Background/aims To investigate the progression of quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) measures and the potential as clinical trial endpoint in ABCA4 -related retinopathy. Methods In this longitudinal monocentre study, 64 patients with ABCA4 -related retinopathy (age (mean±SD), 34.84±16.36 years) underwent serial retinal imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and qAF (488 nm excitation)

Aims To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine eye-drops in controlling myopia progression over 5 years. Methods Experimental, analytical, prospective, randomised and longitudinal study, in 361 right eyes from 361 children randomised into the control group (177 eyes without treatment) and treatment group (184 eyes with 0.01% atropine eye-drops). Children assigned to the treatment group

Aims To assess dynamic change of iris area (Iarea) and volume (VOL) with physiologic pupil dilation for progression of primary angle closure suspects. Methods Participants underwent baseline examinations including gonioscopy and anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) as part of the Zhongshan Angle Closure Prevention Trial. The AS-OCT images were obtained both in the dark and light. Progression was defined as

Aim To investigate the effect of gender on the clinical features and outcomes of ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods 262 patients (139 women and 123 men) presenting to a tertiary referral uveitis service in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, with serological and clinical evidence of ocular toxoplasmosis were prospectively enrolled in an observational study. Predefined data items including demographics, descriptors

Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in adults worldwide. Artificial intelligence (AI) with autonomous deep learning algorithms has been increasingly used in retinal image analysis, particularly for the screening of referrable DR. An established treatment for proliferative DR is panretinal or focal laser photocoagulation. Training autonomous models to discern laser patterns

Background/aims Evaluation of telemedicine care models has highlighted its potential for exacerbating healthcare inequalities. This study seeks to identify and characterise factors associated with non-attendance across face-to-face and telemedicine outpatient appointments. Methods A retrospective cohort study at a tertiary-level ophthalmic institution in the UK, between 1 January 2019 and 31 October

Cysts associated with micropthalmia-anophthalmia can be detrimental to the long-term cosmetic rehabilitation of these patients. Timely decision-making regarding prosthesis fitting, cyst excision and orbital volume replacement is vital for a favourable outcome. Diffuse pattern, orbital invasion, perineural invasion and high Ki-67 percentage positivity were identified as independent risk factors for

Radiation is a commonly used treatment modality for head and neck as well as CNS tumours, both benign and malignant. As newer oncology treatments such as immunotherapies allow for longer survival, complications from radiation therapy are becoming more common. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy is a feared complication due to rapid onset and potential for severe and bilateral vision loss. Careful monitoring

Background/Aims Microphthalmia and anophthalmia are rare conditions, which represent ocular maldevelopment; both may be associated with orbital cysts. Current literature recommends retention to stimulate orbital growth during socket rehabilitation but does not illustrate their potential to deform the periocular tissues. This study aims to illustrate the long-term outcomes when other elements, such

Background Metastasis dominates the prognosis of eyelid sebaceous carcinoma (SC). This study aimed to explore risk factors for nodal metastasis and develop a nomogram to predict nodal metastasis in patients with eyelid SC. Methods A retrospective case–control study was performed, comprising 320 patients with eyelid SC. Cox analyses were employed to investigate predictors of metastasis-free survival

Background Congenital corneal opacity (CCO) is a rare disorder. Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is the main surgical option for CCO, but many factors affect graft survival. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a virological examination of CCO specimens after PK to explore the relationship between virological factors and graft survival after PK. Methods This prospective study included consecutive patients

Purpose To study the incidence, clinical features and outcomes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial keratitis. Methods All cases of MDR-bacterial keratitis presenting to our institute over a period of 2 years were retrospectively analysed. Details of risk factors, size and depth of infiltrate, treatment, and outcome were noted. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done on the ocular isolates from

Background To characterise the phenotype and genetic defects of isolated ectopia lentis (IEL) and to determine the ADAMTSL4 gene mutation frequencies in a Chinese congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) cohort. Methods In total, 127 Chinese probands with a clinical CEL diagnosis were recruited for this study and underwent ocular and systemic examinations. Whole-exome sequencing was used to detect variants

Purpose To determine whether four new operating room (OR) protocols instituted because of COVID-19 reduced the cataract surgical postoperative endophthalmitis rate (POE). Design Retrospective, sequential, clinical registry study. Methods 85 552 sequential patients undergoing cataract surgery at the Aravind Eye Hospitals between 1 January 2020 and 25 March 2020 (56 551 in group 1) and 3 May 2020 and

Background/aims Uveal lymphoid hyperplasia (formerly benign reactive hyperplasia of the choroid) spans histopatholological characteristics ranging from reactive hyperplasia to low-grade lymphoid neoplasm. There is strong evidence that other low-grade lymphoid neoplasms, particularly of gastric derivations, respond to oral antibiotics. Here, we explore that response of uveal lymphoid hyperplasia to

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed practice of medicine and patient care worldwide. The impact of the pandemic on patients with uveitis is unknown. We developed the COVID-19 Practice Patterns Study Group to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on uveitis patient care. Methods This is a multicentre, cross-sectional survey of uveitis specialists practising worldwide. A web-based

Purpose To assess the optimal number and orientation of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images for accurately measuring ocular biometric parameters in angle closure eyes. Methods Subjects with angle closure, defined as >3 quadrants of non-visible pigmented trabecular meshwork on static gonioscopy, were selected from the Chinese American Eye Study. Mean angle opening distance

Aims To apply a deep learning model for automatic localisation of the scleral spur (SS) in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images and compare the reproducibility of anterior chamber angle (ACA) width between deep learning located SS (DLLSS) and manually plotted SS (MPSS). Methods In this multicentre, cross-sectional study, a test dataset comprising 5166 AS-OCT images from 287

Background/aims To investigate the rate of ganglion cell complex (GCC) thinning in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with and without deep-layer microvasculature drop-out (MvD). Methods POAG patients who had at least 1.5 years of follow-up and a minimum of three visits were included from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. MvD was detected at baseline by optical coherence tomography

Purpose To investigate the relationship of macular intercapillary area (ICA) with macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness and central visual field sensitivity (CVFS) in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Methods Seventy-eight early NTG eyes, 33 moderate-to-severe NTG eyes and 75 normal control eyes were cross-sectional evaluated. All participants underwent swept-source optical coherence

Aims To report the baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) characteristics and its diurnal fluctuation in the Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension China cohort. Methods 622 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and 149 ocular hypertension (OHT) patients were recruited at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from 2015 to 2019. Standardised ocular examinations were performed including IOP measurement using

Aim To evaluate the association between serum levels of complement component (C) 3, C4 and C1q and visual field (VF) loss in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods In this prospective cohort study, a total of 308 patients with PACG were included. The patients were followed up every 6 months (at least 2 years), with clinical examination and VF testing. Based on their sex and age

Aims To investigate the relationship between choriocapillaris (CC) blood perfusion and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Guangzhou was recruited. DR was graded according to the standardised seven-field colour retinal images adhering to the ETDRS scale. CC perfusion was quantified by

Background/aims To describe baseline characteristics and 12-month outcomes with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors of treatment-naïve hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO) compared with branch (BRVO) and central (CRVO) variants in routine clinical care. Methods A database observational study recruited 79 HRVO eyes, 590 BRVO eyes and 344 CRVO eyes that initiated therapy over 10 years.

Purpose To determine the diagnostic validity of quantitative measures derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in their ability to discriminate between cohorts of eyes unaffected by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and those with a range of toxicity severities, including mild toxicity. Methods Prospective, single-centre, case–control study conducted between August 2010 and May 2017. Participants

Background/aims This study investigated the risk factors for epiretinal membrane (ERM) in eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) that received silicone oil (SO) tamponade. Methods This retrospective analysis included 1140 patients (1140 eyes) with RRD who underwent primary vitrectomy and SO tamponade. The prevalence of ERM was estimated and possible risk factors (eg, type 2 diabetes

Background Vision-dependent mechanisms play a role in myopia progression in childhood. Thus, we investigated the distribution of ocular and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in highly myopic Chinese children and adolescents and the relationship between HOA components and 1-year axial eye growth. Methods Baseline cycloplegic ocular and corneal HOAs, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE)

Background/aims Whereas myopic optic disc deformation has been posited as a risk factor for glaucomatous damage, longitudinal studies evaluating their association have been sparse. We investigated whether the optic nerve head (ONH)’s morphological alteration during myopia progression play any role in development of retinal nerve fibre layer defect (RNFLD) in children with a large vertical cup-to-disc

Background/aims The 1986 Gambia National Eye Health Survey provided baseline data for a National Eye Health Programme. A second survey in 1996 evaluated changes in population eye health a decade later. We completed a third survey in 2019, to determine the current state of population eye health, considering service developments and demographic change. Methods We estimated prevalence and causes of vision

Background/aims To assess surgical patterns in ophthalmology by subspecialty in the USA. Methods Ophthalmic surgeons were categorised as comprehensive/subspecialist based on billed procedures in the 2017–2018 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data. Poisson regression models assessed factors associated with physicians performing surgeries in the core domain (eg, cataract extractions) and subspecialty

Background Scleral cross-linking is a potential method to inhibit axial elongation of the eye, preventing the progression of pathological myopia. Formaldehyde releasers, which are common preservatives found in cosmetics and ophthalmic solutions, have been shown to be not only effective in cross-linking corneal collagen in vitro and in vivo, but also have minimal toxicity effects on the eye. The present

Aims To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anterior segment reconstruction (ASR) in congenital fibrovascular pupillary membrane-induced secondary glaucoma (CFPMSG) basing ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) classification. Methods This ambispective cohort study enrolled patients with CFPMSG who underwent ASR between January 2014 and September 2020. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and UBM were performed

Aims To elucidate genetic background of early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and characteristics of ARR3 -associated MYP26. Methods Variants in 14 genes reported to contribute to eoHM, including ARR3 , were selected from exome sequencing data set and classified into different categories following American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines based on in silico prediction, associated phenotypes

Aims To investigate the association between hyperopia and clinically significant depression (CSD) in middle-aged and older individuals. The effect of genetic determinants of hyperopia on incident CSD was also explored. Methods We included participants who had available data on mean spherical equivalent (MSE) and were free of depression at baseline from the UK Biobank. For the phenotypic association

Purpose To use optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters from both the retinal and choroidal microvasculature to detect the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Method This is a cross-sectional case–control study. OCTA parameters from retinal vasculature, fovea avascular zone (FAZ) and choriocapillaris were evaluated from 3×3 mm2 fovea-centred scans. Areas under the

Aim To assess the role of the corneal radius of curvature (CR) in the identification of fundus tessellation in children with low myopia. Methods In the cross-sectional study, students aged 9–12 years from 24 primary schools in Shanghai were enrolled by cluster sampling. Participants underwent measurements including cycloplegic refraction and axial length. Fundus images and choroidal thickness were

Background The efficiency of clinical trials for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) treatment is limited by the screening burden and lack of reliable surrogate markers for functional end points. Automated methods to determine visual acuity (VA) may help address these challenges. We aimed to determine if VA could be estimated using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging and deep learning (DL)

Background Few studies on school eye health programmes have shown they were cost-effective. We compared the performance (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM)) between an integrated model (IM) and a vertical model (VM) of school eye health delivery in Zanzibar. Methods The set of RE-AIM performance indicators of the IM (n=9) and VM (n=10) cohorts was compared. The

Background/aims To evaluate the electroretinographic (ERG) changes in the early postoperative period following glaucoma filtration surgery, and its relationship with choroidal detachment (CD). Methods This retrospective observational single-centre study included 57 consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who underwent unilateral glaucoma filtration surgery. The patients were divided into

Objective To describe the management of patients with occult anterior uveal melanomas presenting with extrascleral extension. Methods and analysis Retrospective case series including five patients with small pigmented nodular mass on the episclera. Each lesion was documented by slit-lamp photography and measured with high-frequency ultrasound imaging (ultrasound biomicroscopy). Diagnosis of uveal melanoma

Back ground/aims To determine whether parapapillary choroidal microvasculature (PPCMv) density, measured by optical coherence tomography angiography, differed between acute primary angle-closure (APAC), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and controls. Methods This is a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Data from 149 eyes from two academic referral centres were analysed. Automated PPCMv

Background/aims Image quality assessment (IQA) is crucial for both reading centres in clinical studies and routine practice, as only adequate quality allows clinicians to correctly identify diseases and treat patients accordingly. Here we aim to develop a neural network for automated real-time IQA in colour fundus (CF) and fluorescein angiography (FA) images. Methods Training and evaluation of two

Aim To evaluate changes in the ocular surface and tear film with age and mutational status in congenital aniridia. Methods 45 participants with congenital aniridia (89 eyes) in a prospective, cross-sectional study. Whole-exome sequencing identified the causative mutation. Examinations included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, in vivo confocal microscopy, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, blink rate

Aim Much existing data on childhood refractive error prevalence in India were gathered in local studies, many now dated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, severity and determinants of refractive errors among school-going children participating in a multistate vision screening programme across India. Methods In this cross-sectional study, vision screening was conducted in children

Aims To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the ocular measurements obtained with the Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus, a new fully automatic biometer based on optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) biometer, and to compare them to those obtained by a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)-based biometer. Methods This prospective study consisted of 115 eyes of 115 healthy subjects

Purpose To investigate the effects of lacrimal drainage obstructions on the lacrimal gland activity and if there exists a potential link between the two. Methods Direct assessment of the lacrimal gland activity from the palpebral lobe was performed in consecutive patients diagnosed with unilateral primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO), along with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)

Background/Aims Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is currently diagnosed through repeated eye examinations to find the low percentage of infants that fulfil treatment criteria to reduce vision loss. A prediction model for severe ROP requiring treatment that might sensitively and specifically identify infants that develop severe ROP, DIGIROP-Birth, was developed using birth characteristics. DIGIROP-Screen

Background/aims To determine agreement of one-field (1F, macula-centred), two-field (2F, disc–macula) and five-field (5F, macula, disc, superior, inferior and nasal) mydriatic handheld retinal imaging protocols for the assessment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) as compared with standard seven-field Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) photography. Methods Prospective, comparative instrument

Objective To evaluate the role of automated optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmentation, using a validated deep-learning model, for assessing the effect of C3 inhibition on the area of geographic atrophy (GA); the constituent features of GA on OCT (photoreceptor degeneration (PRD), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) loss and hypertransmission); and the area of unaffected healthy macula. To identify

Background/aims The purpose of this study was to investigate retinal structure in detail of subjects with autosomal-dominant (AD) and autosomal-recessive (AR) PROM1 -associated retinal degeneration ( PROM1 -RD), study design: institutional, cross-sectional study. Methods Four eyes from four subjects (three with AD and one with AR) PROM1 -RD were investigated by ophthalmic examination including best-corrected

Immune stromal keratitis/Interstitial keratitis is an underreported cause of corneal blindness, and is treated presumptively for HSV and various other aetiologies. The authors report cases of inflammatory stromal keratitis, associated with microsporidia in the epithelium, and responding to topical steroids Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence area, a marker of ocular ultraviolet radiation exposure

The vascular supply of the optic nerve head is complex and remains incompletely delineated. Over the past 50 years, various investigators have attempted to clarify the relative contributions of the choroid, the short posterior ciliary arteries and the central retinal artery to the vascular beds of the inner retinal, prelaminar, laminar and retrolaminar segments of the nerve head. Conflicting theories

Pathologic myopia is a severe form of myopia that can lead to permanent visual impairment. The recent global increase in the prevalence of myopia has been projected to lead to a higher incidence of pathologic myopia in the future. Thus, imaging myopic eyes to detect early pathological changes, or predict myopia progression to allow for early intervention, has become a key priority. Recent advances

Background and objective To describe the clinical features, diagnosis and management of immune stromal keratitis/interstitial keratitis (IK) associated with microsporidial epithelial keratitis. Methods Between October 2020 and January 2021, medical records of IK patients microbiologically proven as microsporidia from samples collected from corneal epithelium on smear examination, and/ or molecular

Background Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) is a method of detecting conjunctival damage related to ultraviolet radiation exposure. In cross-sectional studies, CUVAF area is positively associated with self-reported time spent outdoors and pterygium and negatively associated with myopia; however, longitudinal studies are scarce. Aims To use a novel deep learning-based tool to assess

Background/aim To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ruthenium-106 (Ru-106) plaque brachytherapy in managing invasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). Methods This is a retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series of 42 eyes with OSSN with histopathologically-proven corneal stromal and/or scleral invasion that underwent Ru-106 plaque brachytherapy. Main outcome measures were

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a new automated method for the evaluation of histopathological images of pterygium using artificial intelligence. Methods An in-house software for automated grading of histopathological images was developed. Histopathological images of pterygium (400 images from 40 patients) were analysed using our newly developed software. Manual grading (I–IV)

Aims To develop a comprehensive three-dimensional analyses of segmental tomography (placido and optical coherence tomography) using artificial intelligence (AI). Methods Preoperative imaging data (MS-39, CSO, Italy) of refractive surgery patients with stable outcomes and diagnosed with asymmetric or bilateral keratoconus (KC) were used. The curvature, wavefront aberrations and thickness distributions

Background The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the progression of myopia in teenagers and adults in France. Methods This nationwide prospective study followed 630 487 myopic adults and teenagers (mean age 43.4 years±18.2, 59.8% of women) between January 2013 and January 2019. Myopia and high myopia were defined as a spherical equivalent less than

Aims To characterise the influence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and high myopia (HM) on the macular and choroidal capillary density (CD). Methods Two hundred and seven eyes were enrolled, including 80 POAG without HM, 50 POAG with HM, 31 HM without POAG and 46 normal controls. A fovea-centred 6×6 mm optical coherence tomography angiography scan was performed to obtain the CD of the superficial