Appropriate irrigation water management has attracted a considerable degree of attention because it is crucial to guarantee water and food security worldwide. A smart irrigation system is applied for the rational use of water in agricultural fields and for maximizing crop yield. Thus, the high demand for water resources is decreased, and the adverse environmental impacts of irrigation are reduced.

In this study, the water footprint (WF) and its components, the water footprint economic value (WFEV), and the economic land productivity (ELP) for tomato cultivation in Iran were determined. These data were used in a multicriteria decision-making tool (PROMETTEE II) to prioritize tomato production in more agriculturally sustainable regions of the country. The results indicate that the average WF of

Techniques for the magnetic treatment of water have become one of the most common practices for improving the agricultural sector. The effects of alternating magnetic field treatment of broad bean (Luz de Otoño) seeds and irrigation water on plant growth and yield were investigated under pot conditions. The magnetic treatments included (i) magnetically treated seeds (MTS), (ii) magnetically treated

Water supply and its proper management play a significant role in establishing an optimal water policy in semi-arid regions. Also, soil plays a key role in earth as an environmental interface. However, soil salinity is usually a large-scale problem, which adversely affects the environment resulting in many environmental difficulties. The practice of leaching is the inevitable method for improving saline

Evapotranspiration (ETc) is the most important part of agricultural water consumption. Accurate determination of the ETc of tea trees is important in the water management of tea fields. In this study, three models, the Penman–Monteith (PM), Priestley–Taylor (PT) and crop coefficient (KC) models, were applied and calibrated using meteorological data of 2017 in a tea field. The calibrated models were

Surface irrigation methods enable a lower cost of investment and energy requirements than pressurized systems if they are designed and managed properly. The aim of this investigation was to devise a new simulation model that would enable the determination of the optimum water application time and furrow length in a blocked end furrow system. The infiltration properties of the soil, net irrigation water

Surface irrigation models should take two-dimensional infiltration of water in furrows into account for better representation and more accuracy. The Warrick–Lazarovitch infiltration model (W–L model) has been proposed to estimate the two-dimensional infiltration of water in furrow irrigation. This model consists of several parameters, including γ as an empirical parameter, which is often obtained through

One basis for the real-time management of furrow irrigation is to estimate the infiltration parameters and Manning roughness, which can represent the furrow condition as early as possible. Closed-end furrow irrigation experiments were conducted on 45 fields on the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi province, China. The infiltration parameters of the Kostiakov equation and Manning roughness were estimated according

Understanding the intraseasonal sensitivity of crop evapotranspiration (ET) to stresses allows for accurate modelling of crop yield. In this research, the effects of water salinity stress and soil nitrogen deficiency on evapotranspiration (in the growth stages) and maize yield in 2017 and 2018 were investigated. Four treatments of saline water levels of 0.5 (S0), 2.1 (S1), 3.5 (S2) and 5.7 (S3) dS

The Cebala-Borj Touil (Cebala) Plain in Tunisia is a large perimeter with an area of 3,200 ha. In 1990, a drainage and irrigation system was installed. The groundwater system is complex due to the proximity to the sea, the low slope, and the low performance of natural drainage. It is characterized by shallow groundwater and soil water logging. The flooded area is controlled by natural and artificial

Despite the attention given to the water–energy–food nexus, there is little field evidence of how this plays out for irrigators. This article analyses the diversity of irrigation system configurations and their related water and energy use in semi-arid Morocco, where groundwater-fed and pressurized drip irrigation, although supposedly thrifty, is energy intensive. The analysis relying on hydraulic

The Tungabhadra irrigation command area (TBP) in Karnataka, India, has three scenarios: the head, mid and tail reach command areas. The head reach has ample good quality canal water availability, and the mid reach area has limited canal water availability. In recent decades, rice–rice monocropping in vertisols, especially by these head and mid reach farmers, has led to not only water shortages but

Iran has an arid to semi-arid climate where water resources are limited. Irrigation planning plays an essential role in the growth and development of crops. This study aims to enhance the current status of irrigation scheduling and improve farm water management on sugarcane farms in Khuzestan province, Iran. The AquaCrop model and the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) were used to simulate

Irrigation and fertilization are vital to increasing crop yield, but their application often exceeds crop requirements. Excessive fertilization under inefficient irrigation depletes the already scarce water resources while contributing to water pollution. To overcome these problems, the introduction of fertigation in combination with modern irrigation technologies has been promoted in the North China

Installation of subsurface drainage systems in paddy fields is crucial to achieve the feasibility of year-round cropping and high productivity and to create more conducive working conditions for the use of farm machinery. Therefore, three subsurface drainage systems were installed in a paddy field located in northern Iran to control the water table (WT) during the rainy seasons. To predict the WT between

Investments to rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure aim to enhance climate resilience and improve farmers' livelihoods in the face of hydrological risks. Studies seeking to assess the impacts from investments in irrigation primarily focus on yield and income-related poverty measures. This approach provides an incomplete picture of the distributional implications of investments, such as the impact

The ever-increasing water demands in the agricultural sector of the Mediterranean basin region (MBR) under climate change warrants that crop water productivity (WP) is a pertinent topic for discussion. Considering this need, this study aims to synthesize the body of knowledge on WP focusing on the MBR. The study is based on two test cases: (1) wheat, because it is a basic staple food in high dietary

A comprehensive study was conducted to analyse the influence of film mulching on the soil water content (SWC), plant physiological and morphological parameters, yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of cucumber grown in a greenhouse. The experiment was designed to set the film mulching (M1) and non-film mulching (M0) applications under two irrigation levels (T1: sufficient irrigation; T2:

No abstract is available for this article. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Accurate calculation of evapotranspiration (ET) for all crops plays an important role. This study was conducted to determine the most accurate reference evapotranspiration (ETr) estimation model for arid climatic conditions using the decision support system (DSS) program for alfalfa plants in south-east Anatolia, Turkey, in 2019 and 2020. The evapotranspiration of 12 mathematical models (ETr-m) and

This study investigates the effects of using livestock manure (LM), livestock manure ash (LMA) and the combination of LM with LMA (LM + LMA) on the soil moisture content and water infiltration rate of clay, clay loam and sandy loam soils. The soil moisture content and water infiltration rate were 11.60, 8.90 and 6.85% and 1.98, 1.55 and 1.62 cm h‾¹ for clay, clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively

Reasonable fertigation methods are essential for plant growth, as excessive or inadequate water and fertilizer supply can lead to plant diseases, resource consumption, or even crop production reduction. These problems are common to local farmers in Malaysia, especially for large-scale chilli cultivation using traditional irrigation approaches in rural areas. These problems need to be addressed, as

This study selected the temperature Penman–Monteith (PMT) model to solve the difficulty of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) prediction caused by incomplete meteorological data. Then, the principal control factor of the PMT model was determined using several indicators. The results show that the annual average correlation and sensitivity coefficients between Tmax and ET0 are the highest. Hence

Climate change and rapid population growth are already putting increasing demand and pressure on the world's freshwater resources. Irrigated agriculture is responsible for about 70% of global freshwater withdrawals, consuming the most amount of water. However, the diverted water in irrigation systems is often not utilized efficiently because of poor water management at different spatial scales, resulting

The ‘effective’ root depth of perennial ryegrass used for irrigation scheduling has substantial implications when estimating irrigation requirements. This study included field measurements of 20 percolation lysimeters with diameters and heights of 500 and 900 mm, respectively, installed on the Lincoln University Dairy Farm, Christchurch, New Zealand, to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) based

Deficit irrigation strategies are considered as promising irrigation management for water saving. In the arid areas of southern Tunisia, agriculture relies heavily on irrigation. With rainfall scarcity, valuable management of water requires efficient approaches. In this context, the effects of deficit irrigation (CDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) on the vegetative and fruiting behaviour of an

We theoretically and empirically investigate the investments of water users in a stylized local irrigation system. We model irrigation self-management as an interdependent interaction of users in an evolutionary game and study the resilience of the irrigation system. The theoretical model implies multiple stable equilibria at different efficiency levels. Users may be trapped in a low level of collective

In theory, irrigation could affect farm households' nutritional status in either direction. On the one hand, irrigation may improve nutritional status by boosting farm productivity and household income. On the other hand, it may deter diet quality by shifting farmers' attention from nutrition-rich food to cash crops. This study examines the impact of irrigation schemes on farm households' nutritional

The modernization efforts of the irrigation subsector in Kenya have been hampered by several challenges. This review describes the status and challenges facing irrigated agriculture in Kenya. The results indicated that as of 2018, the developed irrigation schemes covered an area of 222,240 ha, which is 16% of the irrigation potential of 1.34 million ha. Most large-scale irrigation schemes use the furrow

Evapotranspiration (ET), which is an elusive component of the hydrological cycle, comprises transpiration from plants (T) and evaporation from soil surface (E). In this regard, it is essential to know how much water is lost by T and E during the irrigation period. The overall aim of this study is to separate the ET components by stable oxygen isotopes of winter wheat at the field scale under different

Proper droplet diameter and kinetic energy can effectively reduce the risk of soil erosion during low-pressure sprinkler irrigation. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the radial distributions of droplet diameter, velocity, kinetic energy, kinetic energy per unit droplet volume, and specific power for three common low-pressure sprinklers, i.e. Nelson D3000, R3000 and Komet KPT, with two operating

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital component of the hydrological cycle, and accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is of great importance in agriculture water resources planning and management. In this study, long short-term memory network (LSTM), artificial neural network (ANN), extreme learning machine (ELM), and their wavelet-coupled models were used for daily ET0 estimation.

The projected implications of climate change for water and agriculture to meet diverse and competitive water demands requires smart water management solutions. Science- and evidence-based, agricultural water management (AWM) can significantly contribute to reduce unsustainable water use and help enhance water resilience and adaptation to climate change. This paper presents a brief overview of potential

Bangladesh is currently self-sufficient in rice production but faces immense challenges of sustaining that self-sufficiency because of population growth and climate change. There is little scope to further increase cropping intensity except in the underutilized 1.2 Mha of lands enclosed in the polders of the coastal zone. The main impediment to wide-scale adoption of more productive cropping systems

High ambient air and water temperatures can cause high-temperature damage to ripening rice grains after rice heading and has recently become a major issue of concern. Spill-over irrigation (also referred to as continuous irrigation with running water) is an effective countermeasure that involves simultaneous irrigation and drainage to reduce the ponded water temperature in paddy fields. However, it

Irrigation plays a vital role in world food security. Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater withdrawals worldwide, and the figure is even higher in developing countries like Sri Lanka. The rapid expansion of anthropogenic activities, together with the anticipated climatic risks associated with them, is exacerbating the problem of increasing agricultural water demand. Although it has been recognized

To study the effects of different soil temperatures (DST) on tomatoes and soil microorganisms (SM) in greenhouses, these effects were evaluated for 2 years by comparing designs. Three geothermal pipes were set to have water temperatures of 25°C (T1), 35°C (T2) and 45°C (T3). There was one control treatment (CK) with no heating. The results of the 2-year greenhouse test showed that compared with the

The food problem is a major common concern in the world, and predicting the irrigation area can promote a solution to this problem. In this paper, the relationship between grain yield and the world’s irrigated area is analysed, and a machine model based on an improved random forest regression and limit tree regression algorithm is proposed and applied to the prediction of the irrigation area in China

The impact of climate change on the availability of water affects all types of land use and sectors. This complexity calls for integrated water resources management and negotiations between sectors on the most important, cost-effective, and productive allocation of water where it is a limited resource. This reflection paper shows examples of adaptation efforts to water scarcity at a scale where gains

Climate change has led to increasing global air temperatures. In the field of crop cultivation, long-term high temperatures (heatwaves) during the rice-growing season might increase the risk of high-temperature damage to rice, which might result in reductions to the yield and quality of rice. In this study, a hybrid forecast model consisting of a combined paddy field heat balance model and a meteorological

Gladiolus is one of the most important bulbous flowers produced worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of irrigation and soil mulching on soil water conservation and its effect on gladiolus floral stem quality. Two field experiments were conducted with gladiolus at the Federal University of Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during 2019 and 2020. The

The selection of suitable drainage materials is crucial for the efficient operation of subsurface drainage systems. Previous studies on drainage material selection have focused on anti-clogging characteristics, and less attention has been given to their effects on the process of soil salt leaching, which is an important consideration in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the influence of subsurface

Irrigation water conveyance relies heavily on canal networks because they transport the water cheaply. However, water losses are high, which is a major concern in the face of soaring demand and dwindling new water sources. While researchers have investigated canal water losses and water loss types at irrigation scheme level, their variability and the main factors of influence at a global scale are

Climate change effects on consumptive water use (CWU) and its blue and green water components of winter wheat during 1980–2015 were analysed, using data sets from 145 meteorological stations in the Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) farming region. The results showed that 61% of CWU came from blue water consumption (CWUb), and 39% from green water consumption (CWUg). The proportion of CWUb was distinguished significantly

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of daily drip irrigation on the growth of winter wheat, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to compare the influence of conventional irrigation (CI) and daily drip irrigation (DI1 and DI2) on the soil water content, evapotranspiration dynamics, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat. CI irrigated 75 mm at elongation and anthesis periods

Excess moisture within the root zone due to the shallow water table is a leading cause of crop loss in Manitoba. In this study, the ability of the DRAINMOD model to predict water table depth (WTD) in clayey soil was evaluated using measured field data from the 2019 and 2020 canola-growing seasons in Arborg, Manitoba, Canada. Statistical analysis and graphical plots showed close agreement between the

No abstract is available for this article. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water is a key factor in attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty elimination and hunger eradication. The regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA) are stricken with absolute poverty, with 70% of the world's poor. These regions are mainly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Diverse rural livelihoods in SSA and SA demand water interventions with more fruitful

To reduce reservoir sedimentation, sustainable water resource management necessitates the identification and control of significant erosion zones. The SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) distributed model was used to analyse runoff and sediment output, identify major erosion basins in the Salma dam, and assess best management practices for reducing sediment transport to reservoirs in order to extend

Iran is in a serious freshwater shortage crisis because its major part is located in arid and semi-arid areas. This research evaluated the groundwater quality in terms of potable and irrigation uses in the wet and dry seasons in the Kazeroon plain, southern Iran. In this study, a total of 408 groundwater samples were gathered from 68 boreholes to measure water quality indices, such as acidity (pH)

In this study, 15 models in the combination, radiation, and temperature-based groups were evaluated for three consecutive years (2017–2019) with lysimetric measurements in a semi-arid region of Iran. To investigate the effects of reference plant species and soil textures on the amounts of reference evapotranspiration (ET0), two grass species including Festuca arundianacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne

Fuzzy SARSA learning (FSL) is a robust reinforcement learning (RL) technique that represents successful solutions in various industrial problems. Water management in irrigation canals is one of these problems where an FSL agent interacts with the canal environment to control the gates. FSL often requires a large number of interactive experiences and takes a long time in real-life problems. To reduce

Irrigation development is essential for reducing vulnerability to water resource scarcity, food insecurity, and climate change impacts in Egypt. The centralized irrigation development must, however, overcome the challenges of the diversity of smallholders and the pre-existing, individualistic irrigation management. The purpose of this paper is to examine the farmers' characteristics that influence

Flexible on-request (arranged) water delivery is applicable in existing canals that operate manually. A challenge facing this method is the diversity and multiplicity of requests across the network, making planning for water distribution very difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, we need a suitable tool to derive the proper operation of structures quickly to improve network performance compared

Water availability has been a major constraint in crop production technology across the globe. The agricultural sector has been the largest consumer of fresh water for ages and accounts for about two-thirds of the total fresh water used for human consumption. In the scenario of rapid population growth, the share of fresh water allocated to agriculture would get reduced to a great extent. Therefore

Bathymetric changes have been observed over the years in the Chókwè irrigation scheme (CIS) and little is known about their cause. This study assessed bathymetric variations that have occurred since 2001, when the scheme was last rehabilitated. The bathymetry of canal beds and banks was analysed using GPS-Rover surveying equipment to determine cross-section and longitudinal profiles. Water level measurements

The current focus on water saving in drip irrigation projects has stifled more classical engineering debates on the relevance of different irrigation techniques for specific field conditions. We show that these debates remain important by analysing a drip irrigation project implemented in a sprinkler irrigation district in north-west Morocco. The objective is to understand the apparent paradox of a

An improved analytic solution is presented to estimate soil water infiltration by surface irrigation methods through a more rigorous determination of the subsurface shape factor, as applied in volume-balance models. Based on the results of this analysis and by averaging the shape factor of previously published equations, a new relationship is presented, with a maximum error of 0.036%. Also, the effect

The use of inappropriate irrigation water may lead to unwanted consequences for the soil, plants, irrigation system equipment and more. Ideally, the assessment of water fitness should include all influential factors and their interdependence. Because that is rarely the case, as an attempt to satisfy such requirements we propose a new approach based on the FAO guidelines and Bayesian network (BN) modelling