Efforts to intercompare many existing circulation type classification (CTC) methods have found no consistency in their outcomes. Therefore, when confronted with a task to classify atmospheric circulation types, it is difficult to find clear guidelines. This study explores the ways of increasing consistency between existing methods and obtaining physically meaningful and practically useful results.

We use symbolic regression to estimate daily precipitation amounts at six stations in the Alpine region from a global reanalysis. Symbolic regression only prescribes the set of mathematical expressions allowed in the regression model, but not its structure. The regression models are generated by genetic programming (GP) in analogy to biological evolution. The two conflicting objectives of a low root

Mountain ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, and vegetation phenology provides one of the best signals to exemplify ecosystem responses to climate change. Vegetation phenology of mountain ecosystems is usually characterized with an elevational pattern, with the growing season starts earlier and ends later in lower versus higher elevations. With climate change, this elevational gradient of vegetation

This study has utilized spectral analysis to ascertain the nature of decadal rainfall variability, while correlation, singular value decomposition (SVD), and composite analyses were employed to explore and understand the possible associated mechanisms. Inferences were drawn to the interannual timescales. The spectrum analysis of October to December (OND) rainfall revealed dominant signals at 2.4, 2

A comparison of the Indian summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) in two different coupled models (viz., Scale Interaction Experiment‐Frontier‐F2; SINTEX‐F2, and Monsoon Mission Climate Forecast System; MMCFS) is carried out to ascertain the predictability sources in these models and their strengths and weaknesses. SINTEX‐F2 has a stronger cold sea surface temperature (SST) bias in the central equatorial Pacific

Concurrent meteorological droughts and consecutive cold events can significantly impact local ecosystems, socio‐economies, and human health. The respective characteristics of droughts and cold extremes have been extensively studied, however, their concurrent extremes have received very little attention. In this study, we used the Huai River Basin as a case to build a magnitude index of concurrent meteorological

The present study utilizes the standard precipitation index (SPI) to differentiate Asian summer droughts that are associated with variations of precipitation over periods of 3, 9 and 24 months (termed as short‐term, medium‐term and long‐term droughts, respectively). Then, the relationships between these droughts and atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature (SST), and soil moisture are investigated

The skill of General Circulation Models (GCMs) in mimicking the observed climate is assessed through various procedures and are ranked. The performance of a GCM is site‐specific and the ranking pattern varies spatially. In general, a set of best performing GCMs is extracted to study the impact of climate change. As, there is no universally accepted ranking procedure, the ranking of GCMs is prone to

The diurnal cycle of precipitation is influenced by the dynamic and thermodynamic processes of the land–atmosphere system and is a gateway for understanding land–atmosphere interactions. Here, we use satellite‐based precipitation data from CMORPH and TRMM 3B42 to evaluate the ability of ERA5 and MERRA‐2 reanalyses to depict the diurnal cycle of summer precipitation over the North China Plain (NCP)

The summer monsoon season contributes about 80% of annual rainfall in the highly populated region of North India. The teleconnections moderating the variation of summer monsoon rainfall in this region are not satisfactorily understood. A pathway of the equatorial central Pacific sea surface temperature (PSST) influences the North India summer rainfall is revealed from the high resolution, more reliable

Climate change has significantly influenced the characteristics of seasons and negatively affected ecosystems and socio‐economic life. This study presents a new, objective definition for seasons in the Arabian Peninsula. Specifically, the study determines disruptions in the onset, cessation, and duration of winter, spring, summer, and autumn based on mean intra‐annual changes of 12 climatological parameters

This study compared the historical simulations and future projections of precipitation and temperature of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)5 and CMIP6 GCMs to quantify the differences in the projections due to differences in scenarios. Five performance indicators were used to quantify the model reproducibility of the observed precipitation levels at 22 stations for the historical period

One of the most relevant and debated topics related to the effects of the climate change is whether intense rainfall events have become more frequent over the last decades. It is a crucial aspect, since an increase in the magnitude and frequency of occurrence of heavy rainfall events could result in a dramatic growth of floods and, in turn, human lives losses and economic damages.

Statistical downscaling is an effective way to downscale General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs to a finer temporal and spatial scale. Here, we proposed and trained a new station‐based non‐linear regression downscaling (SNRD) approach, and quantitatively demonstrated its better performance than linear regression model. In addition, we also compared the SNRD method with the Bias Correction Spatial

The means and changes of annual and monthly wind speed and their extremes over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings (TPS) in 1970‐1999, 2000‐2005 and 2006‐2015 are investigated. The correlations between eight atmospheric circulation indices and wind speed variables are also investigated for possible mechanisms of wind speed change over the region. The study shows that the strongest wind appears

A Lagrangian approach is used to identify the seasonal climatological moisture sources of the seven climate subregions of Vietnam during 1980–2017. Using the outputs from the FLEXPART model, three main oceanic moisture sources, located in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and China Seas, and three terrestrial moisture sources, located in the Indian Peninsula, East Asia, and South Asia, are identified

Flash drought is distinguished with seasonal drought by its characteristics of sudden onset and rapid intensification, and has attracted increasing concern due to the severe negative impacts on socioeconomic development and ecosystems. To accurate identify the onset time and propagation of flash drought is still a big challenge, as it is influenced by many factors (e.g. deficit in precipitation, increase

The global mean surface temperature has experienced different warming stages, but there is less work on discussion of the regional climate changes under the background of different global warming rates. This study investigated the surface temperature (ST)‐related trends in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and underlying mechanisms during three warming stages, with a view to develop a new understanding

In this study, a dynamically downscaled regional climate model (RegCM4.3) is used to study the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) surface air temperature over the South‐Asia CORDEX domain using six convection schemes during 1986‐2010. The spatial and temporal variability of mean surface air temperature has been analysed with reference to the India Meteorological Department (IMD) analysis data using various

This study focused on seasonal prediction for monthly precipitation over Northeast China (NEC) in the rainy season. A statistical method combining empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition and multi‐linear regression was developed and tested. For each EOF mode of each month in summer, the relationship between the EOF and SSTs in the previous winter was investigated and indices were constructed

Both droughts and hot extremes may exert critical impacts on human society, and their concurrence is no exception. Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of compound dry and hot events widely, the impacts of which will be particularly severe for sensitive and vulnerable sectors. However, projected risk and impact of compound dry and hot events in China remain little assessed

Skillful seasonal climate forecasts can support decision making in water resources management and agricultural planning. In arid and semi‐arid regions, tailoring reliable forecasts has the potential to improve water management by using key hydroclimate variables months in advance. This paper analyzes and compares the performance of two common approaches (empirical and hybrid dynamical‐statistical)

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) has undergone significant decadal variations since the late 1970s, which greatly affects regional economic and societal activities. However, most available EASM predictions are limited to seasonal to interannual scales, with indistinctive improvements. This study significantly improves decadal prediction skills of the 10‐year‐averaged EASM index (EASMI) and related

Subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) tropical rainfall predictability is assessed both from an analysis of the spatial scales of observed rainfall variability data, as well as from an S2S model reforecast skill. Observed spatial scales are quantified from gridded observed daily rainfall data, in terms of the size (area) of daily contiguous wet grid‐points (referred to as ”wet patches”), as well as from the

The vertical wind shear (VWS) has been revealed that can result in the rainfall asymmetry of tropical cyclone (TC), where the VWS is conventionally defined as the environmental horizontal winds between 200‐ and 850‐hPa levels within a certain area from the TC center. The rainfall maximum is generally displaced downshear to downshear‐left side in the Northern Hemisphere or downshear to downshear‐right

Japanese society has recently taken a greater interest in foehn warming because it has caused record‐breaking high temperatures and sudden damage to rice crops. This is the first comprehensive climatological study focused on Japan's south foehn, which blows across the Toyama Plain in the Hokuriku region. Climatological analyses, including an objective self‐organising map and subjective analysis of