, the current study examines the impact of the physical location, its surrounding area, and situational elements in photos of urban landscapes on public perceptions of dangerous places. Both multivariate regression and conjunctive analyses indicate that these ratings are strongly influenced by nature of the location (e.g., alleys, streets,

The Presidential Amnesty Programme in Nigeria is perceived as a mere contrivance designed to foster the exploitation of oil resources in the Niger Delta. This is because evidence indicates that a significant number of the registered ex-militants are yet to be reintegrated into the society, while others have relapsed into militancy or other criminal activities. Although studies have interrogated some

Boko Haram insurgency has presented a peculiar theatre of unconventional warfare. The combat dynamics of the belligerents have oscillated between the asymmetries of hard and soft violence. While the insurgents have been able to sustain their violent campaign mainly through tactical opportunism based on irregular strategies, including suicide terrorism, the government forces have been locked in intractable

Observational evidence suggests that better ambient lighting leads people to feel safer when spending time outdoors in their community. We subject this finding to greater scrutiny and elaborate on the extent to which improvements in street lighting affect routine activities during nighttime hours. We report evidence from a survey experiment that examines individuals’ perceptions of safety under two

The article focuses on legal and practical aspects of private detective services in the Slovak Republic (further Slovakia). The article is divided into two parts. The first part is theoretical and provides the reader with a description of the legal environment in Slovakia and explains its impact on private detective services. The section devoted to legal aspects deals with the legal environment codifying

When visiting universities during recruitment tours, many students and parents want to know if the student will be ‘safe’ while attending the institution. This paper uses a qualitative examination of security at a Canadian university to argue that the increase in security measures on campuses is driven by both the desire to provide physical security and the pressure from the increasing corporatization

Globalisation and hyperconnectivity affect organisational resilience with threats such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic or large-scale cyberattacks. To strengthen organisational resilience capabilities, a framework such as enterprise risk management (ERM) is necessary so as to enable holistic risk management. Specifically, in this paper, we analyse the role of security, which has great potential in

Security and safety culture is an increasingly important term in assessing the security and safety of organizations. It is an internal security and safety factor of an organization that can directly influence its overall security and safety. In many cases, however, organizations do not know, nor do they have a way of assessing the level of their security and safety culture. It is therefore necessary

In the last few years, under the influence of various circumstances, the demand for the private security industry has increased in Serbia. The aim of this research is to examine the extent and quality of cooperation between members of the public and private security sector as the mutual perception of its members because their relations are important for establishing a safe environment for citizens

Food fraud is a widespread problem that involves the act of defrauding consumers for economic gain. Food fraud incidents pose a considerable threat to the economic stability of agri-food industry as well as the health and welfare of consumers. With the increasing use of online grocery shopping, the Internet has facilitated deceptive and fraudulent practices by criminals. Using a sample of U.S. consumers

This paper aims to evaluate the cyber security culture readiness of organizations from different countries and business domains when teleworking became a necessity due to the COVID-19 crisis. We have designed a targeted questionnaire and conducted a web-based survey addressing employees while working from home during the COVID-19 spread over the globe. The questionnaire contained no more than 23 questions

As policy makers are developing new alternative strategies to prevent bicycle theft, a nudging approach could provide useful insights in this field. In the current study, two different nudges were implemented at a selection of bicycle parking facilities in the neighborhood of a Belgian university campus. To measure the effectiveness of the nudges, a multi-method approach was used with a combination

Residential burglary in the United States has declined by over 80% across the last four decades, representing a major social phenomenon that remains largely unexplained. International research indicates a need for investigation of the security hypothesis. Here, 50 years of studies are examined chronologically. A consistent narrative emerges which indicates that household security, largely absent in

Shoplifting is a growing problem for all stores. Following a 300% increase in the number shopping malls in the past decade, Turkey had 375 malls by 2016, with shoplifting becoming an important issue. This study investigates the use of CPTED-based approaches to prevent shoplifting in Istanbul and is the first such study in Turkey. Data were collected from 389 store managers and shopping mall managers

The current study aimed to investigate the association of neighbourhood safety in three levels with children’s physical activity. These levels include parental perception and children’s perception as subjective measurements and reported rates of crime and traffic as objective measurements. 1421 questionnaires were distributed in primary schools among eligible children and their parents in Bandar Abbas

The current study examines failed mass shootings in the United States between 2003 and 2018. This exploratory research provides a summary of failed mass shooting perpetrator and incident characteristics, drawing from crime script analysis to examine the preparation, attack, and conclusion stages, as well as points of failure. Findings indicate suicidal ideation, attack realities, and weapon preparedness

This article examines the incidence of an omnipresent but underreported crime in transit environments: sexual harassment. More specifically, it presents the findings of a global comparative study that surveyed 11,710 college students from 18 cities in six different continents, to inquire about their victimization experiences with verbal, physical, and non-verbal/non-physical sexual harassment in transit

Novel COVID-19 is having far-reaching consequences worldwide. Security and security management are not immune from this influence. Building on the scientific literature, this article explores the mixed impact of this unexpected macro-level phenomenon and its consequences on violent extremism and terrorism in the West, in the short and in the medium to long term. The paper looks at the influence on

This article addresses a topic that has rarely been addressed in the available scientific literature, according to our knowledge. It comprehensively defines citizens’ trust in the services, identifies the factors influencing this type of trust, and proposes a model for establishing and maintaining holistic trust. The research described in the article is based on the analysed publicly available literature

Mobile phones are often used in criminal enterprises as well as by individual offenders. In criminal cases, almost 80–90% of the cases criminal computer forensic examiners work on are related to child pornography (Nodeland et al. J Crim Justice Educ 30:71–90, 2018). In an effort to fight electronic crime and to collect digital evidence for criminal acts, law enforcement agencies are incorporating the

Several changes in terrorist tactics have occurred recently. First, terrorist attack targets have changed from hard to soft targets. Second, terrorists are actively using low-tech terrorism methods that they can choose easily. Finally, terrorist attacks are evolving into complex and simultaneous terrorist events. This study endeavored to determine whether these changes affected the number of casualties

Accessing public Wi-Fi networks can be as dangerous as it is convenient. People who access a public Wi-Fi network should engage in self-protective behaviors to keep their data safe from malicious actors on the same network as well as persons looking over their shoulder, literally and proverbially. Using two independent research designs, we examined under what circumstances were people more likely to

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a general shutdown of police and civilian self-defense training. While means of distance learning such as online teaching appear to be feasible for theory dominant subjects addressing cognitive resources of the learner, combat-related practices like self-defense trainings don´t seem to fit into the realm of virtual learning due to their bodily foundation. This is

The article “Building a CPTED research culture in Portugal: a bibliometric and social network analysis”, written by Miguel Saraiva, Ana Amante, Helder Santos, Paula Ribeiro, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 29 February 2020 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 27 October 2020 to

The security hypothesis posits that the international crime drop can be attributed to, in large part, improvements in security technology. However, in recent years, certain types of property crime are increasing. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that offenders are adapting to increased security in vehicles through burglarizing residences to steal keys. We analyze residential burglaries, thefts

Despite the lingering ethno-religious conflict in Southern Kaduna, studies regarding how the media frame the conflict are still at the developing stage. In particular, scholars have not examined how both private and public television stations frame the conflict. The current study attempted to fill this gap by examining how the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and Channels TV frame the conflict.

In the original publication of the article, the first author’s given name is incorrectly published. The correct name should read as “Benjamin Koeppen”.

This article suggests a new definition of insiders and insider threats. It refrains from applying a harm-oriented perspective that concentrates on the insider’s intention to cause harm because it defines the insider threat either too narrow or too broad. Instead, a privilege-oriented perspective is applied that focuses on the insider’s intention to misuse his privileged access to or knowledge about

Energy theft is among the dominant problems confronting the Nigerian electricity sector. Therefore, this study examined the factors underlying the perpetration of this illegal act among electricity consumers in Lagos and Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Rational choice perspective and situational crime prevention perspective were employed as theoretical guide. Data were generated using in-depth interview

The use of background checks has become more prevalent and is perceived as having crucial importance in hiring in the private sector, given the extent of employee crimes. In examining this phenomenon, security and administration scholars have promoted the general security necessity of such checks but have only focused on the application of legal and constitutional provisions relevant to the background

Research consistently finds that individuals with higher incomes have increased rates of identity theft victimization. Although the majority of these victims are able to recuperate losses by contacting various institutions, including credit card companies and banks, many victims still suffer out-of-pocket financial losses. Using logistic regression analyses, the effect of demographic predictors on

Although it has been acknowledged that security guards are at high risk of becoming victims of violence, little previous research has considered (a) what support is provided for victims and (b) how a lack of adequate provision could have negative impacts on both security guards and the security industry. The paper focuses on data collected with retail security guards working in the United Kingdom through

Residential security estates are built to deliver the kind of security (and personal safety) that residents seek and, from a visitor’s point of view, one of the primary reasons for choosing to live in a security estate. However, incidents of crime continue to be reported as occurring at these sought-after residential security estates. This raises the question whether living in these types of estates

Disproportionality in exposure to school safety strategies in the United States has received increasing attention across the literature. These inequalities are a very important topic for administrators and educators to consider when addressing school safety needs, as they have implications for how student behavior is processed. While research has extensively examined inequalities in exposure to school

This work examines the use of security strategies in schools that are consistent with situational crime prevention (SCP). Results from a mail survey of a random sample of public high schools in New England are used to understand approaches to prevent crime and other problems. School principals were asked about their use of 31 SCP strategies, such as cameras, locks, alarm systems, and rapid repair of

The private healthcare insurance sector is rarely the subject of criminological analysis unless seen as corrupt. It is even more unusual that it is the subject of analysis as a victim of fraud. This paper is thus different in that it establishes a picture of international private healthcare insurance sectors approach in preventing fraud and providing healthcare services. We start by explaining why