Research is mixed regarding whether academic contingent self-worth (ACSW) bears negative or positive outcomes for one’s learning. Distinctions between upward (i.e., drive for success) and downward (i.e., avoidance of failure) contingencies might help provide stronger insight into when ACSW may be linked with more positive or negative outcomes. The present research examines these ideas in relation to

Oxidative stress is thought to be one of the important causes of anxiety and depression. Vanillic acid (VA) is a phenolic compound with a well-known anti-oxidative property. The present study was aimed to investigate the putative anxiolytic and antidepressant-like properties of VA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats, and the potential involvement of its antioxidant effects. Rats were received

The popular paradigm of Pavlovian conditioned fear has been used to study learning and memory processes that mediate anxiety disorder. Fear extinction studies have often paired the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) on a subset of acquisition trials (partial reinforcement) to prolong extinction. However, there have been few studies on the effect of partial reinforcement and

Intradimensional discrimination training may cause peak shift, in which participants respond more frequently to a novel stimulus presented during a generalization test than the positive exemplar used in training. Previous research has shown that peak shift is most likely to occur in participants who have achieved an intermediate level of proficiency with the discrimination. We sought to examine whether

Background During learning processes, some students lack the necessary skills and competences to cope with their academic demands successfully. During adolescence, emotions play a prominent role in academic and personal development. This study aims to analyse the relationship between resilience and academic performance and the possible mediating role of self-efficacy. Methods The study comprised 2652

The hippocampus has an essential role in learning and memory and is a target for androgen actions. Thus, the effect of testosterone and its metabolites on learning and memory has attracted researchers' attention. The present study aimed to identify the effects of four-day bilateral intra-hippocampal infusion of nicotine and o-Acetyl L-carnitine alone and in combination on testosterone enanthate (TE)-induced

This study attempts to investigate whether there is any significant difference between the anxiety level of mastery avoidance-oriented English for Academic purpose (EAP) students and their performance avoidance-oriented counterparts based on their teacher’s supportive motivational discourse during instruction. It also explores the perception of EAP students of the influence of this intervention. This

Resurgence and renewal are relapse phenomena in which behavior undergoing extinction returns as a result of worsening of reinforcement conditions or changes in environmental context, respectively. The present experiments examined laboratory models of resurgence and renewal in isolation and in combination to assess the potential influences of these effects during treatments with differential reinforcement

The present study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of sertraline on memory, spatial learning, anxiety-like behavior, and social relationships of rats. Twenty-eight rats (14 of each sex) were isolated from their mothers between postnatal days 30 and 55 to induce social isolation (SI) stress and were then exposed either to drinking water (SI group) or sertraline (SI+Sertraline group). Fourteen

This paper explores the learning effect of introducing eye-tracking games in college game design courses and tests the impact of innovative introduction of cutting-edge interactive content on students' learning in higher education in the field of digital media. The results show that a stronger perceived interactivity is linked to stronger user perceived control and more positive flow experience. Furthermore

Avoidance is an adaptive response to actual or perceived threat. However, persistent avoidance despite low likelihood of threat can become maladaptive and prevent effective psychological treatment. To examine behavioural avoidance, in-person, lab-based threat learning paradigms are typically used with relatively small sample sizes. However, such methods pose issues when in-person testing is difficult

Collaborative learning has a potential in the development of learner autonomy. However, it is seen that there is a need for studies on the role of group mechanisms in the development of learner autonomy in the collaborative learning process. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of group metacognition and self-, co-, and socially shared regulation of motivation in predicting

Virtual Reality (VR) is a promising tool for the study of cued fear conditioning in humans because it allows the use of complex and realistic experimental situations. The present study aims to validate a task for the acquisition and extinction of cued fear learning through VR with ecologically relevant Unconditional Stimuli (USs). In a first experiment (n = 69), we evaluated the effectiveness of six

Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Computational Thinking (CT), a teaching strategy and a problem-solving method, respectively, have been widely used in teaching and learning because of their educational advantages for students and teachers. However, studies of their integration into the teaching and learning process have been scarce, resulting in a lack of guidance for educators to implement such an

The goal of this article is to review the empirical evidence of metacognition and its role in early childhood development and education. Metacognition is the ability to monitor and regulate one’s thinking, which supports meaningful, life-long learning. Metacognition is well studied in elementary and higher education; however, it is often overlooked in early childhood. This paper synthesizes research

The extent to which different species display self-recognition is a controversial topic in comparative cognition. Self-recognition is widely validated through the mark test in which a dye or paint mark is applied surreptitiously to the subject. Mark-directed responses in the presence of a mirror are taken as evidence of self-recognition. Over the past 50 years many different species have been administered

Variations in sample motivation have contributed to inconsistent outcomes for the efficacy of computerised working memory training interventions. One potential contributor to motivational variance is the participants’ capacity to respond to the demands of experimental tasks – their cognitive ability. To explore whether cognitive ability is related to intrinsic motivation in a working memory task commonly

Outcome predictability is described as learning bias in a new environment, where participants learn better about an outcome with a history of predictability than an outcome with a history of unpredictability. Several studies have shown evidence of this effect. However, the characteristics and mechanism of the outcome predictability effect are not well understood yet. The outcome predictability effect

Prior research has shown that responding can be maintained under concurrent food and social reinforcement in rats, but little is known about interactions between these reinforcers. In the present study, we approached the problem from a behavioral-economic perspective, using demand-curve methods to analyze demand for, and interactions between, food and social reinforcement. Four rats were given repeated

Previous studies have examined the variability induced by reinforcement schedules. These studies have suggested that the reinforcement rate and periodicity of reinforcement are factors that determine the degree of variability. The present study aimed to examine the effect of the above factors on variability in a variable-interval schedule. We measured the variability in the location of pigeon pecking

During adolescence, anxiety may rise more significantly due to factors such as academic achievement and has a negative impact on learning and thinking skills. Adolescents with higher levels of math anxiety need more time to analyse and repress or miss the solutions when they are presented with even the simplest arithmetic problems. fMRI is being used for investigating cognitive processes such as learning

Paradigms of motivation often examine the performance of subjects in tasks associated with rewards. In this study, the aim was to develop a new behavioural test associating a natural reward (familiar food) to an effort task in rats (climbing a ladder). Wistar rats (both sexes, 90–120 days) were familiarised with food (chow, chocolate, corn flakes, fruit loops) in their home cage for four days before

Data analysis to guide the design and deployment of learning experiences has been in use in educational institutions for decades. While this has made it possible to predict retention, flags students at risk and more clearly assesses performance across a range of indicators, few benefits visible to students have resulted. Recent attempts to design learner-facing analytics seem to also have met with

Goals influence performance and people need to cope with frustrations that result from interruptions of goal pursuit. Being interrupted before completing a performance task may have negative consequences for emotions and thus subsequently lead to substitution behaviours in order to restore goal completion. Three experiments examined the conditions under which an interruption of goal pursuit influences

Out-of-school nomadic children are at the risk of demonstrating low critical thinking skills and disposition because of a number of reasons-they lack access to formal education, their parents are largely illiterate, they associate mainly with children in their category. This study was conducted to determine if interactive television instruction will be effective in improving the critical thinking skills

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether using e-cigarettes with occasional use of regular cigarettes prevented relapse after extinction. In Experiment 1 (ABAC with a multiple-baseline design), six short-term smokers who wanted to stop smoking were asked to use e-cigarettes and were allowed to smoke 20 % of the usual number of regular cigarettes per day during the partial reinforcement period

Reviewing the completed exercises was essential to mathematical learning, but students often jump to the next exercise after finishing the current one without reviewing. It is not clear how to effectively conduct this learning activity. On the other side, after-action reviews (AARs) have proved to be a good learning practice that has been widely used in military and unmilitary training for decades

The present study explored the influence of emotion and learner control on learners in multimedia learning environment. Study 1 investigated the effects of emotion on the learning outcomes (recognition test scores, transfer test scores) and learning performance (internal motivation level, cognitive load, learning satisfaction, perceived achievement) of multimedia learners. The results showed that compared

Characteristics of concurring action alternatives can influence the experience and behavior in a focal action. In two scenario studies we investigated the role of success expectancies of an unaccomplished academic task as a relevant motivational characteristic to explain the experience and behavior during a focal leisure activity. Students imagined themselves in scenarios which were experimentally

Active learning, and forgetting, remain the norms of learning organizations. In this paper, the moderating role of information systems and mobile technology, with learning and forgetting factors, was assessed on organizational learning effectiveness. A mixed-method was adopted to comprehend the objectives of this study. In the first phase, interviews of the 19 experts were conducted to grasp the concept

Recombinant DNA technology has facilitated animal models that could be used to investigate candidate gene contributions to acquisition and retention. In practice, researchers focus on genetics or simple behaviors, rarely combining both or investigating genetic contributions to complex behaviors. We investigated inbred C57BL/6 and outbred CF1 mice’s ability to perform single-alternation and double-alternation

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Clark and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy parenting training on improving the emotional-behavioral problems of the child with divorced single mothers. The present study was a semi-experimental, pre-test, post-test, and control group. The research population included divorced mothers referred to the psychology and counseling organization

Jim was born in Maryland in 1936, and passed away at his home near Hebden Bridge on 28th February, 2020. He was a member of academic staff in Psychology at the University of Leeds for over 30 years; his huge impact on academic colleagues and students, arising from his passionate interest in the discipline of Psychology, and from his ability to engage and inspire other people – that is his gift to the

Executive functioning and happiness are each associated with successful learning and other desirable individual and societal outcomes; however, it is unclear whether a relation exists between them. Executive regulation of happiness pursuits in daily life, operationalized as hedonic (e.g., pursuing pleasure) and eudaimonic (e.g., pursuing personal growth) motives for action, may be a way the constructs

Objective The aim of the current study was to compare the executive functioning of children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) with matched groups of children diagnosed with ADHD and typically developing children (TD). Groups were matched in terms of age, gender, and IQ. Methods A total of 41 children aged 6–12 years old with DMDD (N = 11), ADHD (N = 15) and TD (N = 15) performed GO/NO-GO

Two experiments examined the impact of depression and anxiety on the microstructure of human schedule responding. Human participants responded by pressing a computer key for points on a multiple random ratio (RR) random interval (RI) schedule. The RI schedule was yoked to the RR schedule in terms of reinforcement rate within subject. Overall response rates were higher on the RR compared to the RI schedule

The energy budget rule is a risk-sensitive optimal foraging model that predicts choice should be risk averse when need levels are relatively easy to meet within a foraging period (positive budget conditions), and risk prone when need levels are more difficult to meet (negative budget conditions). Although research with nonhumans has produced only limited support for the energy budget rule, analogue

Two Pavlovian appetitive conditioning experiments with rats demonstrated that spontaneous recovery can be strongly reduced (prevented). The experiments also investigated potential common factors associated with that prevention of spontaneous recovery after extinction. After pairings of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with a food unconditioned stimulus (US), an extinction cue (EC) was presented during extinction

Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing (CHF and CLF, respectively) rats are two bidirectional breeding lines of animals with high and low levels of defensive conditioned freezing response to contextual cues that are associated with an aversive stimulus. In the last decade, various studies have investigated their physiology and response to other external stimuli as a model of trait anxiety. However

Carver and White’s Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)/ Behavioral Activation System (BAS) questionnaire is the most commonly used instrument in the domain of motivation. The BIS refers to behaviors associated to punishment avoidance and the BAS refers to behaviors related to reward. The main goal of this study was to translate and validate the BIS/BAS scale to Brazilian Portuguese. First, we translated

Male and female rats were extensively trained in a Morris pool to find a hidden platform in the presence of a configuration formed by 2 landmarks and the effects of varying the salience of one of the landmarks were studied. The two landmarks could be either of different salience (i.e., B and c, Group Bc) or of the same salience (i.e., b and c, Group bc) and they were relatively far (110 cm) and equidistant

Across many psychological domains there is evidence of negativity bias: the greater subjective potency of negative events when compared with positive events of the same objective magnitude. Here I propose a general evolutionary explanation for the phenomenon: the concave fitness-state (CFS) hypothesis. The CFS hypothesis proposes, with evidence from feeding, drinking and economic domains, that various

Climbing perch is a potamodromous fish that undertake lateral migration from the permanent water bodies to flooded areas during the rainy season and return to permanent water bodies at the end of flood. In hatcheries, fish are normally reared in barren environments, which have been reported to affect their phenotypic development compared with wild conspecifics. Although rarely used, long-term behavioural

This study examines the applicability of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to explain intention to adopt Lifelong Learning (LLL) of employees and its antecedents (gamification and an organization’s online learning readiness). Self-determination and online learning readiness are conceptualized as second-order factors according to their literature supports. The proposed research model is tested using data

Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing marketplace providing researchers with the opportunity to collect behavioral data from remote participants at a low cost. Recent research demonstrated reliable extinction effects, as well as renewal and resurgence of button pressing with MTurk participants. To further examine the generality of these findings, we replicated and extended these methods

Motivation for food reinforcers in mouse models of type 2 diabetes was examined in three experiments. In all experiments, physiological measures indicated the presence of type 2 diabetes. In Experiment 1, high-fat fed Swiss TO mice and lean controls showed a preference for high-fat corn oil reinforcers over high-sugar syrup reinforcers in a T-Maze task, but there were no differences between the two

Fostering students’ academic engagement in the present-day knowledge-seeking environment and dwindling economy has become very imperative. Supported by the premise of constructivism learning theory, this study investigates the relative influence of self-directed learning intervention on study engagement and lifelong learning tendency. The non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was employed

Within self-determination theory, a considerable amount of previous research has shown that autonomous motivation is associated with higher levels of academic achievement and wellness among students. However, it is notable that few studies have included large samples of undergraduates who are enrolled in science courses. Moreover, to our knowledge no previous research has investigated the associations

Problem behavior in companion animals can result in reduced quality or length of life for the animal, as well as stress for the human owners. In particular, mouthing is commonly described by dog owners as problematic (Shabelansky & Dowling-Guyer, 2016). However, there is a paucity of both descriptive and inferential data on the frequency or predictors of the behavior. The purpose of this study was

Delay discounting (DD) describes choices between small, immediate rewards and larger, delayed rewards. Individuals who are high in DD favor small, immediate rewards, and this preference is related to health behaviors including higher energy intake, smoking and less physical activity. Episodic future thinking (EFT) is an intervention in which one thinks about personal positive future events and this

Objective The effects of selenium on behavioral consequences of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in rats was assessed. Materials and methods The animals were randomized into the following four groups (n = 8 in each): (1) control group, (2) LPS group (that received 1 mg/kg of LPS two hours before conducting the behavioral tests), and (3 and 4) LPS- Sel 100 and LPS- Sel 200 groups (that were treated

It has been suggested that relapse after exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder is related to the renewal effect. This study aimed to investigate whether the renewal effect occurs in fear conditioning utilizing social stimuli and the quantitative predictions obtained by the Rescorla-Wagner and Bouton’s model using Bayesian modeling fit their data. A total of 63 students participated in this study

Adult rats learn to be shy away from a taste paired with the ingestion of lactose solution. This study thus aimed to elucidate the nature of this shyness learning. Specifically, by measuring kaolin clay consumption, which is as a good maker of nausea in rats, the study attempted to find out whether lactose produces nausea. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a lactose solution, as well as a lithium chloride

Depression is a state of low mood that can seriously affect the quality of life of society. Therefore, finding new antidepressant agents with high efficacy is needed. Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an antitussive drug that has a potential effect on treating mood disorders, especially depression. However, because of limited data that relies on a few experimental animal studies mechanisms of action are yet

Behavioral variability (BV) is proposed as a general adaptation process to environmental changes related to adjustments for the search of reinforcement sources. During extinction procedures, BV is reflected by increases of the number, topography, or sequences of behaviors. Inhibitory drugs have been found to decrease BV during radial arm-maze extinction procedures. The present research explores the

A previously reinforced and then extinguished response can recur following a change in the environmental context despite extinction remaining in effect, often referred to as renewal. Using zebrafish, the present study examined how adding a punishment contingency to the training context affected the level of renewal. In Context A, responding was reinforced during Phase 1a and then exposed to either

It is well known that animals can learn escape responses when exposed to aversive stimuli. Additionally, it has been described that as effective behaviors to reduce contact with aversive stimuli are developed, the level of arousal decreases. However, the avoidance tasks, typically described, are based on the learning of simple motor patterns that do not allow a detailed description of the process of

Approach-avoidance behaviours play a major role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders as repeated avoidance behaviours are assumed to prevent fear extinction. Approach-avoidance decisions (Conditioned Stimulus (CS)-avoidance and Unconditioned Stimulus (US)-avoidance) and their effect on fear extinction and renewal were investigated using a novel Virtual Reality fear conditioning procedure

The purpose of the study was to test the impact of a two-minute physical exercise that was applied at the beginning and in the middle of lectures on university students’ state motivation and academic learning performance. There were three cohorts of religion education teacher candidates. Three cohorts were randomly assigned to the experimental, Hawthorne, and control groups. Throughout the semester