The Swedish monthly average 2 m temperature observational data set is homogenised with a new automated version of the homogenisation tool HOMER. Data from 836 individual time series (1860–2021) are merged into 456 time series with a novel automatic merging method. Merging limits the need of interpolation of data and increase the number of long time series without a net loss of data.

As a crucial component of the climate system, snow cover plays an important role on surface energy budgets, hydrological cycles and socioeconomic development. This paper investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of snow depth across the Qinghai Plateau (QP) during 1980–2018 based on passive microwave (PMW) satellite observation and reanalysis products. The study identified the relationships between

The Red-Sea Trough (RST) extends toward the Levant from the south, and is mostly associated with dry conditions. This study analyzed the rarer type, rain-producing RSTs, referred to as 'wet RSTs' (WRST), using data from 1958-2019. A WRST archive was established, based on rain data from a study region covering the arid part of Israel, the region where this system is most active. The study also aimed

In the context of the CORDEX project, an ensemble of regional climate simulations (RCMs) of high resolution on a 0.11° grid has been generated for Europe with the objective of improving the representation of regional to local-scale atmospheric phenomena. However, such simulations are computationally expensive and do not always reveal added value.

In this study, we estimated near surface wind speed 100-year return values over the Southwestern South Atlantic Ocean, using present-day (1979-2018) simulations from the regional climate models (RCMs) WRF and RegCM4. Extreme wind events, associated with hazardous conditions over coastal and oceanic areas, must be well represented in numerical models for risk assessment, and few studies focused on the

In this study, characteristics of 10 m height wind speeds (Wsp10) and outdoor human thermal sensation taking wind speeds into account were studied over the period 1995–2021 considering 43 stations in Poland. For estimating hourly Wsp10 from wind speeds measured at different heights, first, the power law exponent was calculated using hourly 10 m and 100 m wind speeds obtained from the ERA5 reanalysis

The 2015 Paris Agreement set the goal of pursuing efforts to keep global warming to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level. It remains unclear how the early-summer rainfall in China responds to moderate warming. Here, we investigate the changes in June rainfall in eastern China by 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming using the ensemble projection from Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts

Year-to-year variations of southern Thailand rainfall (STR) in boreal winter exert profound social and economic impacts, whereas current multi-model ensemble prediction systems have low skills to predict the STR. This study proposes a physical-based seasonal prediction model for the winter STR one month in advance using the outputs from the dynamic models. The prediction model is constructed using

Bias adjustment of numerical climate model simulations involves several arguments wherein the notion of physical inconsistency is referred to, either for rejecting the legitimacy of bias adjustment in general or for justifying the necessity of sophisticated multivariate techniques. However, this notion is often mishandled, in part because the literature generally proceeds without defining it. In this

The Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas (HKH) mountainous range supplies water to ten river basins serving eight countries. The present study focuses on the river basins located within the HKH region in Pakistan. The modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) was used to split the research region into 13 sub-basins. The Mann-Kendall, Sen's slope, Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis (IPTA), and Innovative

Natural hazards often occur in combination with other natural hazards rather than as isolated events. While some combinations of hazards are well studied, and their physical connection is increasingly understood, other combinations have received considerably less attention. High temperatures are known to be an important component for conditions that lead to heavy rainfall; however, sequences of heatwaves

Monsoon and its teleconnection with earth system internal processes affect the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation and water resources. In this paper, the wavelet coherence analysis has been utilized, a time and frequency domain methodology for comparing the spectral features of two independent time series superior to linear approaches. This technique is used to capture the significant modes

In this study, we analysed the characteristics of extreme temperature events (ETEs) that occurred in Niigata City, located in the coastal region of the Sea of Japan. The results show that there was a tropical cyclone (TC) in the vicinity of Japan (in the latitude range of 29.0°N–45.8°N and longitude range of 123.2°E–139.2°E) on 60% of the days when ETEs occurred in Niigata City (TOP10 days in the past

The North China July precipitation (NCJP) accounts for the largest proportion of annual total precipitation in North China and displays a significant decadal variability of a cycle about 20-year at least from the past 40 years. There is a significant negative correlation between the July Northern North Atlantic sea surface temperature (NNASST) and NCJP on decadal scale. When the detrended July NNASST

Modifications in rainfall patterns may have significant effects on a variety of natural and human systems. This study evaluates the ability of 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to simulate the interannual variability of rainfall over East Africa (EA) using a method based on the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The future changes in rainfall variability during the

Monitoring and quantifying high-latitude atmospheric circulation variability and trends are important toward understanding the anatomy of extreme events and constraining their probabilities under continued Arctic change. The greater Alaska region stands out as one region of enhanced warming and environmental changes over the Arctic Amplification era, which has shown proclivity to extreme events and

The present study examines the temporal and spatial variability of near-surface air temperature and the canopy layer urban heat island (UHI) in Singapore. Observations collected at 20 locations across the island city-state and during 6 years make this one of the most extensive studies carried out in a tropical city. Local climate zones (LCZs), defined as urban built and rural land cover types which

The Regional Climate Model system version 4 (RegCM4) has been used to dynamically downscale outputs from four different general circulation models (GCM) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to the horizontal resolution of 25 km × 25km, in order to study changes in the Southern China hydrological cycle according to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)

During the winter of 2015–2016, an extraordinary warming event occurred in the troposphere in the Arctic region. The above-normal temperatures extended from the surface to 300 hPa in the Arctic. The number of extremely warm days derived from the surface air temperature revealed that this event was the most significant warming event since 1980. It was found that the tropospheric warming anomaly was

Recent studies have revealed that the influence of diurnal temperature on spring phenology is asymmetric, and the faster nighttime warming in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) has a complex impact on spring phenology. Our understanding from the sensitivity of the start of the growing season (SOS) to daytime (ST_daytime) and nighttime temperatures (ST_nighttime) has urgently needs to be improved. In this