A first principles model is developed to describe the dissolution mechanism of phosphate ore particles in a solution of phosphoric acid. It is based on mass balance equations along with hydrodynamic and kinetic relations, combined with a shrinking core model with product removal. Furthermore, non-uniform size of ore particles is accounted for using particle size distributions (PSDs) (i.e., Rosin-Rammler-Bennett

Recovery of critical metals from marine minerals is a promising option to ensure the sustainable supply of critical metals, but existing recovery processes suffer from technical bottlenecks in terms of low resource utilization and large waste discharge. This paper presents a complete hydrometallurgical route for the full-component utilization of deep-sea polymetallic nodules (DPN). Leaching experiments

The high efficiency of gold recovery via the industrial metallurgical process is increasingly relevant because gold is present at low concentrations in mineral bodies and is difficult to extract. In the mining–metallurgical industry, gold adsorption on activated carbon (AC) includes stages that compromise the structural integrity of the particle. In particular, carbon is an organic material that tends

The recovery of noble elements from secondary source, industrial effluent, which are classified as high concentrated noble elements solution are very essential. Liquid-solid extraction systems are an attractive process used for the separation and purification of noble elements. For this purpose, a solid-phase extraction system was investigated for the recovery of noble metals (Au(III), Pd(II), and

Rare earth elements (REE) are critical commodities with high accessibility risk due to monopolistic practices of suppliers and increased demand. The REE ores generally require aggressive conditions to dissolve the mineral matrix, and sulfuric acid attack is the most economical preferred treatment route. The main challenge to processing REE resources efficiency is the lack of reliable and recent data

The iodine-assisted heap leaching of chalcopyrite involves the addition of iodide in ferric sulfate media to accelerate the dissolution of chalcopyrite at ambient temperature. The previous studies using reactor leaching tests identified the solution potential, the amount of iodide added, and temperature as the factors controlling the process performance. In the present study, the iodine-assisted chalcopyrite

This study presents a reactive transport model for the in-situ recovery of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores and aims to provide predictive and optimization techniques for rare earth recovery. The model integrates Kerr's selection coefficient, dynamic reversible shrinking core model, and transport model to capture the dynamics of leaching fraction, rare earth elements (REEs), and exchangeable

This study proposes an environmentally friendly process for recovering selenium from copper anode slime, a resourceful solid waste. Selenium is recovered during exposure to chlorine radicals and ultrasonic waves, which cooperate to stimulate advanced oxidation processes in the wet selenium extraction process. The influences of different experimental parameters on the selenium leaching efficiency were

Lithium‑iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and safety. Processing of LiFePO4 batteries is difficult due to the complex battery chemistry and the lack of effective recycling options. The information currently available on recycling LFP batteries points to a low recycling efficiency

Weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore is a typical porous medium, and the size of ore particles plays a crucial role in solution flow and rare earth ion transport. Ore particles with different sizes were obtained, and column leaching experiments were performed to study their seepage and leaching characteristics. Subsequently, the mechanisms underlying the effect of particle size on leaching

Resin in pulp, as the most frequently employed process for extraction of uranium from low-grade ores, encounters difficulties when the pulp contains dense or abrasive minerals, e.g., Saghand ores in central Iran. To overcome these complications, it was suggested to remove solid content of the pulp at first, and inject the clear solution into a cascade of Pachuca reactors, where uranium is adsorbed

Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams and is often referred to as an urban mine due to its high base and precious metal content. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been the focus of numerous studies investigating bio- and hydrometallurgical pathways to extract and recover metals of value. This study evaluated the economic feasibility of an integrated bio- and hydrometallurgical

Bioleaching is a promising technology for recovering base metals and concentrating precious elements in secondary resources. In this study, the extraction of base metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs) was optimized using a dual control system including biomass encapsulation. Gold recovery was achieved in a second step by chemical dissolution followed by biosorption on brewer's yeast. A dual regulation

Copper extraction by biohydrometallurgy is a modern method that has recently been introduced from the laboratory scale to the industrial scale. The presence of different elements and compounds in the feed to the processing plant may cause important changes in the copper cathode production line. In this case study, the effect of compounds in two types of chalcocite and chalcopyrite concentrates on the

The extraction of aluminium from calcium aluminate phases by leaching with Na2CO3 solutions has been researched intermittently for more than a hundred years. In the 21st century, this process has gained a renewed interest for the design of novel metallurgical methods. The Pedersen Process has been the only known successful industrial scale application of calcium aluminate leaching to date. The engineering

This comprehensive study summarizes kinetic data from experiments performed over a wide temperature range that overlaps the physiological operating temperature windows for most mesophilic Fe-oxidizers. Three acidophilic autotrophic bacterial strains Acidithiobacillus (At.) ferrivorans, At. ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum (L.) ferriphilum were investigated in this work in order to compare their growth

Bioleaching is a process that uses microorganisms to recover metals from intractable metal sulfide ores. Metal sulfide bioleaching is an interfacial process, and biofilm growth is crucial during the early phases. To study the interactions between microbes and minerals during the bioleaching of moderately thermophilic microorganisms, the formation and development of biofilms on pyrite coupons incubated

The demand on especially clean energy metals is growing exponentially creating a clear need to diversify the metals supply. Metal recovery from various waste deposits could be one solution to provide needed metals for the society and at the same time reduce the environmental effects of waste. Bioleaching has been commercially applied for the recovery of valuable metals from sulfidic ores, tailings

The separation of Co(II) and Ni(II) in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) formed by the polymer polyethylene glycol 20,000 and several sodium electrolytes, coupled with the organic extractant 1-nitroso-2-naphthol was studied. First, the liquid-liquid equilibrium experiments were carried out to describe the phase diagrams of the ATPS. Then, the metal separation efficiency was evaluated considering several

Scandium (Sc) is a critical rare earth element. Its compounds are of great concern due to their excellent properties. However, the application is limited by the presence of radioactive impurity thorium (Th). The study aims to remove the radioactive Th(IV) from high-purity Sc2O3 by DEHEHP. The extraction behavior of Sc(III) from HNO3 solution using DEHEHP was also investigated. The effects of HNO3,

Ammonia system shows great potential in the treatment of zinc secondary resource, and electrodeposition has been confirmed as a vital process to extract zinc from the ammonia leachate. However, the ammonia system-based zinc electrodeposition is either inefficient or the zinc deposit in of undesired quality. This study proposes a polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG20000 polymer of formula H(OCH2CH2)nOH)-assisted

The demand of rare earth elements (REE) has grown over the past decades due to their importance in high technology devices such as wind turbines, superconductors, rechargeable batteries, autocatalytic converters, magnets, or LED lighting. The development of clean mining processes is gaining interest and the biomining of REE is mainly focused on monazite using phosphate solubilizing microorganisms.

The separation of heavy rare earths (HREs) at a higher efficiency using solvent extraction has been one of the most difficult tasks in hydrometallurgy. Herein, a novel extractant N, N′-di(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEDEAP, abbreviated as HA) was synthesized and used for the extraction and separation of HREs from chloride medium. The pKa and purity of HA was determined

This paper is the second in a series of two papers focusing on the applicability of highly variable direct current (DC) for the production of high quality cathodes by electrowinning. Different current profiles were simulated from solar irradiance data and then applied to electrowinning cell using a precision programmable power supply. The simulated DC current was applied to the zinc electrowinning

This study has shown that the use of methods that measure the initial rates of dissolution of gold using iron(III) as the oxidant under ambient conditions can be deceptive in that, in the absence of efficient methods to re-oxidize iron(II) to iron(III), the rates rapidly decrease with time resulting in predictable poor recoveries. Nevertheless, the results obtained have confirmed that gold(I) is the

The present study conducted syntheses of Ca-alginate composite beads, which involved trioctyl-amine (TOA), tributyl phosphate (TBP), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) organic extractants, and diatomite for separation of La(III) ions from dilute aqueous solutions. The surface morphology of the capsules was examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy, while their chemical structure was characterized using

Rare earth elements (REE) are considered critical metals due to their supply risk and growing demand in various industrial segments. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a potential secondary source for recovering REE which remains unexplored on a commercial scale. Moreover, the process lacks consolidated routes, and the literature has only studied the recovery of some of the 15 REE

The mechanism and application of defluorination in a simulated leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using poly‑aluminum sulfate (PAS) were studied. The experimental results indicated that reaction parameters such as the molar ratio of Al to F, pH of the solution, reaction temperature, initial concentration of fluorine, and concentration of lithium and nickel, significantly affected

This work reports electrodialysis studied to separate dysprosium (Dy, a heavy rare earth element (REE)) from praseodymium and neodymium (Pr, Nd, a mixture of light REEs). A unique electrodialysis setup comprising a cation exchange membrane, a PC-400D membrane (anion exchange membrane that transfers large organic anions), and an anion exchange membrane is used. To achieve the separation of these REEs

Solvent extraction is conducted using a total of 20 di-, tri-, and tetravalent metals, revealing high stability constants with Cl− and the N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexahexyl-nitrilotriacetamide (NTAamide(C6)) extractant. The metals used here may behave as anions at high Cl− concentrations, and NTAamide(C6), which contains a tertiary N atom, is protonated under acidic conditions. Most of the metal ions in this

Depending on the size of the precipitation circuit equipment compared with other parts of the Bayer process and its long residence time, the precipitation stage could be the most significant step for producing alumina and directly influence the overall production efficiency. In the present study, a 1/100 downscaled precipitation tank of a real industrial Bayer tank has been constructed, and different

One of the problems of all industries that use metal extraction with organic solvents is stable emulsions and finally the formation of crud. The formation of crud is usually accompanied by the loss of a significant amount of the causal solvent and thus increases the process costs. Therefore, the removal of crud and recovery of its organic phase is of particular importance. In this research, the applicability

This study proposes a novel process for simultaneous extraction of valuable metals by oxidative leaching of low grade nickel matte in a mixed solution of (NH4)2S2O8 and H2SO4. The effects of some factors, such as particle size of matte, stirring speed, leaching time, leaching temperature, mass ratio of ammonium persulfate to matte (A/M) and sulfuric acid concentration, on metal extraction in the leaching

Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has great economic and environmental value. In this study, mixtures of acetic acid and ascorbic acid were used to leach valuable metals from the cathode plates of spent LIBs with assistance from an electric field. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the metal oxides of spent LIBs could be dissolved in the form of metal ions by adjusting

The liquid flow in many heap leaching processes is discontinuous in nature as it occurs either as droplets or rivulets or in combination. Therefore, it cannot be represented correctly using continuum-based models at very low liquid flow rates, such as in heap leaching, or in non-wetting conditions, where liquid flow is discrete in nature. Many researchers have modelled the liquid flow through the heap

A compressible multiphase CFD model has been developed to simulate the flashing process of the three-phase slurry at high temperatures and pressures. The model is validated with the gas-water flash process in the literature. A comparison of simulation results for gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid systems indicates that the presence of solids changes important physical characteristics of these systems

Precipitation process of ferric ions from bio-oxidation of ferrous ions is influenced by pH and solution chemistry. Accumulation of iron precipitate may reduce extraction efficiency in bioleach operations. Firstly, this study investigates the impact of pH on the properties of iron precipitate generated in a continuous stirred bioreactor at three pH levels (1.7, 1.9, and 2.2). Characterization of precipitates

Among the different types of secondary post-consumption wastes, E-wastes or waste electrical and electronic equipment represent the fastest growing and most problematic waste stream with printed circuit boards (PCBs) constituting its major ingredient. Results from the extraction of Cu and Ni from PCBs using biogenic Fe2(SO4)3 obtained from the original isolate Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 61 (KM819692)

This work proposes a novel bioleaching process for enhancing the recovery of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum by using a co-culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans CL and Acidiphilium cryptum LT. The maximum production of organic acids (13.8 mM) was obtained when Acidiphilium cryptum LT was cultured for 5 days in advance, and then co-cultured with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans CL. This two-step

Jarosite residue is a typical hazardous waste produced in the zinc hydrometallurgy industry. In this study, both iron and lead were recovered from jarosite residues through the use of hydrothermal treatment with NaCl as a mineralizer. By controlling crystal site replacement, phase transformation, and lead species, Na+ was able to replace Pb2+ sites, resulting in the release of Pb2+ from Na-Pb jarosite

While bioleaching has become established technology for the leaching of refractory gold concentrates and in the heap leaching of copper sulfide minerals, many other applications, although demonstrated at the laboratory scale, have not found significant uptake in industrial biomining. The reasons for this are manifold, but generally relate back to engineering constraints in operating processes at large

The recovery of gold (Au) from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) derived from discarded mobile phones is crucial for the resource preservation and environmental protection. In this context, thiosulfate has emerged as a viable alternative to the toxic compound cyanide for Au leaching. However, the conventional thiosulfate leaching system has a main problem that is large thiosulfate consumption, which

This paper presents the extraction process of lithium from lepidolite concentrate by roasting with NaHSO4 followed by water leaching. Results from TG-DSC analysis of feed material and XRD scans of solids justified the thermodynamic modelling of chemical reactions predicted using HSC software package. The roasting of NaHSO4/lepidolite concentrate mixture of mass ratio 2.5/1.0 at 500 °C followed by water

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