Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of in-vehicle audio warning at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings based on driving simulation and eye-tracking systems. Background Collisions at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings have severe consequences. In-vehicle audio warning has the potential to regulate driver behavior. However, whether this improvement occurs through priming drivers’

Objective This study investigated users’ subjective evaluation of three highly automated driving styles, in terms of comfort and naturalness, when negotiating a UK road in a high-fidelity, motion-based, driving simulator. Background Comfort and naturalness play an important role in contributing to users’ acceptance and trust of automated vehicles (AVs), although not much is understood about the types

Objective This study examined the interaction of gait-synchronized vibrotactile cues with an active ankle exoskeleton that provides plantarflexion assistance. Background An exoskeleton that augments gait may support collaboration through feedback to the user about the state of the exoskeleton or characteristics of the task. Methods Participants (N = 16) were provided combinations of torque assistance

Objective This study aimed to investigate the self-study methods used by pilots while grounded and their perception of competence decline and confidence upon their return to flying. Background Previously, long absences from flying were managed on a case-by-case basis. Thousands of pilots returning to flying as the pandemic eases have burdened airline training systems. Limited research has been conducted

Objective To understand the impact of time pressure and automated decision support systems (DSS) in a simulated medical visual search task. Background Time pressure usually impairs manual performance in visual search tasks, but DSS support might neutralize this negative effect. Moreover, understanding the impact of time pressure and DSS support seems relevant for many real-world applications of visual

Objective We examined the effectiveness of a second exposure to ACCEL, a novel driving training program, on latent hazard anticipation (HA) performance several months after their first exposure. Background Past research has demonstrated that PC-based driver training programs can improve latent HA performance in young novice drivers, but these improvements are below the ceiling level. Method Twenty-five

Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and change in perception of physical discomfort, including musculoskeletal discomfort, during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine associations of demographic factors, telework activity, and home office characteristics with the highest prevalence of discomfort. Background The COVID-19 pandemic forced a substantial increase in telework

Objective This study aims to understand drivers’ visual attention before and after take-over requests during automated driving (AD), when the vehicle is fully responsible for the driving task on public roads. Background Existing research on transitions of control from AD to manual driving has mainly focused on take-over times. Despite its relevance for vehicle safety, drivers’ visual attention has

Background Industry 4.0 is currently underway allowing for improved manufacturing processes that leverage the collective advantages of human and robot agents. Consideration of trust can improve the quality and safety in such shared-space human-robot collaboration environments. Objective The use of physiological response to monitor and understand trust is currently limited due to a lack of knowledge

Objective To assess the effect of safety claims and warnings on perceptions of consumer chemical products. Background Manufacturers have two contradictory objectives: to increase sales by emphasizing the positive aspects of a product and to protect consumers from hazards of the product. One of the strategies that some manufactures have devised to achieve these goals is to use anti-warnings. Safety

OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of safety claims and warnings on perceptions of consumer chemical products. BACKGROUND Manufacturers have two contradictory objectives: to increase sales by emphasizing the positive aspects of a product and to protect consumers from hazards of the product. One of the strategies that some manufactures have devised to achieve these goals is to use anti-warnings. Safety

ObjectiveTo explore whether the optimal objective function weightings change when using a digital human model (DHM) to predict origin and destination lifting postures under unfatigued and fatigued states.BackgroundThe ability to predict human postures can depend on state-based influences (e.g., fatigue). Altering objective function weightings within a predictive DHM could improve the ability to predict

ObjectiveTo evaluate, under replicable, blinded and standardised conditions, the effect of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) (equivalent to 200 or 3000 or 5000 m above sea level (asl)) on selected cognitive domains and physiological parameters in personnel of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS).MethodsWe conducted a randomized clinical trial using a single-blind crossover design in an

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that experiencing motion stimuli negatively impacts cognitive performance.ObjectiveIn the current study, we investigate whether this impact relates to Type-II spatial disorientation (SD), to motion stimulus magnitude, or to an interaction of these factors.MethodStimuli for participants (n = 23) consisted of Earth-vertical yaw rotations on a rotating chair in a

Objective This study investigates how team cognition occurs in care transitions from operating room (OR) to intensive care unit (ICU). We then seek to understand how the sociotechnical system and team cognition are related. Background Effective handoffs are critical to ensuring patient safety and have been the subject of many improvement efforts. However, the types of team-level cognitive processing

OBJECTIVE This study investigates how team cognition occurs in care transitions from operating room (OR) to intensive care unit (ICU). We then seek to understand how the sociotechnical system and team cognition are related. BACKGROUND Effective handoffs are critical to ensuring patient safety and have been the subject of many improvement efforts. However, the types of team-level cognitive processing

BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that experiencing motion stimuli negatively impacts cognitive performance. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we investigate whether this impact relates to Type-II spatial disorientation (SD), to motion stimulus magnitude, or to an interaction of these factors. METHOD Stimuli for participants (n = 23) consisted of Earth-vertical yaw rotations on a rotating chair

OBJECTIVE To evaluate, under replicable, blinded and standardised conditions, the effect of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) (equivalent to 200 or 3000 or 5000 m above sea level (asl)) on selected cognitive domains and physiological parameters in personnel of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS). METHODS We conducted a randomized clinical trial using a single-blind crossover design in

OBJECTIVE A driving simulator study was conducted to test the effect of directions pavement markings (DPMs) on drivers' performance. BACKGROUND The perception of traditional direction signs may be less efficient than that of DPMs because drivers allocate more attentional resources to the road than to any other location. METHOD Two experimental conditions of DPMs were tested: (a) the name of the lane's

OBJECTIVE The present scoping review aims to transform the diverse field of research on the effects of mixed reality-based training on performance in manual assembly tasks into comprehensive statements about industrial needs for and effects of mixed reality-based training. BACKGROUND Technologies such as augmented and virtual reality, referred to as mixed reality, are seen as promising media for training

OBJECTIVE The present study compared the performance, workload, and stress associated with driver vigilance in two types of vehicle: a traditional, manually operated vehicle, and a partially automated vehicle. BACKGROUND Drivers of partially automated vehicles must monitor for hazards that constitute automation failures and the need for human intervention, but recent research indicates that a driver's

OBJECTIVE To share results of an experiment that used visual occlusion for a new purpose: inducing a waiting time. BACKGROUND Senders was a leading figure in human factors. In his research on the visual demands of driving, he used occlusion techniques. METHODS In a simulator experiment, we examined how drivers brake for different levels of urgency and different visual conditions. In three blocks (1

Objective Assess the effects of long-duration microgravity and gravitational transitions on fine motor skills using a tablet-based test battery of four fine motor tasks: Pointing, Dragging, Shape Tracing, and Pinch-Rotate. Background While there have been some studies on fine motor skills in microgravity, few have measured the fine motor skills that are core components of interaction with computer-based

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify objective measures that predict surgeon nontechnical skills (NTS) during surgery. Background NTS are cognitive and social skills that impact operative performance and patient outcomes. Current methods for NTS assessment in surgery rely on observation-based tools to rate intraoperative behavior. These tools are resource intensive (e.g., time for observation

Introduction Isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments are accompanied by a host of stress-inducing circumstances: operational pressure, interpersonal dynamics, limited communication with friends and family, and environmental hazards. We evaluated the effectiveness of attention-restoration-therapy-based immersive Virtual Reality (VR) in three ICE environments: the Canadian Forces Station—Alert

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify objective measures that predict surgeon nontechnical skills (NTS) during surgery. BACKGROUND NTS are cognitive and social skills that impact operative performance and patient outcomes. Current methods for NTS assessment in surgery rely on observation-based tools to rate intraoperative behavior. These tools are resource intensive (e.g., time for observation

OBJECTIVE Assess the effects of long-duration microgravity and gravitational transitions on fine motor skills using a tablet-based test battery of four fine motor tasks: Pointing, Dragging, Shape Tracing, and Pinch-Rotate. BACKGROUND While there have been some studies on fine motor skills in microgravity, few have measured the fine motor skills that are core components of interaction with computer-based

INTRODUCTION Isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments are accompanied by a host of stress-inducing circumstances: operational pressure, interpersonal dynamics, limited communication with friends and family, and environmental hazards. We evaluated the effectiveness of attention-restoration-therapy-based immersive Virtual Reality (VR) in three ICE environments: the Canadian Forces Station-Alert

ObjectiveThis study manipulates the presence and reliability of AI recommendations for risky decisions to measure the effect on task performance, behavioral consequences of trust, and deviation from a probability matching collaborative decision-making model.BackgroundAlthough AI decision support improves performance, people tend to underutilize AI recommendations, particularly when outcomes are uncertain

Manchon, J. B., Bueno, M., & Navarro, J. (2021). Calibration of trust in automated driving: A matter of initial level of trust and automated driving style? Human Factors. (Original DOI:10.1177/00187208211052804)

ObjectiveThis study was designed to evaluate the effects of a modality change on vigilance performance to determine whether depletion of modality-specific resources contributes to the vigilance decrement.BackgroundResource theory accounts for the vigilance decrement by arguing that the demands of vigilance deplete limited information processing resources. Research indicates that both supramodal and

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a modality change on vigilance performance to determine whether depletion of modality-specific resources contributes to the vigilance decrement. BACKGROUND Resource theory accounts for the vigilance decrement by arguing that the demands of vigilance deplete limited information processing resources. Research indicates that both supramodal

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of the spatial disorientation (SD) events on an attentive blank stare in the cockpit scene and demonstrated how much the flight task and visual delayed discrimination task were competing for the pilots’ attention.BackgroundSD in flight is the leading cause of human error-related aircraft accidents in the military, general and commercial aviation, and has

ObjectiveWe examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity and its correlates in heart rate and its variability (HR/HRV) during a fatiguing visuospatial working memory task.BackgroundThe neural and physiological drivers of fatigue are complex, coupled, and poorly understood. Investigations that combine the fidelity of neural indices and the field-readiness of physiological measures can facilitate

OBJECTIVE We examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity and its correlates in heart rate and its variability (HR/HRV) during a fatiguing visuospatial working memory task. BACKGROUND The neural and physiological drivers of fatigue are complex, coupled, and poorly understood. Investigations that combine the fidelity of neural indices and the field-readiness of physiological measures can facilitate

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of the spatial disorientation (SD) events on an attentive blank stare in the cockpit scene and demonstrated how much the flight task and visual delayed discrimination task were competing for the pilots' attention. BACKGROUND SD in flight is the leading cause of human error-related aircraft accidents in the military, general and commercial aviation, and has

ObjectiveTo describe older adult patients’ and care partners’ knowledge broker roles during emergency department (ED) visits.BackgroundOlder adult patients are vulnerable to communication and coordination challenges during an ED visit, which can be exacerbated by the time and resource constrained ED environment. Yet, as a constant throughout the patient journey, patients and care partners can act as

OBJECTIVE To describe older adult patients' and care partners' knowledge broker roles during emergency department (ED) visits. BACKGROUND Older adult patients are vulnerable to communication and coordination challenges during an ED visit, which can be exacerbated by the time and resource constrained ED environment. Yet, as a constant throughout the patient journey, patients and care partners can act

Objective This project aimed to assess the impact of an 8-day military training exercise on cognitive performance, and track its recovery in periods of reduced training load and partially restored sleep. Background Military personnel often work in challenging multi-stressor environments, where sleep loss is inevitable. Sleep loss can impair multiple cognitive domains, which can have disastrous consequences

Objective The effect of camera viewpoint was studied when performing visually obstructed psychomotor targeting tasks. Background Previous research in laparoscopy and robotic teleoperation found that complex perceptual-motor adaptations associated with misaligned viewpoints corresponded to degraded performance in manipulation. Because optimal camera positioning is often unavailable in restricted environments

ObjectiveWe explore relationships between barriers and facilitators experienced by users to understand dynamic interactions in sociotechnical systems and improve a mobile phone-based augmented reality application that teaches users about the contents of a standardized pediatric code cart.BackgroundUnderstanding interactions between performance obstacles and facilitators can provide guidance to (re)designing

OBJECTIVE We explore relationships between barriers and facilitators experienced by users to understand dynamic interactions in sociotechnical systems and improve a mobile phone-based augmented reality application that teaches users about the contents of a standardized pediatric code cart. BACKGROUND Understanding interactions between performance obstacles and facilitators can provide guidance to (re)designing

Objective (1) To assess mental workloads of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in 12-hour working shifts (days and nights) using eye movement data; (2) to explore the impact of stress on the ocular metrics of nurses performing patient care in the ICU. Background Prior studies have employed workload scoring systems or accelerometer data to assess ICU nurses’ workload. This is the first naturalistic attempt

OBJECTIVE (1) To assess mental workloads of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in 12-hour working shifts (days and nights) using eye movement data; (2) to explore the impact of stress on the ocular metrics of nurses performing patient care in the ICU. BACKGROUND Prior studies have employed workload scoring systems or accelerometer data to assess ICU nurses' workload. This is the first naturalistic attempt

Objective This review and synthesis examines approaches for measuring and assessing team coordination dynamics (TCD). The authors advance a system typology for classifying TCD approaches and their applications for increasing levels of dynamic complexity. Background There is an increasing focus on how teams adapt their coordination in response to changing and uncertain operational conditions. Understanding

OBJECTIVE This review and synthesis examines approaches for measuring and assessing team coordination dynamics (TCD). The authors advance a system typology for classifying TCD approaches and their applications for increasing levels of dynamic complexity. BACKGROUND There is an increasing focus on how teams adapt their coordination in response to changing and uncertain operational conditions. Understanding

Objective The present study tests the hypothesis that humans are capable of predicting the state of a system during visual occlusion, an assumption often made in models of sampling behaviour, but seldom tested. Background In 1967, John Senders introduced the visual occlusion paradigm to evaluate attentional demand of tasks such as automobile driving. Despite multiple studies employing this paradigm

Objective The present study aims to evaluate the effects of posture, task, and handgrip style on discomfort, neck kinematics, and concomitant muscular activity when using a smartphone (SP). Background Along with the popularity of smartphones, musculoskeletal disorders have become prevalent among smartphone users. However, comprehensive aspects of discomfort, kinematics, and electromyographic responses

OBJECTIVE The present study tests the hypothesis that humans are capable of predicting the state of a system during visual occlusion, an assumption often made in models of sampling behaviour, but seldom tested. BACKGROUND In 1967, John Senders introduced the visual occlusion paradigm to evaluate attentional demand of tasks such as automobile driving. Despite multiple studies employing this paradigm

OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate the effects of posture, task, and handgrip style on discomfort, neck kinematics, and concomitant muscular activity when using a smartphone (SP). BACKGROUND Along with the popularity of smartphones, musculoskeletal disorders have become prevalent among smartphone users. However, comprehensive aspects of discomfort, kinematics, and electromyographic responses

Objective Hospital information systems (HIS) are meant to manage complex work processes across healthcare organizations. We describe limitations of HIS to address local information requirements and how they are circumvented at different organizational levels. Results can be used to better support collaboration in socio-technical systems. Background Workarounds describe a mismatch between a technology’s

Background Chronic Neck Pain (CNP) among rotary-wing aircrew is thought to stem from night vision goggles (NVG) and counterweight (CW) systems which displace the centre of mass of the head. This investigation aimed to quantify the loads acting on the neck as a function of movement magnitude (MM), helmet conditions, and movement axes in rapid movements. Methods Cervical spine kinematics during rapid

BACKGROUND Chronic Neck Pain (CNP) among rotary-wing aircrew is thought to stem from night vision goggles (NVG) and counterweight (CW) systems which displace the centre of mass of the head. This investigation aimed to quantify the loads acting on the neck as a function of movement magnitude (MM), helmet conditions, and movement axes in rapid movements. METHODS Cervical spine kinematics during rapid

OBJECTIVE Hospital information systems (HIS) are meant to manage complex work processes across healthcare organizations. We describe limitations of HIS to address local information requirements and how they are circumvented at different organizational levels. Results can be used to better support collaboration in socio-technical systems. BACKGROUND Workarounds describe a mismatch between a technology's

Objective This study investigated drivers’ subjective feelings and decision making in mixed traffic by quantifying driver’s driving style and type of interaction. Background Human-driven vehicles (HVs) will share the road with automated vehicles (AVs) in mixed traffic. Previous studies focused on simulating the impacts of AVs on traffic flow, investigating car-following situations, and using simulation

OBJECTIVE This study investigated drivers' subjective feelings and decision making in mixed traffic by quantifying driver's driving style and type of interaction. BACKGROUND Human-driven vehicles (HVs) will share the road with automated vehicles (AVs) in mixed traffic. Previous studies focused on simulating the impacts of AVs on traffic flow, investigating car-following situations, and using simulation

Objective In two experiments, we examined how quickly different visual alerts on a head-worn display (HWD) would capture participants’ attention to a matrix of patient vital sign values, while multitasking. Background An HWD could help clinicians monitor multiple patients, regardless of where the clinician is located. We sought effective ways for HWDs to alert multitasking wearers to important events

Objective To explore how passenger presence and the degree of association between young driver and passenger influences young drivers’ eye glance behavior when they are subjected to distraction. Background Young drivers (18–20 years old) are at an elevated crash risk when subjected to distraction. They are likely to be distracted even further when they drive with passengers. However, the eye glance

Objective To determine the effect of handrail cross-section on the speed and quality of reach-to-grasp movements following balance loss in younger and older adults. Background Grasping a handrail is a common strategy for balance recovery. For handrails to be effective, the design must enable fast and accurate reactive grasping. Little is known about the effect of handrail cross-section on the timing

OBJECTIVE In two experiments, we examined how quickly different visual alerts on a head-worn display (HWD) would capture participants' attention to a matrix of patient vital sign values, while multitasking. BACKGROUND An HWD could help clinicians monitor multiple patients, regardless of where the clinician is located. We sought effective ways for HWDs to alert multitasking wearers to important events