ABSTRACT The flotation enrichment of fine-particle wolframite played a crucial role in production of strategic key metal tungsten. In this paper, N-[(3-hydroxyamino)-propoxy]-N-hexyl dithiocarbamate (HAHD) was designed to strengthen the flotation recovery of wolframite. The in situ AFM images clearly exhibited that the pre-activation of wolframite with Pb2+ ions significantly enhanced the self-assemble

ABSTRACT The removal of phosphorus is essential to recycling steelmaking slag in metallurgical processes. In this study, dilute nitric acid was selected as the leaching agent for dissolving steelmaking slag. The effects of the variables on leaching percentage of phosphorus were investigated. Experimental results showed that, the leaching percentages of phosphorus increase as the concentration of nitric

ABSTRACT The effects of mechanical energy input amount and input mode on the hydrophobic flocculation of coal particles in the stirring field were studied. Based on dimensional analysis, it was proved that the mechanical stirring speed can be used as the kinetic index of hydrophobic flocculation, and the mathematical expressions of floc formation and mechanical energy input were derived. Combined with

ABSTRACT Herein, tartaric acid (TA) was used as a binder to prepare red mud pellets. The effect of TA on the compressive strength and induration mechanism of the pellets containing TA was analyzed via the changes in crystal structure, functional groups, and valence states of the constituent elements. The induration mechanism of TAPE is likely the chemical reaction between TA and partial calcite along

ABSTRACT The following review is Part III of a series concerned with the direct hydrometallurgical processing of nickel sulfide flotation concentrates. In the first part of this series, piloted leaching processes and commercial nickel sulfide operations that employed direct hydrometallurgical processing were comprehensively reviewed. In the second part of this series, laboratory investigations into

ABSTRACT The following review is the second part of a series concerned with the direct hydrometallurgical processing of nickel sulfide flotation concentrates. In the first part of this series, piloted leaching processes and commercial nickel sulfide operations which employed direct hydrometallurgical processing were comprehensively reviewed. In Part II of this series, laboratory investigations into

ABSTRACT A major concern in cobalt electrowinning is the generation of H2 along with cobalt deposition on the cathode, which results in current efficiency drop, specific energy consumption increase, as well as poor deposit quality. In this paper, the influence of initial pH, temperature, current density, and Co2+ ions concentration on current efficiency and specific energy consumption for cobalt electrowinning

ABSTRACT The ability to successfully recover coarse particles by flotation has long been seen as the area where significant step-change improvements to energy efficiency of mineral processing operations could be made. Recent developments in the field of fluidized bed flotation have introduced exciting new possibilities for coarse particle flotation. The hydrodynamic aspects of fluidized bed flotation

ABSTRACT This review addresses the recovery of metals from all the main types of spent batteries (including Li-based, Zn-based, and Ni-based batteries) using bioleaching processes. Traditional processes are based on pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods and can be costly and, in some cases, cannot effectively recover the metals used in battery manufacture. Biobased hydrometallurgy may circumvent

ABSTRACT The evolution law of fluid and solid motion in the initial stage of spiral separation process is critical for mineral particle separation. The current research intends to investigate the fluid and particle motion behaviors in the initial stage of a spiral separation process using a CFD-DEM approach. The results show that the motion behaviors of fluids and particles in the initial stage of

ABSTRACT Depressants are critical reagents for the selective separation of minerals in froth flotation. They serve a vital role in preferentially making the gangue minerals hydrophilic and prevent them from reporting to the mineral-rich froth phase. Current practice involves the use of inorganic depressants, which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Environmentally friendly, flexible and affordable flotation

ABSTRACT Around 25 million tons of coal mine waste rock (CMWR) are stored in many places in Morocco due to coal mining activities. As a result, air and water quality of the neighborhood is polluted and large lands are occupied. This study aimed to investigate the use of an integrated and circular approach based on coal recovery and waste rock recycling. More than 30 drill core samples were taken from

ABSTRACT Concerns about climate change call for a careful assessment of the environmental impact of the supply chain of critical materials such as magnesium (Mg) which has a broad range of applications. Enhancing the circularity of this material is vital for ensuring its sustainable use. However, systematic analysis of the sustainability of the global production of magnesium and its circularity is

ABSTRACT The extraction of nickel (Ni) from sulfide resources commences with flotation to produce a concentrate which is then smelted to produce a nickel-enriched phase called matte, and further refined to produce pure Ni products as well as by-products, such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and precious metals. However, the traditional concentrate smelting-matte refining process, whilst technologically

ABSTRACT Increasing demand for low carbon technologies and renewable energy sources requires our resources and economies to be circular. Many countries agree that the responsible consumption, production, and recycling of rare-earth-containing products is essential as a way to achieve the sustainable development goals also set out in the European Green Deal. Sustainable sourcing is targeted with carefully

ABSTRACT In this study, a new vanadium extraction process from vanadium titano-magnetite(VTM) featuring calcification roasting and (NH4)2C2O4 solution leaching has been proposed. Compared with the traditional sodium roasting, the calcification roasting can avoid the production of waste gas and the sodium free tailings can be used for iron recovering by steel-making. However, the leaching rate of (NH4)2C2O4

ABSTRACT Specularite (α-Fe2O3) is a hematite aggregate with a metallic luster, presenting the shape of sheet stacking. Specularite ore resource is abundant globally, such as in Brazil and China. However, unlike hematite ore, specularite ore has not been efficiently utilized in the iron-making industry. Magnetization roasting technology is an effective method for processing specularite ore. In this

ABSTRACT Bauxite Residue (BR) is an industrial waste generated by the extraction of alumina through the Bayer process. It is usually stored in specially constructed sedimentation ponds. Long-term storage notoriously leads to severe environmental issues due to its high alkalinity which affects neighboring communities. It contaminates phreatic and surface waters through the infiltration of metal laden

ABSTRACT Increasing disruption in the rare earth supply chain creates an urgency to develop alternative resources, in which utilization of coal-based materials presents great potential. Nevertheless, environmental control is a significant challenge in rare earth extraction processes. This study was conducted to contribute to the limited information on removing thorium and uranium from rare earths while

ABSTRACT This paper aims to demonstrate a safe, non-chemical approach for improving the efficiency of froth flotation. Laboratory scale flotation tests for quartz particles of different sizes (< 20 µm, 20–38 µm, 38–75 µm, 75–106 µm, 106–150 µm, 150–212 µm) with an ether amine collector at different dosages were conducted in batch mode by using a bottom-driven mechanical flotation cell. An underwater

ABSTRACT Various online techniques for performance and condition monitoring of hydrocyclones have been proposed during the past few decades. However, in the recent years, the subject has gained tremendous popularity as the depleting ore grades demand optimized performance of hydrocyclones in any mineral processing plant. Therefore, in this work, an attempt has been made to critically review the promising

ABSTRACT The equilibrium-phase relations between copper mattes and spinel-saturated iron silicate slags were investigated at 1250°C and pSO2 of 0.25 atm. The experiments were conducted in synthesized spinel crucibles (Fe3O4) in controlled CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas mixtures using a high-temperature isothermal equilibration/quenching technique. The equilibrium-phase compositions were characterized using an electron

ABSTRACT Geothermal power plants produce large amounts of high-temperature fluids from variable depths. These fluids can be enriched in lithium to up to 240 mg/L, rendering them an exploitable resource, not yet processed at industrial scale. The pressure on Li demand is expected to increase in the future, making the technical degradability of new Li resources indispensable. We examine Li-extraction

ABSTRACT The huge reserves of red mud have a significant potential source of scandium. The scandium can be recovered from red mud by direct acid leaching but the extraction yields are generally low, and the leaching efficiency of iron and silicon is higher. Therefore, the highly selective process steps (a combined sulfation-roasting-water leaching process) were studied to extract scandium from red

ABSTRACT At the end of their efficient functionality in energy production/storage applications, spent lithium-ion batteries need to be recycled. Recycling remains the most preferred economic option with benefits such as prevention/reduction of environmental issues due to landfilling and more efficient use of natural resources. In this paper, characteristics of lithium-ion battery components before

ABSTRACT The current fluorine wastewater treatment method mainly relies on neutralization, which has the drawback of high alkali consumption, solid waste generation, and re-dissolution of heavy metals. Similar problems exist in the vanadium (V) industry. This study aims to minimize fluorine wastewater generation, reducing CaF2 consumption by internally reusing raffinate at certain stages of the V extraction

ABSTRACT Failure to recycle valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) could directly lead to various environmental issues, such as ecological toxicity with inevitable impacts on environment and society health. This study presents a green process for selective recovery of Li from spent LIBs based on a ternary deep eutectic solvent. The effects of solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature, and variations

ABSTRACT Froth flotation is widely used in the resource industry as a particle separation process. The performance of the flotation process is significantly affected by the mobility of the froth phase. Despite its importance, little work has been done to develop a simple and robust method for indicating froth mobility. In the present study, a simple method to monitor froth mobility was developed using

ABSTRACT Siderite ore (FeCO3) is an important iron ore resource that is widely distributed around the world. However, it is difficult to process using conventional methods owing to the low iron grade, easy sliming, and high impurity content. Based on the mechanism of thermal decomposition, the combination of metallurgy and processing is a promising method to process siderite ore. In this study, experiments

ABSTRACT With the rising focus on the development of complex refractory ores, one of the major environmental challenges has been in the treatment and processing of arsenic-bearing minerals. An increasingly common approach is to immobilize arsenic as stable ferric arsenate phases during pressure oxidation, utilizing an existing process in the treatment of refractory arsenic-bearing ores. This review

ABSTRACT This part reviews the goals of introducing organic binders into iron ore pelletization. Organic binders present a relatively small number of unique binding options but provide an extraordinary amount of flexibility in how to apply them. The key factors that lead into an effective organic binder are good dispersion into the iron ore, the ability to maintain the dispersion of the iron ore during

ABSTRACT Many reagents are used as frother in flotation process, however, a general reference for their identification and characterization is not available. The present work categorizes the commonly used frothers and evaluates the available methodologies to determine their properties. In this paper, frothers properties such as molecular weight, viscosity, boiling and freezing point, hydrophile-lipophile

ABSTRACT The unique physical and chemical properties of platinum group elements are making them indispensable in many modern industrial applications. Platinum-group minerals are usually beneficiated by flotation or gravity separation followed by flotation. Due to poor liberation characteristics and interstitial attachment of these minerals with base metal sulfides, chromites, and silicates, fine grinding

ABSTRACT Using a conceptual distinction between prospective and retrospective research, we analyze the international high-impact literature on tailings. This distinction differentiates between investigations concentrated on specific case studies, where the socio-environmental consequences of tailings are addressed or specific actions on them are documented, and the investigations that model interventions

ABSTRACT Density is one of the key factors of coal that provides useful information about its physical and chemical composition. Traditional coal washability analysis is determined by conducting float–sink test, which is time consuming, destructive, and uses environmentally hazardous chemicals. The motivation for this work is to develop a new technique as a rapid, safe, and viable alternative to the

ABSTRACT In situ recovery (ISR) has the potential to recover metals at a lower cost, create less waste and significantly reduce energy usage and the environmental footprint of a mining operation compared with conventional mining. Only preliminary research has been conducted on ISR-related mass transfer enhancement methods. Improved mass transfer may allow for greater contact of lixiviant with ore surfaces

ABSTRACT Information obtained from comminution test work at the laboratory scale can be utilized to characterize ore types and predict their behavior during comminution at the industrial scale. Comminution tests with a laboratory-scale rod and ball mill of 13 predefined ore types from the Per Geijer iron oxide-apatite deposits were conducted. The grinding setup refers to the so-called Malmberget method

ABSTRACT The depletion of high-grade ore deposits, as well as the generation of large quantities of tailings by mining and metallurgical activities, necessitates an urgent search for not only more cost-effective, but also more eco-friendly methods of recovering minerals from low-grade deposits and secondary resources. Research in the bioflotation process appears to be an answer to this search, thanks

ABSTRACT Mineral biotechnological applications, e.g., bioleaching and bio-beneficiation, for waste treatment and resource recovery have invited due attention owing to their economic and eco-friendly benefits in comparison to the conventional methods. Although research has progressed well, there are several aspects that are still not well understood and require more attention in view of full-scale industrial

ABSTRACT Although extensive research has been conducted on the effect of water chemistry in flotation, no single study exists which describes the effect of calcium and magnesium on the adsorption of starch onto the hematite in iron ore flotation. In this work flotation, entrainment, zeta potential, and settling tests were performed to determine the differing impact of calcium and magnesium in iron

ABSTRACT Cobalt is a key element of the lithium-ion batteries that supply energy and continuous power to several electronic equipments such as cellphones, computers, and electric vehicles. Due to the depletion of primary sources of metal extraction and limited supply, countries are now focusing on recycling secondary resources for economic and sustainable management. Though the majority of the technologies

ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of tetrathionate ions on selected sulfide mineral surfaces and their flotation response to tetrathionates using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta potential and batch flotation studies and linking the results to previously reported electrochemistry, FTIR and microflotation studies. XPS revealed that tetrathionates have the propensity to oxidize

ABSTRACT As higher-grade ores become depleted, there will be a greater focus on developing suitable beneficiation strategies to treat low-grade hematite-goethite ores containing higher levels of impurities such as silica and alumina. The processes selected to reduce impurity levels of these lower-grade iron ores will depend on the ore mineralogy and a thorough understanding of the separation process

ABSTRACT An experimental study has been carried out to determine the compositions of the slag/matte/metal/tridymite phases in equilibrium in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at 1200℃. The measurements covered the full range of matte compositions from copper-free mattes to white metal, i.e. from 0 to 80 wt% of copper in matte. The research methodology involved high-temperature equilibration, quenching of the

ABSTRACT Copper ores, end-of-life electric and electronic equipment and car electronics can contain, besides Cu, substantial amounts of geochemically scarce companion elements. Geochemically scarce elements have an upper crustal abundance of <0.025 (weight)%. In view of resource conservation and reduction of pollution there is a case for near-zero waste processing. Improving the generation of ore concentrates

ABSTRACT This study involved the chemical and detailed mineralogical analysis of the final copper concentrate produced at the Lubin Concentrator, one of the concentrating plants of the Mining–Smelting Complex KGHM Polska Miedz SA. The KGHM Complex mines and processes are one of the world’s biggest stratiform-type copper deposits. The ore processed in the Lubin Concentrator is the poorest in metals

ABSTRACT The high mineralogical and lithological variability of polymetallic ores mined from copper and silver sedimentary deposits (SW Poland) has a strong influence on the upgrading processes and properties of the copper concentrates. This article’s subject is the analysis of the properties of industrial polymetallic flotation concentrate from copper ore showing difficult flotation upgradeability

ABSTRACT Arsenic, one of the most toxic elements, is a byproduct generated from metallurgical processes of arsenic-containing ores. Arsenic can be formed into an arsenic trioxide as a byproduct during the decopperization in electro-refining process when processing high arsenic-bearing copper minerals. However, arsenic trioxide has a very high arsenic mobility, so it requires to be re-dissolved and

ABSTRACT With increasing consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), recycling of spent LIBs has attracted much attention owing to their potential environmental impacts and metal values. In this work, a hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of metals from metallic alloys containing Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Mn generated from the reduction smelting of spent LIBs was developed. From the experimental

ABSTRACT Wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), using limestone with forced oxidation (LSFO), is a common Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process where limestone reacts with SO2 to produce gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). In South Africa, Eskom’s Kusile Power Station utilizes conventional wet ball milling to grind high-grade limestone (96% CaCO3) to 95% passing 45 µm prior to use in the FGD scrubber. For future FGD

ABSTRACT Microscope-based automated image analysis systems have been used to obtain data regarding mineral liberation. However, this kind of analysis leads to stereological bias due to the intrinsic two-dimensionality characteristic of the technique. Three-dimensional imaging techniques such as X-ray microtomography comes as an alternative method to measure liberation. We explored the potentiality

ABSTRACT Due to entrainment or dissolution, organic extractants can contaminate aqueous raffinate during the solvent extraction (SX) process. This study aims to evaluate the effect of conventional SX reagents on the bio-oxidation and metabolism of industrial bacteria. Evaluating the effect of LIX 984N, Chemorex CP 150, D2EHPA, and Acorga M5640 at three concentrations on mesophiles and moderate thermophiles

ABSTRACT The reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation process is considered to be a suitable method to treat the high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore. Currently, the dephosphorization mechanism of additives such as CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 on the reduction roasting of the iron ore in which phosphorus occurs in apatite have been thoroughly studied. The effect of sodium salts (Na2CO3

ABSTRACT The lunar surface is extremely harsh and current mineral processing and metal extraction technologies are not adequately equipped to address this environment. In this paper, we review the metals available for extraction and conditions at the lunar surface, and analyze the challenges associated with comminution, beneficiation, and metal extraction operations. The potential beneficial effects

ABSTRACT The classical use of an anionic collector does not lead to a satisfactory flotation response for feldspars with high content of mica, iron, and titanium oxides. Therefore, amine-type cationic reagents are preferred together with an anionic reagent to remove especially problematic mica minerals. In this study, main colored impurities in the albite ore were efficiently removed by single-stage

ABSTRACT Oscillatory air supply has demonstrated advantages over conventional steady air supply in froth flotation with diffused aeration, but the interaction between oscillatory air supply and frother in determining bubble size remained unclear. In the present work, we measured the size of air bubbles in a laboratory scale flotation column with common frothers such as MIBC, Dowfroth 250, and polypropylene

ABSTRACT Oolitic hematite, as a complex and refractory iron ore resource, can be efficiently utilized by magnetic roasting. In this study, to ascertain the mechanism of microwave fluidization roasting technology (MFR) for the utilization of oolitic hematite, the influence of MFR on mineral magnetism, ore microstructure, mineral phase and kinetics was further explored and clarified. The results show

ABSTRACT The use of citrate as an alternative reagent to ammonia in thiosulfate solutions offers an environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and cost-effective leaching method for gold extraction from ore/concentrate. In this work, the behavior of gold disc with copper-citrate-thiosulfate solutions has been investigated to identify the leaching mechanism of gold in the complex system of citrate-thiosulfate

ABSTRACT Recent technological and industrial developments in applications of Nb as well as its demand by aviation, communication, electronics, atomic and nuclear energy, metallurgical and steel industries has increased significantly over the years. This has made Nb a critical metal, very strategic and of a high demand. Recovery of Nb from its mineral deposits is dependent on the extractive metallurgy

ABSTRACT Biochemical leaching of sea nodules using Bacillus circulans was carried in an external circulation-loop airlift bioreactor. In contrast to the slightly high recovery (92% Cu, 73% Ni, 72% Co, 38% Mn, and 17% Fe) with fine particles (<75 µm) on shake flasks in 25d, the leaching of metals using coarser lumps (1190–250 µm size fraction) were found to be 76% Cu, 69% Ni, 65% Co, 29% Mn and 12%