Restorative justice has been available in certain parts of the Republic of Ireland, and at some stages of the criminal justice process, for over two decades. Additionally, in recent years, many public- and third-sector practitioners working with offenders and victims have received training in restorative practices. However, there has never been a study mapping the use of restorative justice and practices

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‘Offences Against the State (OAS) claim a distinct character within criminal law tied to the assumption of threat they pose to the very existence of state. This paper examines the distinctiveness of these offences through an analysis of a peculiar criminal law procedure of obtaining sanction for prosecution. The legal provision on ‘sanction for prosecution’ for OAS mandates the prior approval of the

Women's presence in legal education institutions and professions has increased dramatically in the last four decades. Triggered by this workforce shift, the present study extends the emerging research agenda of gender and occupational experience by identifying the correlates and consequences of burnout among public legal officials. Drawing on a sample of 156 prosecutors in a southern state in the U

Prison education can play a crucial role in prisoners' rehabilitation yet despite prisoners possessing a right to education there are barriers to realising the right to education in practice. This article reviews the barriers to realising the right to education, discusses the legal framework underpinning the right and considers possible ways of enhancing access to education. It is argued that implementation

The principle of reasonableness holds a prominent place in the system of principles of any procedural activity. To achieve the goals and objectives of civil proceedings, reasonableness is either present or should be present in the daily routine of a judge in the administration of justice and is expressed in the judge's reasonable procedural actions upon consideration of each particular case. The aim

A crime victim's first contact with the police may strongly influence subsequent investigations and prosecutions, as well as the crime's impact on the victim. The outcomes of such contacts may depend strongly on the degree to which the victim exhibits the characteristics of an ideal victim. This study sought to find valid ways of evaluating the constructs of victim ideality and police empathy, and

The present study conceptualizes and investigates a combined measure of personal and altruistic fear of sexual assault. In addition to estimating the extent of this combined measure of fear of crime, the current research examines whether there is a gender gap in fear of sexual assault when considering fear of crime for both oneself and others. The known determinants of fear of crime (e.g., perceived

This study aims to identify effective responses to cyber crime in the insurance industry. Survey responses from Moscow-based employees holding key positions in the leading insurance companies have been collected. The study analyses awareness of, attitudes to, and approaches to cyber security, as well as the incidence and impact of breaches or attacks. According to the experts, complying with laws or

This article analyzes the practice and implications of criminal governance through the effective exercise of a system of parallel justice. It is examined the case of the Brazilian gang Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), which since 1993 has evolved its scope moving from a powerful prison gang to a complex organization directed to drug trafficking, also having solid governance capacities in deprived

The article assesses the legitimacy of criminalizing drugs on the basis of relevant liberty-limiting principles. Where appropriate, empirical findings about drugs, drug use and drug policies are used to make the assessment. John Stuart Mill's harm principle is the pivotal element of this exploration and Joel Feinberg's framework of the moral limits of criminal law is used as a heuristic. First, the

The violent crime of campus cultism is widespread in Nigeria and hence has attracted increasing policy attention and scholarly works. However, much of the literature has focused on cultists (perpetrators of cultism) in the free world—cultism among prison inmates has been largely underexplored. Therefore, this study uniquely examined the importation and subsistence of cults/cultism in Abakaliki custodial

Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 31 male commercially-oriented retail dealers selling multiple substances in a street-level drug market recruited through snowball sampling in Uyo, Nigeria, this study explores situated strategies for minimizing the risk of police arrest. Findings highlight four broad strategies: selling to genuine buyers, using mobile phones, discreet transactions, and temporary

To date, there has been no research examining the factors that might lead to being arrested for self-reported criminal abstainers—that is, persons who report that they have refrained from engaging in crime. The current study addressed this gap in the literature and examined whether certain factors were associated with being arrested among a sample of self-reported criminal abstainers. Results generated

In Malaysia, restorative justice is a relatively new concept in its criminal justice system and assessing the readiness of police officers in accepting the implementation of restorative justice in the police departments (i.e., restorative policing) is crucial. In this qualitative study, 28 police officers were interviewed regarding their readiness to accept the roles to implement restorative justice

The adoption of a victim-centered approach to forced marriage requires implementing measures beyond prosecution oriented at preventing it and protecting its victims. To this end, professionals need to be able to identify its victims and recognize its effects on them. This paper aims to assess professionals’ knowledge of the phenomenon, its dynamics, and its effects by presenting the findings of a qualitative

Intimate partner violence is a well-known social, criminal and health problem. The victim's characteristics have been changing in the last years, however, intimate partner violence against male victims has not yet been the subject of sufficient social or scientific attention. The police, for many victims, is the first contact when calling for help. The present study analyses the discourses of police

This study compared the stress levels and physical and mental health symptoms of patrol officers and emergency dispatch officers in South Korea. We further explored stressors affecting the physical and mental health of police officers. Survey data were obtained from 254 patrol officers and 177 emergency dispatch officers working in Seoul. The average stress level exerted by the stressors was compared

This study reports the development and evaluation of a police training workshop on de-escalating situations with trauma-exposed youth. The training was developed using a participatory action framework, with the goal of increasing knowledge of adolescent development and the impact of trauma, and promoting skills for de-escalating situations with adolescents. A mixed methods study was conducted to explore

The Extradition Treaty between Kuwait and the UK, signed in 2016, presages a new stage of cooperation in criminal justice matters. The Treaty and the related arrangements are designed to facilitate the surrender of fugitives. However, a number of factors, not least the statutory bars to extradition in UK legislation and broader apprehensions about extradition, cast doubt on the effective implementation

This paper aims to make sense how organized crime is constructed by the Czech government. Drawing on the intention-based model of organized crime (Sergi, 2017), this study specifically examines whether the country's national policy frames organized crime as a profit- or power-oriented phenomenon. To this end, an analysis of the government-issued Concepts for Combating Organized Crime was conducted

This article presents the findings of an in-depth comparative study of remand decision-making in youth courts in England & Wales and the Netherlands. Informed by qualitative empirical research, this article explores differences and similarities in remand decision-making and in the functions of remand in the administration of youth justice. A key finding is that in Dutch youth justice a paternalistic

Organisational injustice, betrayal, moral transgression, wrongdoing, or breach of deeply held values and beliefs can manifest in frontline staff as Post Traumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED), Moral Injury and/or PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). PTED and Moral Injury are fundamentally the same and could not be discriminated from each other. The constructs of PTED and Moral Injury can be assimilated

Fear can deteriorate communities and erode the quality of life of residents. Some fear of crime literature argues that the police can be a tool for addressing residents' fear. However, the exact mechanism through which the police affect fear remains unknown. Using data from the 2013 Korean Crime Victim Survey, we examine the potential role that confidence in the police can play in explaining residents'

Building resilience to radicalization has become a key pillar of many policies for preventing violent extremism. However, sustained debates over the precise nature of the terms radicalisation and resilience impact the ability to implement these policies. A growing body of literature argues that the way in which key ideas are understood matters to what happens in practice. Additionally, the cross-sector

Comparative criminology has long struggled with the concept and object of culture while advances in culturally oriented criminologies have been ignored. Likewise, culturalists have ignored attempts at comparison for transcending milieu and are mired by theoretical and methodological eclecticism. Comparative criminology will benefit from engaging with conceptualisations of culture found in culturalist

This paper proposes a broad approach to the study of criminal behavior through time using states as the units of analysis. In doing so, it argues that when a specific crime is targeted in one state, a criminal displacement effect in neighboring states can be expected. This is illustrated by the case of direct state intervention to combat kidnapping in Mexico City. A multivariate GARCH model is estimated

Online crimes such as frauds have grown substantially in volume over the last 20 years, with the associated changes in technology such as the internet and use of email. The state response through the police has lagged in many countries with law enforcement often struggling to cope with the volume and new challenges of such crimes. Private policing has traditionally filled the gap through commercial

This study investigated twelve categories of exploits targeting a large southern university to build a build a more robust cyberthreat profile for institutions of higher education. In one week, the university experienced 12.4 million external cyberattacks from 110 countries. Malware constituted 58% of all malicious activities. Attacks were statistically more likely to occur during the overnight hours

Drawing on historical institutionalism, the paper shows how the principle of mandatory prosecution, enshrined in the Italian Constitution, has been incrementally reconfigured over the last 50 years through a process of layering carried out by judicial actors, without being formally amended. The result is that the principle of mandatory prosecution has been de facto replaced by an opposite principle

The Canadian forensic mental health system was transformed following the two landmark Supreme Court of Canada cases of Regina v. Swain (1991) and Winko v. British Columbia (1999). The Swain decision led to the creation of a new forensic mental health system that moved towards balancing the needs of the patient with the safety of the public. The Winko decision ruled that review boards had to release

Around 3.3 million people worldwide are in pretrial detention, and 14 million people are held in such detention per year. Despite the high numbers, remand imprisonment has received little attention in penal theories. Over the past couple of decades, Turkey has constructed high-security remand prisons for young pretrial detainees, indicating a transition towards securitization in the form of remand

Hot spots policing has become a robust evidence-based strategy to address the problem of crime in U.S. cities. Today, a growing number of police departments report that they use hot spots policing to some extent in their daily operations. However, to our knowledge, only one study has been conducted to determine whether police departments have implement the strategy effectively. In our study, we used

The revision of the Anti-Terrorism Law in Indonesia stimulates ongoing discussions about collaboration of all instruments of counterterrorism, coordination, and the important role of both academics and practitioners in the field. This study aims to identify variety of contributions of academics and national security practitioners to counterterrorism in Indonesia. Participants from government agencies

The primary purpose of the present study is to examine the extent to which procedural justice and contacts with police influence people's assessments of their local police in post-colonial societies. Specifically, the study aimed to 1) determine whether favorable perceptions of procedural fairness predict individuals' willingness to accept the police as authority Fig. 2) assess the effects of two types

This article explores the role of vehicle repair workshops in car insurance fraud and how they might contribute to the reduction or increment of this type of crime, which has been an overlooked research area. The data collection method used was on-site semi-structured interviews through a convenience sample of twenty vehicle repair workshops in Oporto (Portugal). The results revealed that vehicle repair

Recently, there has been growing interest in crime-related determinants of subjective well-being (SWB). The existing findings are, however, rather contradictory. The relationship between the aforementioned phenomena is most often examined using cross-sectional data, although it seems their development over time might be interlinked. Moreover, only limited attempts have been made to address the multidimensionality

Sex trafficking constitutes a severe international issue, affecting 4.8 million victims worldwide, with those affected in the United States numbering in the thousands (Global Slavery Index, 2016). Despite this, little is known about the characteristics of sex traffickers, especially female sex traffickers. This paper aimed to increase our knowledge of female sex traffickers in the United States. 44

Focusing on people's experiences in the legal system is one way to explain the relationship between law and society. This study aims to grasp labour law and working life in Turkey from the perspectives of workers. This bottom-up qualitative research is an attempt to reveal workers' legal experiences and consciousness. Workers' narratives about their court processes concentrate on three key topics:

The discourse emerging from the professionalisation agenda focuses on a drive for new and diverse knowledge. The Direct Entry (DE) scheme in England and Wales is one practice that attempts to facilitate this. Controversial debates about operational experience and an over reliance on classroom-based learning, have become routine. By drawing on qualitative data from the Police Federation Pay and Morale

The present study proposes a novel automated model, called Vulnerability Index for Population at Risk (VIPAR) scores, to identify rare populations for their future shooting victimizations. Likewise, the focused deterrence approach identifies vulnerable individuals and offers certain treatments (e.g., outreach services) to prevent violence in communities. Our rule-based engine model is the first AI-based

Corruption undermines government effectiveness and performance pay may be used as a "legal bribe" to encourage bureaucrats to act honestly. However, if performance pay is awarded based on loyalty rather than performance, its use may aggravate corruption rather than reduce it. Collusion is facilitated when patronage crowds out merit in the public sector recruitment process, and this study, therefore

The purpose of the current study is to examine the applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) self-control theory to traffic law violations among senior drivers in South Korea. A nationally representative sample of those aged 61 and over was taken from the Korean Crime Victim Survey. This sample of 961 older people was used to examine the effect of self-control on traffic law violations. A series

Research into stalking victimization has proliferated over the last three decades, but little research has been done with Canadian data and several theoretical questions related to stalking victimization risk remain largely unanswered. To address the gaps in the literature, this study advances an integrated approach of neighborhood social support from criminology and comorbidity model from health science

Influenced by the Soviet model, the Vietnamese regimes of administrative offence sanctions and administrative measures have been deemed to be outside criminal justice. Due to a narrow conception of crimes, the Vietnamese jurisprudence has not seriously considered criminal procedural rights in designing procedures for such minor offence regimes. Given the official recognition of administrative status

The evolution of the transnational drug trade has precipitated an organizational and operational restructuring of organized crime groups (OCGs). This restructuring has produced a move away from formerly hierarchical and tightly controlled organizations, to more loosely coupled and decentralized network forms. But what has motivated the OCGs to restructure into more loosely coupled networks? Through

This article argues that there exists a professional doctrine in the Sudanese police force. This is based on the fact that the police have a well defined written legal framework, a code of ethics and a practical legacy. This doctrine has significantly contributed to the establishment and maintenance of the existing police ethos and culture among Sudanese policemen. Despite the instability and recurrent

Cyberbullying is growing in university students and tends to become a serious problem. Victims of cyberbullying may develop depressive symptoms such as insecurity, loneliness, low self – esteem, sadness, feelings of not belonging, academic decline, and even thought suicidal thoughts and behavior. However, little is known about social support as a mediating factor for the relationship between cyberbullying

Ports are spaces in which a certain degree of informal – or strictly illegal – governance might emerge. This can involve different activities, from drug trafficking to corruption and different actors, from port worker to terminal owners. Through the collection of qualitative data, this study aims at exploring if and how organised crime is present in the port of Montreal and in that of New York/New

The present study involved the assessment of partisan allegiance in expert witnesses in 261 Canadian sentencing decisions, each involving sexual assault. Sentencing decisions were assessed to determine whether risk levels communicated by defense- and prosecution-retained evaluators reflect the presence of partisan allegiance. A validated risk measure (Static-99R) was used to assess each sentenced defendant

The article examines the criminalisation of causing negative emotional states in others and pursues a principled response to the question under which conditions, in a liberal democratic society, it is legitimate to criminalise human conduct that leads to emotional distress in others. Its main aim is to develop an exploratory typology of different types of legally-relevant emotional distress, based

Purpose The purpose of this research is to examine and analyse public corruption by comparing citizens’ assessment of the perceived performance of the anti-corruption agency of Mauritius (ICAC), in terms of its prosecutorial efficacy, and comparing such perception with the reality reflected by court judgments. Design/Methodology/Approach A survey was carried out using a structured questionnaire, to

Despite volumes of research on the job attitudes of employees in diverse law enforcement agencies, those of the FBI agents have not been sufficiently studied. Analyzing a large-scale nationwide dataset, this study investigates the determinants of job satisfaction, work effort, and turnover intentions of FBI agents. The results indicate that the determinants of job attitudes are substantially different

There exists observable complicity by law enforcement agents in illicit drug networks for financial gain and yet the problem remains under-researched. Thus, this study explored the connection between cannabis use/users and the connivance of narcotic agents in Afikpo North LGA of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Purposive and snowballing sampling techniques were employed in selecting a sample of 21, comprising

Electronic monitoring has been introduced in the criminal justice system of Thailand in both pre-trial and post-conviction stages. However, both schemes suffer from philosophical ambiguity. It seems to be the case that the glamor of technology has outshone the necessity of ethical foundations. This under-attention to the fundamentals has exposed the programs to ethical concerns and practical shortcomings

This paper reports the findings from a research project on cyber security in the Nigerian Internet banking industry, by presenting the main cyber security breaches it has experienced, along with its cyber security capability and practices. An online survey was conducted with 100 experienced professional working in both the Nigerian banking and banking security service sectors. Our findings reveal a

A violent manifestation producing many harms, Nigerian piracy has spread throughout the Gulf of Guinea. Exploring an understudied criminological phenomenon, this article draws on crime script analysis to articulate detailed business models for each of the three primary types of piracy identified in the waters of Nigeria (robberies, kidnappings for ransom and ship/cargo seizures) as well as attempted

In sudden or unexpected deaths, there is a need to identify whether or not the death resulted from a criminal act. Adding evidentiary problems associated with fire and arson to this further complicates the investigation. A multi-agency approach with an open exchange of information is recommended, though the use of unrestrictive contextual information is problematic. Extraneous contextual information