Plasma synthesis of ammonia is a potential and sustainable way of nitrogen fixation. In this work, a series of M/Al2O3 (M =Co, Ni, Co–Ni) catalysts have been investigated to enhance the synthesis of NH3 from N2 and H2 in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor. Under the conditions of a volume ratio of N2:H2 of 1:1, a total gas flow rate of 200 mL min−1, and a discharge temperature of 200 °C

In this paper, a three-level coupled rotating electrodes air plasma at atmospheric pressure is developed for evaluation of nitrogen fixation. Factors influencing the NOx production rate and energy cost, including airflow rate, the input H2O concentration, blade numbers at each rotating electrode and rotating speed, are examined. Air flow rates prove to have no effect on the rotational temperature of

A novel strategy for the removal of sulfur mustard surrogate (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, 2-CEES) by pulsed-driven cold plasma jet was proposed in this work. The effects of pulse frequency and pulse width values were varied to optimize the degradation fraction. A high degradation fraction was obtained using a high pulse frequency or a short pulse width. Under optimal conditions, the degradation fraction

Atmospheric pressure cold plasma has the advantages of high reactive species content, free from the limitation of vacuum environment and low cost in polymer films pattern etching. However, due to the extension phenomenon of the jet, there are problems in the pattern etching, such as low processing accuracy and difficulty in process precise control. In this paper, an atmospheric pressure cold plasma

The interaction between a cold gas plasma and water creates a plasma activated liquid, a solution rich in highly reactive chemical species. Such liquids have garnered considerable attention due to their powerful antimicrobial properties and ease of production. In this contribution, air plasma was used to activate potable water samples from five different countries, including the UK, France, Norway

Biogas with fluctuating composition is reformed with non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a form of fuel processing, increasing the efficiency and reducing emissions of internal combustion engines. Biogas is a mixture of methane (typically CH4, ~ 60%) and carbon dioxide (typically CO2, ~ 40%) produced from the decomposition of organic wastes that is used as a gaseous fuel. However, depending on the decomposition

Plasma agriculture is an emerging technology, although the application of non-thermal plasma in wheat productivity is still in its early stage. This study deciphers the effect and mechanistic basis of non-thermal air-generated LPDBD (low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge) plasma in boosting germination, growth and nutritional properties in wheat. Seeds treated with LPDBD plasma exhibited cracked

In arc welding, a groove is often used between metal pieces being welded. In tungsten inert gas welding of high-manganese stainless steels with arc voltage control (AVC), the penetration depth was found to increase with groove wall height. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of the groove on the penetration depth, mainly through numerical simulation. Spectroscopic measurements

Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the conventional treatment modalities of cancer though successful are limited by presence of residual tumor cells, toxic side-effects and treatment resistance, thus raising the need for investigating other novel approaches. Here, we have used a cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) jet and assessed the in vitro efficacy in gingivobuccal squamous cell carcinoma (GB-SCC)

In this paper, the features of the process of argon radiation mixed with molecular and atomic impurities in condensing supersonic jets are studied experimentally. The mixture particles were activated by a well-focused electron beam. The dependence of the radiation intensity of individual argon lines on the gas-dynamic parameters in the jet is studied by changing the total density of the gas mixture

This work reports an investigation of the discharge characteristics of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in terms of I-V curves and Lissajous figures and their effect on the surface functionalities of electrospun silk/PVA nanofibers. The results show that the filamentary discharge is predominant at lower electrode gap (3 mm) and then significantly reduces at higher electrode gaps

Atmospheric pressure multi-tube air bubble discharge plasma was generated with 0.5–10 kV, 0.05–5 kHz bipolar power supply within a water treatment reactor. Water was treated in the reactor with an air flow rate of 5 lpm for 15 min and the chemical properties of plasma activated water (PAW) were determined. PAWs were applied 2, 4 and 6 times as foliar spray to the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants

The novel three-electrode underwater pulse discharge excited by two independent high-voltage sources was used for the synthesis of W-Mo mixed oxide nanoparticles for the first time. The spectral and optical characteristics of the discharge were studied. It was found that the composition of the formed mixed oxides particles can be controlled by the discharge current between the anodes—general cathode

The present study has been carried to investigate the interaction and effect of plasma activated water (PAW) on pea seeds. PAW is produced with the interaction of air plasma with water that forms reactive oxygen–nitrogen species in it. Our results with surface morphological study shows that PAW treatment removes the wax from the surface of peas and modifies their hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic

In general, seed germination is improved by low-pressure plasma treatment using precursors such as air, nitrogen, O2, and argon, etc. For the first time, low-pressure O2 plasma was used to treat chili seeds in this study. When compared to untreated and vacuum-treated seeds, O2 plasma treatment using the discharge power of 80 W for 60 s significantly improves chili seed germination and growth. The effect

Non-thermal plasma is widely considered as an effective technology for applications in agriculture. Particularly, numerous reports studies have highlighted the role of plasma-activated water (PAW) for seeds germination, plant growth, stress tolerance, and antibacterial ability. The present study investigated the effects of PAW on lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) seed germination and seedling growth. PAW

The formation of precipitation under the action of a direct current atmospheric pressure discharge in air on a copper (II) nitrate solution was investigated. The discharge was excited by applying a high voltage to two pointed titanium electrodes placed above the liquid anode and liquid cathode in the H-shaped cell. The one of the advantages of such design is the absence of the contact of the electrodes

Considering that packing dielectric materials into the discharge region of a dielectric barrier discharge reactor tends to cause the increase of undesired gas flow resistance and heating effect, herein, we design a combined system (HD-ZnO) of dielectric materials and discharge by integrating a thin ZnO coating into a hybrid discharge (HD) reactor (instead of packing) for effectively synthesizing ozone

A plastic plate made of polycarbonate (PC) was functionalized as a water-repellent nature by unbalanced radio-frequency(rf) magnetron plasma sputtering using polytetrafluoroethylene target. In order to build the unbalanced rf magnetron plasma, 3D magnetic field analysis is simulated at three setups using ferrite, samarium cobalt and neodymium magnets so that the combination of ferrite and neodymium

Silicon carbide (SiC) has been widely used in many applications, which require high mechanical endurance or high electrical resistance. It also serves as a basic material for light emitting diodes. Here, we present an in-liquid plasma method to produce SiC nanoparticles. A sustained spark-discharge in a dielectric liquid, which is energized by a nanosecond pulsed power supply, is established for the

Scaling up of transitional “warm” plasmas to industrial level gives possibility to develop plasma systems that combine advantages of thermal and non thermal discharges such as low temperature and high process selectivity (compare to thermal plasma) at high pressure and average power density. Non-equilibrium “cold” gliding arcs (with observation of equilibrium to non equilibrium transition) has been

A novel radio frequency inductively coupled plasma (RF-ICP) torch has been designed for powder processing with a significant improvement in performance and throughput. The torch features a unique conical geometry which leads to reduced gas and power consumption. Computer simulations in ANSYS Fluent were conducted to model the injection of powder particles into the plasma discharge produced by the RF-ICP

Ionic species in atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) play an important role in plasma-surface and plasma-liquid interactions, nonetheless, they have not received the same attention as their neutral reactive species counterparts. In this work, a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) was used to characterize the ion compositions in the effluent of an APPJ operating in ambient air for different

To date, numerous studies have investigated the aftertreatment of exhaust gases from fossil-fueled combustors and combustion engines by plasmas as an environmental plasma application. Owing to the high power requirements of environmental plasma, it is difficult to use the plasma alone for aftertreatment; hence, a hybrid process that combines plasma processing with other techniques is required to reduce

One of the rate limiting steps in catalytic ammonia synthesis is a nitrogen dissociation on a catalyst surface, which can be promoted by vibrational excitation of nitrogen molecules. In this work, the efficiency of plasma assisted heterogeneous nitrogen activation via vibrational excitation on the Ru surface is investigated. The analysis consists of two parts: in the first, ab initio calculations are

Melanoma is one type of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes and has been reported as the cause of deaths in different continents globally. This study aims to selectively “kill” only skin cancer cells by applying a customer designed and portable atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). Human melanoma (A375) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) were selected as the target cancer cells to compare with

In this work, we performed the comparative study of plasma parameters, steady-state gas phase compositions and Si reactive-ion etching kinetics in CF4 + O2 + Ar, CHF3 + O2 + Ar and C4F8 + O2 + Ar gas mixtures with variable O2/Ar component ratios. It was found that the substitution of Ar for O2 (a) did not disturb the well-known correlation between the polymerizing ability and the F/C ratio in the original

The plasma-chemical hybrid process (PCHP) has been effectively employed for the simultaneous removal of NOx and SOx in combustion gases. In this study, a PCHP-based semi-dry-type desulfurization reactor was developed for high-temperature exhaust gas from a glass melting furnace with a 10-MW-class thermal input. The NO in the exhaust gas is oxidized to NO2 by ozone generated from scale-up dielectric

Recently, a new production process of various metals and alloys from their oxides and ores by Cold Hydrogen Plasma (CHP) has been introduced. CHP is produced by using a microwave oven, using less power than the microwave ovens used domestically for cooking food. CHP is very efficient in producing metals and alloys from their oxides because of excited species. These excited species decrease the thermodynamic

The restrike mode is an important arc anode attachment mode under the cross flow in DC arc device, which often causes a large amplitude of arc voltage fluctuations and therefore has an important impact on the performance of arc thermal plasma device. A transferred arc device with planar anode parallel to gas flow direction is used to experimentally study the restrike mode characteristics under different

A 2D steady-state mathematical model of a GTAW electric arc was used to analyze the relative importance of the main heat transfer mechanisms that heat or cool the plasma in the arc column. The analysis consisted of building a map of the dominant mechanisms for heating and cooling the arc in each zone as well as their relative importance in terms of volumetric power. It was found that the primary inputs

For the past three decades, electrical discharge-based non-thermal plasma treatment, with or without additional treatment techniques, is being used at the laboratory level for the abatement of various pollutant gases present in diesel exhaust. In the current work, a novel red mud packed surface discharge reactor has been proposed for exploring the possibility of treating the oxides of nitrogen (NOX)

In this work, for the first time, the Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method was used for the direct one-stage synthesis of the IR-transparent amorphous chalcogenide films of the binary As–S system doped with ions of the rare-earth element—ytterbium. RF (40 MHz) inductively coupled low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma discharge was utilized for the initiation of chemical interactions

Reliable high-altitude relight is a key combustor requirement for the aero-engine. In general, low pressure and low temperature at high altitude will result in difficult ignition after extinction. In the present work, a simulated high-altitude test facility was designed to establish the capability of high-altitude relight testing. A multi-channel plasma igniter (MCPI) was proposed and designed to obtain

The kinetics of oxidant formation in water and aqueous solution of Mohr's salt under the action of radiation from a hot plasma of a spark discharge and products formed in the discharge itself has been investigated. The oxidizing agents are nitrous acid, radicals HO2∙/HO2•−, and a long-lived complex that decompose into peroxynitrite and peroxynitrous acid. Nitrous acid is identified directly by its

Black titanium dioxide, TiO2-x, was obtained by hydrogenating commercial TiO2 on nickel foam with radio frequency (RF) atmospheric pressure (AP) He/H2 plasma in short-time (5, 15 and 30 min) at power of 180 W. Voltage and current waveform was used to characterize the RF discharge. Optical emission spectrum (OES) was employed to investigate the active species during the discharge. The field emission

In the present work, we have studied the inactivation of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and lemon (Citrus limon) spoilage fungi using plasma activated water (PAW). Air and N2 are used as plasma forming gases for PAW preparation. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to determine various active radicals and species present in the air and N2 plasma. The present study shows the changes in physicochemical

Since the environmental-friendly insulating gas C5F10O not only has good environmental compatibility, but also has excellent insulating properties, it has the potential to replace SF6 in equipment such as medium and low voltage switchgear. When a partial over-thermal fault occurs on metal material surface inside the gas-insulated equipment, the C5F10O can be decomposed by overheating, and the presence

In this study, a modified cold grid cathode penning ion source is constructed and characterized; to obtain a high stream of nitrogen ions. The effect of four samarium cobalt permanent magnet rods on the output ion beam current is studied using argon gas. The output ion beam current at different pressures and grid cathode diameters are measured using nitrogen gas. It is found that at the optimum grid

Plasma activated water has shown great promise in a number of emerging application domains; yet the interaction between non-equilibrium plasma and liquid represents a complex multiphase process that is difficult to probe experimentally, necessitating the development of accurate numerical models. In this work, a global computational model was developed to follow the concentrations of aqueous reactive

The present study investigated the effect of plasma-produced reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species on cancer cell viability. Reactive species were generated in deionized water by using an atmospheric pressure Ar plasma jet within the controlled ambient gases (air, O2 or N2), which allowed the production of plasma-activated water containing only ROS (e.g. O3, H2O2) or both ROS and RNS (e

The yields of oxidation of substances in aqueous solutions under the action of a corona electric discharge were studied. The possibilities of reducing the energy consumption for the oxidation of organic compounds by hydroxyl radicals by initiating and maintaining chain reactions are considered. Hydroxyl radicals were generated in a corona electric discharge on a point solid electrode located above

Plasma atomization (PA) is a highly recognized method for producing spherical powders for additive manufacturing and metal injection molding. It uses multiple converging plasma jets to simultaneously melt and atomize the metal wire to spherical powders. The quality of the atomized powders is highly dependent on the plasma torch for generating the plasma jet. Although the reverse-polarity plasma torch

Eco-friendly plasma technology is appeared as promising for the improvement of crop yield and hence it was applied to study the paddy plant growth and yield. Applications of plasma technology in this study are two-fold: (1) paddy seeds (Oryza sativa L.) were treated with low pressure (100 torr) glow air discharge (LPGAD) plasma for duration of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 s for finding the highest germination

Due to their favorable characteristics, e.g. high temperature, low operating cost and environmental requirements, direct current thermal plasma jets have been widely used. Correspondingly, in order to meet the different requirements of the diverse applications, different thermal plasma torches have been invented and their characteristics have been widely studied. The characteristics of a thermal plasma

This paper describes effects of intermittent Ar/CH4 quenching gas (QG) injection on the size and composition of Si/C nanoparticles synthesized using pulse-modulated induction thermal plasma (PMITP). Time-controlled feeding of feedstock (TCFF), with synchronous and intermittent injection of silicon feedstock powder to the PMITP, was used for high-rate production of Si nanoparticles. Also, Ar QG was

The interaction between graphite particles and argon plasma in the arc torch is investigated by numerical simulations. The addition of carbon vapor improves the specific heat capacity, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of plasma, and decreases its viscosity. It is important to note that the changes in the thermodynamic and transport properties of the plasma substantially affect the arc

A one-dimensional fluid model of a dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) in Ar–S2 mixtures is developed, and the properties of the discharge are modeled. The discharge in a 3-mm-long gas gap between 2-mm-thick quartz layers covering metal electrodes is considered. The DBD spatiotemporal characteristics are simulated at gas pressures of 300 Torr for the case in which a 20-kHz harmonic voltage with amplitude

Growing evidence has suggested the feasibility and effectiveness of blood coagulation with low temperature plasma (LTP) at atmospheric pressure. In the present study we examined morphological changes and contents released out from platelet after LTP treatment to investigate the mechanism of LTP accelerate blood coagulation. Changes of isolated rat platelets treated with LTP had been detected by flow

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) technologies have received extensive attention for their potential beneficial effects in cancer therapy. As two emerging anticancer technologies, both CAP and PEF are related to high voltage electricity, so it is useful to compare their anticancer effects and underlying mechanism to further promote their clinical application. Here, based

Neuroprotection is critical to rescue injured neural tissues and prevent secondary injuries but current clinical neuroprotection options are alarmingly limited. Following neural injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are aberrantly accumulated due to overactivation of glutamate, a major neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system, leading to massive neural cell death. Antioxidant defense of neuronal

The plasma produced by the electrical explosion of a metal array bridge foil converges, which helps improve the energy utilization efficiency in the process of electrical explosion. Atomic emission spectrometry was carried out to conduct a spatiotemporal analysis of the plasma spectrum produced by the electrical explosion of array and single bridge foils, and the influence of the structure of the bridge

Ag and Co co-doped La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ perovskites were prepared by the citric acid sol–gel method. The maximum solubility of Ag+ in LaMnO3 decreased with the increase of Co doped in B-site, which lead to the exsolution of excess Ag+ from A-site of perovskite. The exsolution progress is more favorable to the formation of uniform and stable Ag nanoparticles on the perovskite substrate. The non-thermal

Inductively-coupled thermal plasma processes were used to produce nanosized Li2S. Prior to the syntheses, the feasibility of forming Li2S was first evaluated using FactSage by considering the phase diagrams of sulfur and different lithium precursors in reducing atmospheres; Li2O, LiOH·H2O, Li2CO3 and Li2SO4·H2O all showed promises in producing Li2S nanoparticles, as confirmed by experiments. Argon

The results of numerical simulation of the effects of H2O and O2 impurities on the Trichel pulses characteristics in the negative point-plane corona discharge in SF6 gas at 0.4 MPa is presented in this paper. The H2O and O2 contents varied from 200 ppm to 10,000 ppm. The continuity equations for three charged species along with Poisson’s equation were solved simultaneously to obtain the Trichel pulses

SF6/O2 plasma discharge has extensive applications in semi-conductor industry for anisotropic etching of silicon. Herein, a self-consistent fluid model has been used to investigate the capacitive coupled SF6/O2 plasma discharge. A complete set of reactions in gas phase which include electron impact reactions, ion-ion reactions, neutral–neutral reactions and charge transfer reactions in tandem with

The design of efficient plasma reformers requires both efficient fuel conversion of fuel and chemical energy extraction. In this regard, liquid fuels provide the advantages of high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, therefore yielding high energy; in particular, diesel is promising for use in plasma reformers. In this study, we investigated the ignition process in a diesel reformer driven