ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of a rapid review of evidence on what works in blended learning in adult education which was undertaken to support the evidence informed introduction of blended learning in police education nationally across all police forces in England and Wales. Following a systematic search, screening, and quality assessment process, 42 studies, including 10 systematic reviews

(2022). You can’t manage what you can’t measure: the importance of data in policing. Police Practice and Research: Vol. 23, The Importance of Data in Policing, pp. 397-399.

ABSTRACT Informal law enforcement approaches to crime problems are largely hidden from the public domain. Non-urban communities are often absent from the literature on police decision-making, but many characteristics of ‘the rural’ – such as lack of supervision, diminished access to resources, and more – expand police discretion and increase the use of informal policing methods. While most research

ABSTRACT Employing the conservation of resources theory as a theoretical framework, the present research investigates a model that studies the influence of distributive and procedural justice on work–family conflict, work–family enrichment, and mental health. The model also evaluates the impact of work–family conflict and enrichment on mental health. The purposive sampling technique and a survey instrument

ABSTRACT Availability and appropriate use of digital devices are indispensable for modern learning and work environments. Compared to school and university education, however, there is hardly any empirical, scientifically sound knowledge available on this subject for the area of police training and education. The study therefore examined how the use of personally assigned digital devices such as tablet

ABSTRACT We conducted an experimental evaluation of virtual training experiences (VTE) for law-enforcement training during an international policing conference (American Society of Evidence Based Policing). Among the volunteers (N = 77), 30% were female and 70% males with 49% employed in law enforcement and 51% in other occupations. Participants were outfitted with a controller gun, holster, and a

ABSTRACT Law enforcement officers across the country are trained in various tactics and techniques intended to increase the overall safety within a police-citizen contact. One common, albeit controversial tactic is referred to as “curb sitting”. The curb-sitting tactic is generally associated with officers requiring criminal suspects to sit on a curb with their legs outstretched in front of them. The

ABSTRACT The primary purpose of the present study was to develop a practical, reliable, and valid self-assessment of the use of psychological skills for law enforcement personnel. The Psychological Skills Inventory – Law Enforcement (PSI-LE) gauges the use of seven central mental skills common within psychological skills training (PST) programs: attention management, winning mindset, combat breathing

ABSTRACT Women’s police stations that are designed to receive victims of gender-based violence first emerged in Latin America in the 1980s. In Argentina, these stations have unique aspects like multidisciplinary staffing that could guide responses elsewhere. Police responses to domestic and family violence (DFV) in Australia have continually failed victims and require much improvement. Responses combining

ABSTRACT After the novel coronavirus began spreading across the U.S., many state and local governments imposed COVID-19 restrictions in an attempt to slow the spread. These COVID-19 mitigation techniques had a large impact on policing, as they created a new crime category for police to enforce, COVID-19 public health violations. The current study aims to address some of the uninvestigated questions

ABSTRACT Police-recorded crime data are prone to measurement error, affecting our understanding of the nature of crime. Research has responded to this problem using data from surveys and emergency services. These data sources are not error-free, and data from different sources are not always easily comparable. This study compares violent crime data recorded by police, ambulance services, two surveys

ABSTRACT To maintain roadway safety, officers must be trained in the Standard Field Sobriety Test (SFST) which includes a Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) component. HGN – a repetitive jerking movement in the eyes – is an effective impairment indicator, but can be subtle and difficult to observe, particularly for inexperienced officers. Therefore, hands-on HGN learning opportunities are important for

ABSTRACT Recently, there has been a push for policies that seek to increase police accountability. Two of these policies, requiring independent investigations and prosecutions of police shootings, have been suggested by academics and activists. Using a sample of undergraduate college students from a large Midwestern university, this study examines the extent and correlates of support for these two

ABSTRACT The history of policing is littered with reform programmes, which aim to improve effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy. Problem-oriented policing (POP) and evidence-based policing (EBP) are two popular and enduring reform efforts, both of which have generated significant researcher and practitioner attention. There are important similarities between POP and EBP: both approaches provide

ABSTRACT Police data and survey research provide different bases to inform research on crime and delinquency. We argue that linking police data on local crime incidences to criminological surveys allows for new insights on the role of residential and school contexts for juvenile delinquency and violence. We describe the challenges and solutions of combining these data sources in a collaboration between

ABSTRACT The role of police in conducting wellness checks has received considerable public attention in Canada in recent years. Drawing upon data from both the computer-aided dispatch and records management systems of a mid-size police agency in Western Canada, we identify and then descriptively assess all wellness checks conducted in 2020 (N = 1,114 events). As part of our exploration, we explore

ABSTRACT The police profession involves numerous risk factors which can have an impact on the officers’ health. Delivering death notifications is one of the most stressful tasks with lack of training and poor aftercare. We analyzed data of 142 German officers regarding their experiences with death notifications, use of aftercare, and access to training. Officers feel most stressed by the interaction

ABSTRACT Law enforcement agencies in many countries conduct surveys to learn about community opinions and concerns but low response rates can raise doubts about the generalizability of the results. This study examined differences between responders vs. nonresponders, and early vs. late responders, in a mailed survey of citizen satisfaction about law enforcement, and whether survey estimates changed

ABSTRACT Stationary patrol vehicles, also known as ‘scarecrow cars,’ have been linked with reductions in speeding, but little is known about their effects on crime and related measures. In response to this limitation, we examined the effect on daily dispatched calls for service of a 32-day scarecrow car deployment in a large retail parking lot in Mesquite, Texas. Estimated with 180 days of pre and

ABSTRACT Past research on factors influencing firearm assault (FA) mortality have not focused on police officers who, compared to other U.S. workers and the general public, experience especially high rates of firearm victimization. This study focuses on this unique population of FA victims and examines the relationship between travel time to the nearest trauma care facility and the probability of survival

ABSTRACT Because of the lockdown conditions imposed in the United Kingdom to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus, police services responded to the risk of increased domestic abuse and intimate partner violence in a variety of ways. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a multi-agency pilot program put in place to increase the engagement in both the criminal investigation and safeguarding actions

ABSTRACT Fast and accurate decision-making are central in police officers’ duties. The processing of information relevant to inform decisions can be biased by the state of mind of officers, notably in the presence of stressful conditions. We sought to examine the link between different sources of stress and the presence of an interpretation bias in a task presenting ambiguous faces. A sample of 234

ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, the presence of women on specialized units has become more commonplace. Despite this, they are still under-represented, especially among traditionally male-dominated units. This exploratory study surveyed 76 female law enforcement officers to gauge the types of specialized units in which they participate and assess their perceptions about working in a male dominated

ABSTRACT Analysts working within police services play a key role in translating data into usable and understandable forms of knowledge for police personnel. Despite the increased focus on data and research in policing, we know little about the everyday data work of police analysts. In this article, we review the literature on analysts’ experiences and draw on survey data from analysts working in police

ABSTRACT Police officers act under highly variable constraints. Some drug arrests occur on routine patrols in which officers’ exercise discretion, others are a product of departmental priorities, and the remainder occur after police are called to the scene. In his treatise on the Behavior of Law, Donald Black asserted that law behaves directionally according to rank, status, and social integration

ABSTRACT The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) disaggregates crime clearances into crimes cleared by arrest and crimes cleared by exceptional means. This feature is an improvement to the Summary Reporting System and allows law enforcement agencies to perform cross-jurisdiction comparisons of their clearance practices and investigative performances. This study uses sexual assault clearance

ABSTRACT With the advent of more law enforcement open data, researchers are exploring the use of calls for service (CFS) as a proxy for recorded incident information by law enforcement. However, indications are that law enforcement activities are mediated by the agency’s goals with its data. Using data from two different types of law enforcement agencies within the same community, CFS and incident

ABSTRACT Police departments are becoming increasingly homogenous as they struggle to recruit demographically diverse officers with desirable characteristics. Youths’ exposure to police brutality on social media may decrease their perceptions of police and interest in policing careers. Despite adolescents being the future pool of police applicants, social media’s relation to adolescents’ perceptions

ABSTRACT Police crime data guide police operations, direct funding, underpin theory testing and policy evaluation, aide private sector decisions, and inform the public. Those applications would benefit from greater crime specificity. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) should improve police crime data specificity. Using robbery incident data (n = 1,341) with NIBRS variables and narrative

ABSTRACT This study explored the relevance of rape myths in police officers’ decisions to press charges in sexual assault cases, using a random selection of 300 sexual assault cases reported to and cleared by police. Using logistic regression, we examined the impact of variables associated with erroneous notions of ‘real rape’ and ‘real rape victims’ On police decisions to press charges. The results

ABSTRACT This study investigated citizen attitudes about the public release of police body-worn camera (BWC) video. We examined quantitative and qualitative survey data from a convenience sample of 535 citizens living in and around Birmingham, Alabama, USA. We found citizens’ attitudes ranged widely and were often contextualized based on the circumstances of the video and case. Race, gender, and police

ABSTRACT Researchers have recently started exploring the antecedents and outcomes of police officers’ confidence in their own authority, a concept termed self-legitimacy. Investigation into officer self-legitimacy is relatively new, but it has been linked to a number of desirable behaviors, including organizational commitment and democratic policing styles. The current study examined the relationships

ABSTRACT In 2016, the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in Armstrong V. Village of Pinehurst that the use of conducted energy devices (CEDs) on resisting but non-violent and stationary defendants was unconstitutional. Because most empirical studies show that the adoption of CEDs led to reductions in suspect and officer injuries, there are concerns that placing greater restrictions on CED use

ABSTRACT Mental disorders are prevalent among public safety personnel (PSP) yet many people working across public safety professions appear reluctant to seek care for mental health-related concerns. Given the prevalence and impact of compromised mental health on these populations, finding ways to increase use of psychological support for police staff and officers is necessary. We conducted an interview

ABSTRACT Victims, witnesses, and suspects of crime are frequently intoxicated by Alcohol or Other Drugs (AOD) during the event. How intoxication is perceived by investigating officers, and the manner in which this is handled during interview procedures, can affect the quality of information obtained and therefore investigative outcomes. Various factors are likely to contribute to how intoxication is

ABSTRACT This study is among the first to examine the perceptions of police officers who complete virtual firearms and tactics simulator training for purpose of improving relations between citizens and law enforcement officials. The results of our analysis identified two main findings. First, it showed that the vast majority of participants perceive the simulator training that they completed to be

ABSTRACT The high-profile deaths of Eric Garner and George Floyd have led to legislative actions banning the use of neck restraints by law enforcement officers. The debates behind these policy changes are important, but they are also entirely lacking in any data on the actual use of neck restraints. We write neither to defend nor condemn the use of neck restraints by law enforcement; rather, we seek

ABSTRACT This study examined the risk of adverse outcomes during non-fatal encounters with subjects exhibiting features of Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS). Data for the study was collected over a five-year period through standardized reporting in a large Canadian law enforcement agency. Consistent with previous research, the presence of six or more of the ten features of ExDS was used to identify

ABSTRACT Despite the Task Force on 21st Century Policing explicitly calling for police to engage youth in positive, non-enforcement contexts, studies have not systematically examined the impacts of such programs on positive youth development (PYD). These two studies examined the impact of a community-driven program that enables children to work collaboratively on community service projects with police

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the relationships between organizational culture, stress, and coping strategies in police organizations. In an online survey, 152 German police officers described their workgroups in terms of stressors (e.g. overtime demands, traumatic events), coping strategies (e.g. exercising, drinking alcohol), and shared values (e.g. masculinity, solidarity). Multiple regression

ABSTRACT The initial assessment of physical fitness (PF) is associated with daily duty tasks/performance, and health-indicators (risk of injury/illnesses) of police officers. This research aimed to characterize the demographic, sports practice, PF, and metabolic profile of Elite Portuguese Public Security Police recruits. This cross-sectional study included 32 participants (age 30.1 ± 2.7 years old)

ABSTRACT Children’s non-disclosures of another’s wrongdoing, particularly in cases involving alleged maltreatment, is a notable concern among forensic professionals. The current study was designed to provide these professionals with much needed information about the efficacy of a range of interviewing strategies, namely free-recall, cognitive instructions and closed-ended questions, when children are

ABSTRACT This preregistered experiment aimed to investigate the impact of background information regarding an alleged victim of child sexual abuse on police investigators’ perception of the credibility of the victim’s statement, expected case outcome, and the type of questions police investigators plan to ask the victim in an investigative interview. We expected that the age and the description of

ABSTRACT This research study analyzed 944 pre-training and 871 post-training survey responses from a youth-specific in-service police training. Before training, police largely had negative views on youth, but are interested in improving their knowledge and interaction skills with youth. Post-training, police demonstrated significant improvement in their self-skill ratings and acknowledged various behavior-related

ABSTRACT This online survey (N = 2365) examined the experiences of (non-sworn/non-warranted) staff serving in police forces in England and Wales during the March to July COVID-19 virus lockdown in the UK. Particular attention was paid to staff working from home, those able to partially work from home and those who remained at work in their usual police location. Home working staff were generally less

ABSTRACT Occupational stress influences many aspects of policing and can contribute to unacceptable attitudes and behaviors among law enforcement officers. Specifically, officers with greater workload stressors may be more likely to hold attitudes favorable toward police misconduct. Yet, we predict that organizational justice may inhibit the effect of such stressors on attitudes toward misconduct.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to uncover effects of selection and socialization on the perceived need for punishment within the police force. Punitiveness and authoritarianism of police officers can be relatively stable attitudes that can already appear when individuals choose the police profession in terms of a selection effect. Two effects of institutional socialization are examined. Firstly

ABSTRACT Facial recognition technology (FRT) offers police a fast, efficient, and accurate way of identifying criminals. However, as with any new technology, the public is often sceptical about how the police will use this technology and how it may impinge on the public’s privacy and security. Subsequently, if police use of FRT is perceived as illegitimate, police-citizen relationships may deteriorate

ABSTRACT When a major, acute crisis happens, preparedness agencies will strengthen their command and control structure. From an organisational point of view, the present paper, taking the case of the Norwegian police, sheds light on the appropriateness of changing the organisational structure in response to the crisis. Based on research interviews with crisis managers, it investigates how they experience

ABSTRACT Experience is positively related to performance, but it is less clear whether experience might also minimise the deleterious effects of anxiety and arousal in stressful situations. One hundred and twenty-seven UK firearms officers of different experience levels participated in an experiment examining the extent to which anxiety affects performance during a bi-annual qualification shoot. Performance

ABSTRACT To date, a great deal of confusion and misinformation surrounds the authority (and therefore potentially wider discretion) that conservation officers possess to search private property, vehicles, and residences. Utilizing a survey of approximately 1,600 officers employed in 15 state-level conservation agencies in the United States, the current inquiry examines conservation officer perceptions

ABSTRACT Paramount to effective public safety and perception of the police is the public’s experiences. Looking through the lens of procedural justice, we examine implications of citizen-gender perceptions during police interactions. We expect that, despite invariant implementation of procedural justice, public perceptions will vary depending on both officer and respondent gender. We use a 2 × 2 factorial

ABSTRACT Pre-arrest diversion programs rely on officers’ discretion to divert low-level offenders to outside services in lieu of arrest. Few studies have examined how officers’ policing orientations influence their willingness to make referrals to these programs. The current study examined the relationship between policing styles including service-oriented which prioritizes serving the community; watchman

ABSTRACT This study seeks to contribute to the literature on the deterrence effect of police on crime by looking at the dynamic between police force presence (number of officers) and criminal behavior on a state level in Mexico. In order to do this, we estimate a panel data pooled ordinary least-squares model, a spatial Durbin model, and a spatial error model to analyze the spatial distribution of

ABSTRACT Over the past years the world has witnessed a myriad of ‘viral’ policing videos, some showing police officers in a positive light and many others showing officers in a negative light. Whichever direction these viral videos go, civility/incivility can be recognized in all of them. We believe that the proliferation of body-worn cameras (BWCs) offers a unique opportunity to study general (non-viral)

ABSTRACT A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately targeted for hate crimes. However, few studies have examined how increasing the representation of minority officers in police departments can impact hate crime rates. Drawing on cross-section and longitudinal data from sources such as Law Enforcement Management and Administration Statistics (LEMAS), the U.S. Census, and

ABSTRACT Identifying investigative negligence as the prevalent cause for wrongful convictions in the United States is supported in the academic literature. Most of that research has concluded with a call for stricter auditing within the criminal justice system. Human mistakes occur in police departments long before criminal cases are forwarded to courtrooms. Triangulation is a practical, qualitative

ABSTRACT The Atlantic City Police Department intervened to reduce robberies with an evidence-based approach grounded in problem-oriented policing. Informed by risk terrain modeling and hot spot analysis, police commanders implemented a place-based intervention focused around convenience stores. Target areas throughout the city were reprioritized each month to create a dynamic deployment strategy that

ABSTRACT We reevaluate the claim from Bor et al. (2018: 302) that ‘police killings of unarmed black Americans have effects on mental health among black American adults in the general population.’ The Mapping Police Violence data used by the authors include 91 incidents involving black decedents who were either (1) not killed by police officers in the line of duty or (2) armed when killed. These incidents

ABSTRACT Public opinion surveys have clearly demonstrated broad support for the use of body-worn cameras (BWC’s) in law enforcement. Despite clear evidence of broad support, the factors that contribute to this support remain unclear. The current study uses data from a public opinion survey of policing in a mid-sized urban city to examine factors significantly related to public support for requiring