Ordinary silicate cement repair materials are slow to set and harden, have low early strength, and cannot meet the demands of rapid repair, and the disadvantage of brittleness after repair is obvious. Calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) is more suitable for use as a cementitious material for rapid repair materials due to its fast hardening and early strength characteristics, but this cementitious material

Coating mortars act as a physical barrier to protect the load-bearing structure against corrosion. However, not all mortars have the same protective capacity. Hydration in the early ages of manufactured mortars is a very influential parameter in their electrical resistivity values and in the evolution of their mechanical performance. In this work, the electrical resistivity data and its relationship

Gypsum plasters are a versatile material with a wide range of applications due to their fireproof, thermal, hygroscopic, and acoustic properties. They are commonly used as a coating material to provide passive protection to structural components. Moreover, the construction sector recognizes the potential for gypsum material to address the issue of plastic waste by offering a recycling solution. However

This paper addresses microgrid energy management in the presence of distributed generation and active loads while accounting for operational, economic, environmental, and reliability factors. The objective is to minimize the cost of shutdown during N-1 contingencies, projected emission-related expenses, and the overall operational cost of microgrids integrated with distributed generations. A stochastic

Synthesizing coarse aggregate using fly ash is a sustainable way to simultaneously solve the problems of its disposal and scarcity of natural aggregates. A novel technique is proposed in the present study to manufacture angular shaped fly ash aggregate from low calcium fly ash which involves a compaction-extrusion for agglomeration and autoclave or water bath curing for hardening. Cylindrical specimens

Building energy flexibility is important for reducing peak-to-valley differences in air-conditioner loads. Integrating phase change material into office building envelopes and precooling can effectively reduce peak load, but precooling may increase total energy consumption. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate its energy flexibility and energy consumption features. In present work, a heat transfer

The permeability of concrete is a key factor in determining its durability. Permeability of porous materials in general is determined by pore characteristics (e.g., porosity, pore size distribution, tortuosity, etc.). In this investigation, we attempted to observe the relationship between the pore characteristics and the permeability of concrete. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mercury intrusion

Portland cement is a crucial component of building and construction projects; however, its production emits harmful pollutants and contributes to climate change. The indiscriminate disposal of waste materials can also negatively impact the environment. This study aims to utilize agricultural and industrial waste materials for the production of Geo Polymer Concrete (GPC). Sugarcane bagasse was burned

The effect of the fiber volume fraction on the flexural behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) under both static and repeated loading is highlighted through a series of experiments. All rectangular prism-shaped flexural specimens were 40 × 40 × 160 mm3 and subjected to a three-point bending (3PB) fixture with a span length of 120 mm. Macro-hooked and micro-smooth steel fibers

This study presents the pullout experiments investigating the bond performance between steel bars and UHPC, which is becoming more significant due to the increasing utilization of UHPC as connection in precast concrete structures. Various parameters are considered in the experiments, including the bond length (l), steel diameter (d), and volume fraction of steel fibers in UHPC. Particularly, the current

Due to the thermal inertia of building envelope and random uncertainty of occupant behaviors, real-time and accurate forecasting for building cooling and heating loads is not easy to implement. It requires not only favorable modeling methods, but also attention to the intrinsic cause analysis of loads. However, most previous studies have focused more on the improvement of forecasting algorithms, lacking

Emergency wayfinding is a critical aspect of indoor evacuations. People typically rely on environmental cues to determine their location and navigate their way. However, there is limited exploration into how individuals perceive their surroundings during emergency wayfinding. Through a virtual reality (VR) controlled experiment integrated with eye-tracking, this study explores how individuals sense

This paper presents a simplified model for estimating the locations of the neutral pressure levels (NPLs) in elevator shafts. The proposed model considers the mass balance of airflow based on the vertical zoning of the elevator shafts. To verify this model, the heights of the NPLs and pressure distributions as estimated by the model for three high-rise buildings with different shaft zoning plans were

Traditional steel beam-column connections and column bases often experience yield or buckling, which makes repair difficult. The recent development of resilient seismic structures has addressed this issue. Resilient seismic structures can achieve self-centering functionality through prestressed steel strands and dissipate energy through energy dissipation elements, while protecting the main components

Desertification stands as a major global issue, while the scarcity of renewable energy sources continues to be a growing concern. To address these challenges, the use of desert sand as a fine aggregate in sustainable concrete has been explored. Desert sand offers numerous advantages such as environmental protection, cost savings, and energy efficiency. This paper examines the impact of treated desert

This work investigates a stack ventilation system in a shaft with controllable air volume suitable for large public buildings, which can adjust natural ventilation volume on demand and avoid heat loss in winter. The driving force and resistance of this system was analysed, a correction coefficient C0 for air confluence in the shaft was proposed based on the local resistance of a confluent T-junction

In the context of China's pursuit of carbon neutrality and carbon peaking, there is a growing demand for green buildings and environmentally-friendly construction materials. In this regard, bamboo structures offer significant potential for development. One promising option is the sprayed composite mortar-original bamboo composite structure system, which exhibits good load-bearing capacity, insulation

This paper presents the preparation and utilization of chitosan modified with polyacrylic acid (CS/PAA), which possesses abundant hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amide functional groups, to examine its impact on the mechanical properties and hydration process of cement paste, as well as the morphology of hydration products, particularly portlandite.The results show that the addition of CS/PAA can extend the

UHPC is a modern cement-based composite with exceptional mechanical characterizations and durability, while also being a high-cost and unsustainable composite. Therefore, ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete (UHPGC) was developed to achieve similar mechanical performance with more economic and ecological benefits. In this study, the engineering characteristics of UHPGC were compared to those

The seismic performance of double skin composite shear walls (DSCSWs) has significant superior to conventional reinforce concrete (RC) shear walls. Previous studies have neglected the changes of axial compressive forces and bending moments actting on the top of wall piers. In addition, behaviors hybrid coupled wall (HCW) under real boundary condition have not been fully investigated. Thus, in this

This study investigates the behavior of composite steel reinforced concrete (SRC) walls under tension-shear (TS) coupled stress state during earthquakes. Quasi-static tests on five SRC shear walls with a shear span ratio of 1.42 were conducted. The experimental results demonstrated that the SRC shear wall retained its high shear capacity and good ductility in shear failure mode. The stiffness analysis

The Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba is one of the most important monuments in Spain. Owing to its authenticity, its integrity and its influence on later architecture, it was declared as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 1984. The monument is located in Andalusia, in southern Spain. This region presents a moderate seismic hazard, and it is affected by two kinds of seismic sources: a) far away earthquakes

Accurate prediction of energy consumption is pivotal to achieving sustainable building energy objectives, and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated efficacy in this regard. Nevertheless, efficient model training within DRL remains challenging for practitioners due to the need for expertise in Reinforcement Learning (RL) and parameter tuning. Moreover, the invisible mechanism of DRL models

Shear links are increasingly used as replaceable energy dissipating elements to achieve resilient structural systems. In this study, the seismic performances of steel framed-tube structures with end-plate-connected low-yield-point steel shear links (SFTS-EPC-LYPSLs) were investigated using finite element analysis (FEA) models informed by cyclic loading tests of LYP225 steel coupons and validated against

Tenant mix is a central issue in the development and operation of shopping malls. An effective tenant layout can enhance the consumer experience and increase shop sales. So it is crucial to comprehensively consider the rent and retail compatibility when crafting the tenant mix. Developers mainly considered the rent income from anchor and non-anchor tenants. But many studies ignored the externality

It has always been the goal of structural engineers to construct safe and stable buildings using the least amount of materials. Utilizing a quick and effective way to optimize the cross-section size is crucial because conventional building design methods are impacted by the designers' knowledge, and it is challenging to prevent material waste. Due to its implicit optimization function, discrete design

Increased exposure to airborne fine particle pollution (PM2.5) can result in decreased life expectancy (DLE). However, while wood-burning in woodstoves and fireplaces for domestic space heating is a major source of indoor and outdoor PM2.5, the emission factor of PM2.5 into the occupied space was unknown for use periods of 3–4 h, as was the resulting DLE. This paper presents a three-phase analysis

Affected by the external environment, it is easy to cause complex and irregular problems in the building structure, bringing new safety hazards to the seismic resistance of the structure. Based on the background of the east building of the railway station with cross ground crack, the seismic performance of irregular and complex connected structures under different seismic intensities was analysed.The

Accurate prediction of punching shear strength is crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and safety of reinforced concrete (RC) flat slab-column connections. However, estimating punching shear strength in complex configurations, such as RC flat slabs, remains a challenging task due to intricate interactions between various parameters. To address this challenge, this study introduces an innovative

The brittleness of barite aggregates leads to inferior strength and toughness of radiation shielding concrete with barite aggregates (RSBC), which limits its application in high-pressure and high-heat nuclear engineering. This study aims to investigate the influence of polypropylene fibers on the mechanical properties of RSBC, and the effects of fiber type (PR40 and TMA20) and fiber content (3–9 kg/m3)

Cl− erosion is the main cause of reinforcement corrosion in marine concrete. Research on the critical chloride content of reinforcement corrosion in marine concrete has continued from the last century to the present and is ongoing. Since the concept of critical chloride content was proposed, although there have been numerous studies, most people still understand the critical chloride content at a superficial

The 2030 Agenda is an ambitious step towards sustainable development for the construction industry, which holds great potential for contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, challenges remain regarding the implementation of the goals. This study aims to investigate the level of integration of the SDGs at an early stage of a new school and kindergarten project in Denmark, which

This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the production, properties and applications of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). The paper begins with an introduction to LC3 and its importance in reducing carbon emissions in the cement industry. It then discusses the raw materials used in the production of LC3 and the properties of the material, including its hydration process and thermal

An airport terminal building is a complex public transportation facility with an extremely high energy consumption intensity. Its numerous indoor areas with various functions have disparate characteristics of cooling loads, which poses a great challenge to energy-efficient design and operation of its air-conditioning system. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of cooling loads in two

In this study, the chemical composition of cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing agents (CCCW) was developed by using the water penetration resistance test method. Response to impermeability by first permeability and self-healing properties by second permeability, five effective single components were obtained: Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), l-aspartic acid, sodium sulfate, sodium

Red mud, an industrial solid waste, can be used as a raw material for geopolymer concrete to reduce its environmental damage and achieve resource utilization. Nonetheless, the performance of red mud-based geopolymer concrete is influenced by various factors, and its overall sustainability remains to be comprehensively evaluated, limiting its widespread application. For this reason, this study systematically

Cold-formed thin-walled steel structures are widely utilized owing to their significant performance in energy saving, environmental protection, and efficient utilization. The thin-walled nature of the sections is prone to complicated structural instability behavior. This study aims to investigate the ultimate load-carrying capacity of cold-formed steel (CFS) columns with holes in the web under local-distortional

Modular folding aluminum houses (MFAHs) are new modular structures that can be folded, transported, and built directly on-site. In this study, the axial compressive behavior and design method of the middle-supported irregular-shaped columns (MICWs) with a single-cavity open section in an MFAH were investigated. Tests were conducted on 12 MICWs and obtained the indexes of bearing capacity and ductility

To understand the influence of defect shape on the cracking behaviors of brittle materials, three types of gypsum specimens containing different shape defects are designed, and three-point bending tests have been conducted. The results show that the shape of defects can affect the initiation and occurrence of tensile cracks, as the load continuous to increase, the tensile crack usually propagates along

Basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC) is a kind of air hardening cementitious material with the advantages of high strength, light weight, fire resistance, low alkalinity. However, the durability of the main binding phase (phase 5) of BMSC should be verified. In this work, the flexural strength of BMSC boards with ages between 0.25 years and 11years was investigated. The phase composition and microstructure

The present research study is an essential contribution to sustainable design following a new process of rethinking design in architecture. Yet, through researchers’ investigations (building engineers, material engineers, climate and data engineers, etc), open-source data platforms, building and simulation software, products data sheets, built experience and local-know-how, are deemed necessary tools

In this paper an analytical approach for the design and assessment of masonry structures retrofitted with steel reinforced plaster (SRP) is proposed. The aim of the proposed method is to consider the main parameters affecting the performance of the strengthened wall (such as masonry properties, plaster properties, spacing and number of connectors) and provide a general formulation for practitioners

Despite the global sustainability trend, airport buildings have received limited attention regarding their environmental impact within the built environment and aviation sectors. With less than 1% of green building certifications worldwide, there is a lack of essential green performance assessment tools, including frameworks, primary datasets, and models that require less human supervision. Previous

To improve seismic capabilities and to reduce post-earthquake residual deformation of precast concrete frames, a novel self-centring hybrid connection (SCHC) composed of a rotational friction hinge device (RFHD) and four self-centring buckling-restrained dampers (SC-BRDs) was proposed and investigated for the dry type precast concrete beam-column joints in this study. The configuration and working

This study investigates the seismic behavior of eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) taking into account the influence of masonry infill walls using a nonmodel scenario-based machine learning framework. Predicting engineering demand parameters (EDPs) by exploiting data-driven approaches and developing the associated fragility curves of infilled EBFs are the main objectives of this research. To this end

The phosphate impurities in phosphogypsum (PG) were removed efficiently by a novel two-step crystal transformation approach, and the mechanism of the two-step transformation method for removing phosphate and metal impurities from PG was described. The effects of modified PG, natural gypsum, and PG as Portland cement retarders on the cement properties were compared and analyzed by XRD, SEM, and hydration

With their superior performance in capturing complex relationships between input and output variables, deep learning models have gained popularity in the field of solar radiation prediction. However, the use of deep learning models as a predictive tool is often constrained by their inherent complexity, which can limit the interpretability and usability of the model in practical scenarios, such as model

The post-hardened pore structure's characteristics and the properties of concrete are strongly connected. This study uses 3D printed concrete (3DPC) as the sample to examine how the porosity, average diameter, and printing parameters affect strength after hardened. In order to accomplish the time-dependent management of the concrete pore structure, pre-embedding microorganisms and employing recycled

When dealing with retrofitting historical URM buildings, two prime aspects of their weakness against seismic action should be considered. These include: (i) the capacity of structural elements, such as foundations, masonry walls and floors, to resist earthquake forces and (ii) the integrity of the building as a whole under ground shaking. In this paper, different retrofitting techniques adopted to

Studies on occupant-based controls focused on office buildings have been increasing over the past decade because of the significant energy saving potential they can offer in buildings. However, there are very few studies that focus on academic buildings at colleges and universities, which represent a significant number of buildings in the U.S. This paper aims to develop typical academic building models

In order to fully utilize the high tensile strength of bamboo while mitigating the drawbacks of its small elastic modulus and large deformation, a composite structure combining bamboo and concrete was employed. The transfer of longitudinal shear force between the two materials was accomplished by capitalizing on their respective advantages and minimizing the relative slip at the interface. This study

Due to resource constraints, there has been a growing demand for alternative sources of water and sand in construction engineering. Recent advancements in technology, such as the use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) reinforcement or impressed current cathodic protection-structural strengthening (ICCP-SS), have enabled the utilization of seawater and sea sand, garnering significant research attention

To lower the corrosion hazards of the steel bar in reinforced concrete, binding chloride ion by producing Cl-AFm is an effective way. In the presence of calcium ions and sulfate ions, Cl-AFm could transform into ettringite, and release the chloride ions into pore solution, with negative effect on reinforced concrete. In order to avoid the negative effect, barium ion was introduced to preferentially

Prestressed stayed columns are vulnerable to fire due to material weakening. The fire behaviour of the stayed columns is investigated with non-uniform temperature distributions considered using steady state analysis within ABAQUS. This study aims to reveal the load-carrying capacity reduction of stayed columns in fire and propose a design method. Results show that ultimate loads decrease with temperature