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Development of an alignment device for the Prototype Segmented Mirror Telescope J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Radhika Dharmadhikari, Padmakar Parihar, Mohammed Muthahar Rafeeq Ahmed, Govinda Koravangala Venkatapathaiah, Madan Mohan Kemkar, Himanshu Kunjam
The Prototype Segmented Mirror Telescope is a 1.3 m aperture, seven segment telescope, being developed as a technology demonstrator for India’s large optical-IR telescope project. For this segmented mirror telescope, a Shack Hartmann sensor based alignment device has been designed and developed. The device not only precisely captures the segment misalignment but also measures the segment focus error
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New extreme ultraviolet transmission measurements of two thin-film filters for imaging of plasmaspheric cold ions J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Philippa Molyneux, Todd Veach, Michael Davis, Gregory Fletcher, Jerry Goldstein
We present extreme ultraviolet (EUV) transmission measurements of two thin-film filters designed to obtain improved images of plasmaspheric He+, and the first global images of O+/O++ in the dense oxygen torus. Compared to previous He+ 30.4 nm imaging that used an Al filter, we show that a combined Al+C filter achieves superior rejection of 58.4 nm background from neutral helium (He I). We show that
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Development of a near-infrared wide-field integral field unit by ultra-precision diamond cutting J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Kosuke Kushibiki, Shinobu Ozaki, Masahiro Takeda, Takuya Hosobata, Yutaka Yamagata, Shinya Morita, Toshihiro Tsuzuki, Keiichi Nakagawa, Takao Saiki, Yutaka Ohtake, Kenji Mitsui, Hirofumi Okita, Yutaro Kitagawa, Yukihiro Kono, Kentaro Motohara, Hidenori Takahashi, Masahiro Konishi, Natsuko Kato, Shuhei Koyama, Nuo Chen
Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) is an observational method for obtaining spatially resolved spectra over a specific field of view (FoV) in a single exposure. In recent years, near-infrared IFS has gained importance in observing objects with strong dust attenuation or at a high redshift. One limitation of existing near-infrared IFS instruments is their relatively small FoV, less than 100 arcsec2,
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Implementation of a dark zone maintenance algorithm for speckle drift correction in a high contrast space coronagraph (Erratum) J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Susan F. Redmond, Leonid Pogorelyuk, Laurent Pueyo, Emiel Por, James Noss, Scott D. Will, Iva Laginja, Keira Brooks, Matthew Maclay, J. Fowler, N. Jeremy Kasdin, Marshall D. Perrin, Rémi Soummer
Erratum corrects errors on Figs. 4 and 5.
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Designing a new, large, complex observatory: learning the strategic lesson of newness from our experience on the James Webb Space Telescope J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Jonathan W. Arenberg, Tiffany Glassman, Elysia Starr, Reem Hejal, Till Liepmann, Charles Atkinson, Nina Altshuler, Annetta Luevano, Marc Roth, Perry Knollenberg
We formulate the lessons Northrop Grumman personnel have learned from their work on development of the James Webb Space Telescope. These lessons are strategic in nature and bear on the common behavior during development of all large complex systems, such as astrophysics missions, also known colloquially as Flagships. To justify the expense, a Flagship must be a large leap in scientific capability,
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Extending the high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of Line Emission Mapper to UV/optically-bright sources J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Jeremy J. Drake, Simon R. Bandler, Marco Barbera, Enrico Bozzo, William R. Dunn, Cecilia Garraffo, Thomas Gauron, Ludovic Genolet, Janice Houston, Richard L. Kelley, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Ralph P. Kraft, Maurice A. Leutenegger, Ugo Lo Cicero, Seán C. McEntee, Daniel J. Patnaude
The Line Emission Mapper X-ray Probe-class mission concept is based on a microcalorimeter array tuned to energies in the range 0.1 to 2 keV. The study of cosmic ecosystems defines the directed portion of the Line Emission Mapper (LEM) mission, thus LEM has been optimized for observations of diffuse X-ray-emitting gas, largely with very low surface brightness. To broaden the range of targets that general
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Extreme broadband dichroics: Monte Carlo transmission line modeling for astronomical spectroscopy J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Vinooja Thurairethinam, Giorgio Savini, Gary Hawkins, Paolo Chioetto
Dichroic beamsplitters, or dichroics, rely on the optical interference that occurs within thin-film layers to ensure the separation of the transmission and reflection of selective wavelengths of an incident beam of light at a given angle of incidence. Utilized within the optical systems of numerous space telescopes, they act to separate the incoming light spectrally and spatially into various channels
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Optimized bandpasses for the Habitable Worlds Observatory’s exoEarth survey J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Christopher C. Stark, Natasha Latouf, Avi M. Mandell, Amber Young
A primary scientific goal of the future Habitable Worlds Observatory will be the direct detection and characterization of Earth-like planets. Estimates of the exoplanet yields for this concept will help guide mission design through detailed trade studies. It is therefore critical that yield estimation codes optimally adapt observations to the mission’s performance parameters to ensure accurate trade
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Optical alignment technology for 1-meter accurate infrared magnetic system telescope J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Xing Fu, Yu Lei, Hua Li, Kewei E., Peng Wang, Junpeng Liu, Yuliang Shen, Dongguang Wang
Accurate infrared magnetic system (AIMS) is a ground-based solar telescope with the effective aperture of 1 m. The system has complex optical path and contains multiple aspherical mirrors. Since some mirrors are anisotropic in space, parallel light undergoes complex spatial reflection after passing through the optical pupil. It is also required that part of the optical axis coincides with the mechanical
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Lessons learned from systems engineering on the James Webb Space Telescope J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Michael Menzel, Keith Parrish, Lee Feinberg, Paul Geithner, Julie Van Campen, Michael McElwain, Sandra Irish
The James Webb Space Telescope is NASA’s flagship mission and successor to the highly successful Hubble Space Telescope. It is an infrared observatory featuring a cryogenic 6.6 m aperture, deployable optical telescope element with a payload of four science instruments assembled into an integrated science instrument module that provide imagery and spectroscopy in the near infrared band between 0.6 and
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Laboratory experiments of model-based reinforcement learning for adaptive optics control J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Jalo Nousiainen, Byron Engler, Markus Kasper, Chang Rajani, Tapio Helin, Cédric T. Heritier, Sascha P. Quanz, Adrian M. Glauser
Direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets is one of the most prominent scientific drivers of the next generation of ground-based telescopes. Typically, Earth-like exoplanets are located at small angular separations from their host stars, making their detection difficult. Consequently, the adaptive optics (AO) system’s control algorithm must be carefully designed to distinguish the exoplanet from the
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Benefits of adding radial phase dimples on scalar coronagraph phase masks J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Niyati Desai, Dimitri Mawet, Eugene Serabyn, Garreth Ruane, Arielle Bertrou-Cantou, Jorge Llop-Sayson, A. J. Eldorado Riggs
Current scalar coronagraph focal plane mask designs are performance-limited by chromaticity. We investigate the effects of adding central Roddier and dual zone phase dimples to scalar masks to improve broadband performance by suppressing the chromatic stellar leakage. We present hybrid designs with radial phase dimples integrated with the sawtooth vortex, wrapped vortex, and cosine phase mask. We show
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Asgard/NOTT: L-band nulling interferometry at the VLTI. II. Warm optical design and injection system J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Germain Garreau, Azzurra Bigioli, Romain Laugier, Gert Raskin, Johan Morren, Jean-Philippe Berger, Colin Dandumont, Harry-Dean Kenchington Goldsmith, Simon Gross, Michael Ireland, Lucas Labadie, Jérôme Loicq, Stephen Madden, Guillermo Martin, Marc-Antoine Martinod, Alexandra Mazzoli, Ahmed Sanny, Hancheng Shao, Kunlun Yan, Denis Defrère
Asgard/NOTT (previously Hi-5) is a European Research Council (ERC)-funded project hosted at KU Leuven and a new visitor instrument for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). Its primary goal is to image the snow line region around young stars using nulling interferometry in the L′-band (3.5 to 4.0) μm, where the contrast between exoplanets and their host stars is advantageous. The breakthrough
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Spectral characterization of the Grism and Prism slitless spectrometers for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Evan Bray, Mateo Batkis, Victor J. Chambers, Margaret Dominguez, Bente Eegholm, Guangjun Gao, Qian Gong, Wesley Halliday, Elias Howe, Jeffrey Kruk, Eliot Malumuth, Sangeeta Malhotra, Catherine Marx, James Rhoads, Maxime Rizzo, Joshua E. Schlieder, Laurie Seide, Eric R. Switzer, Jay Voris
The Roman Space Telescope Grism and Prism assemblies will allow the wide-field instrument (WFI) to perform slitless, multi-object spectroscopy across the complete field of view. These optical elements play a critical role in the High Latitude Wide Area and High Latitude Time Domain Surveys, which are designed to produce robust spectroscopic redshifts for millions of objects over the mission lifetime
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Reflectance properties of the Acktar Magic Black™ coating for the radiation near the Lyman-α line of hydrogen: measurements and phenomenological model of the BRDF J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Marek Strumik, Martyna Wardzińska, Maciej Bzowski, Przemysław Wachulak, Roman Wawrzaszek, Tomasz Fok, Andrzej Bartnik, Karol Mostowy, Henryk Fiedorowicz, Łukasz Węgrzyński, Mateusz Majszyk
Optical surfaces of space instruments usually need to be blackened to minimize adverse effects affecting their performance in photometric, spectrometric, and imaging applications. Blackening is often obtained by application of coatings that strongly absorb the incoming photon flux and diffusively scatter the incident photons. We discuss reflectance measurements and a phenomenological model of the bidirectional
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Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer exposure time calculator for end-to-end simulator: to optimizing spectrograph design and observing simulation J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Tae-Geun Ji, Jennifer Sobeck, Changgon Kim, Hojae Ahn, Mingyeong Yang, Taeeun Kim, Sungwook E. Hong, Kei Szeto, Jennifer L. Marshall, Christian Surace, Soojong Pak
The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) project will provide multi-object spectroscopy in the optical and near-infrared bands using an 11.25-m aperture telescope, repurposing the original Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope site. MSE will observe 4332 objects per single exposure with a field of view of 1.5 square degrees, utilizing two spectrographs with low-moderate (R∼3000, 6000) and high (R≈30,000)
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Pathfinder value for integration and test of the Webb Telescope optical system J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Tony L. Whitman
The James Webb Space Telescope has extended our knowledge of the universe since the first images appeared last year with optical performance reaching the diffraction limit. The optical alignment and quality were tested prior to launch at cryogenic temperatures with a complex test configuration for this unique telescope architecture. This article reviews the strategic choices for pathfinding the integration
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High-speed imaging system to detect stellar occultations by Kuiper belt and Oort cloud objects J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 James Hitchcock, Richard H. Gomer
The existence of kilometer size objects in the Oort cloud has been conjectured but not observed as these objects are too small and too far away to be detected by reflected sunlight with current telescopes. However, these objects could be detected by serendipitous occultations of stars. We outline a pilot study for a planned occultation survey that will mount high frame-rate sCMOS cameras in the otherwise
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Design and performance of a gain calibration system for the POLARBEAR-2a receiver system at the Simons Array cosmic microwave background experiment J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Daisuke Kaneko, Sayuri Takatori, Masaya Hasegawa, Masashi Hazumi, Yuki Inoue, Oliver Jeong, Nobuhiko Katayama, Adrian T. Lee, Frederick Matsuda, Haruki Nishino, Praween Siritanasak, Aritoki Suzuki, Satoru Takakura, Takayuki Tomaru
We present an advanced system for calibrating the detector gain responsivity with a chopped thermal source for POLARBEAR-2a, which is the first receiver system of a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimetry experiment: the Simons Array. Intensity-to-polarization leakage due to calibration errors between detectors can be a significant source of systematic error for a polarization-sensitive experiment
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Multi-technique investigation of silicon nitride/aluminum membranes as optical blocking filters for high-energy space missions J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Luisa Sciortino, Marco Barbera, Salvatore Ferruggia Bonura, Michela Todaro, Elena Puccio, Fabio D’Anca, Ugo Lo Cicero, Pekka T. Törmä, Elena Magnano, Silvia Nappini, Igor Píš, Emanuele Perinati, Sebastian Diebold, Alejandro Guzman, Chris Tenzer, Gianpiero Buscarino, Christian Gollwitzer, Evelyn Handick, Michael Krumrey, Christian Laubis, Roberto Candia, Salvatore Varisco
X-ray detectors for space astrophysics missions are susceptible to noise caused by photons with energies outside the operating energy range; for this reason, efficient external optical blocking filters are required to shield the detector from the out-of-band radiation. These filters play a crucial role in meeting the scientific requirements of the X-ray detectors, and their proper operation over the
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Software architecture and development approach for the ASTRI Mini-Array project at the Teide Observatory J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Andrea Bulgarelli, Fabrizio Lucarelli, Gino Tosti, Vito Conforti, Nicolò Parmiggiani, Joseph Hillary Schwarz, Juan Guillermo Alvarez Gallardo, Lucio Angelo Antonelli, Mauricio Araya, Matteo Balbo, Leonardo Baroncelli, Ciro Bigongiari, Pietro Bruno, Milvia Capalbi, Martina Cardillo, Guillermo Andres Rodriguez Castillo, Osvaldo Catalano, Antonio Alessio Compagnino, Mattia Corpora, Alessandro Costa, Silvia
The Astrophysics with Italian Replicating Technology Mirrors (ASTRI) Mini-Array is an international collaboration led by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and devoted to imaging atmospheric Cherenkov light for very-high γ-ray astrophysics, detection of cosmic-rays, and stellar Hambury-Brown intensity interferometry. The project is deploying an array of nine dual-mirror aplanatic
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Recent developments in Laue lens manufacturing and their impact on imaging performance J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Lisa Ferro, Enrico Virgilli, Natalia Auricchio, Claudio Ferrari, Ezio Caroli, Riccardo Lolli, Miguel F. Moita, Piero Rosati, Filippo Frontera, Mauro Pucci, John B. Stephen, Cristiano Guidorzi
We report on recent progress in the development of Laue lenses for applications in hard X/soft gamma-ray astronomy. Here, we focus on the realization of a sector of such a lens made of 11 bent germanium crystals and describe the technological challenges involved in their positioning and alignment with adhesive-based bonding techniques. The accurate alignment and the uniformity of the curvature of the
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2023 List of Reviewers J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01
JATIS thanks the reviewers who served the journal in 2023.
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Webb Space Telescope primary mirror development: summary and lessons learned J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 H. Philip Stahl
The primary mirror is central to the success of the Webb Space Telescope and the product of 100s of engineers and technologists who invented technologies and processes for its manufacture and test. We summarize the Webb mirror technology development program, explain how the technology was demonstrated to be TRL-6 (including the importance of an Engineering Development Unit), and list some of the author’s
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Demonstrating repetitive non-destructive readout with SiSeRO devices J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Tanmoy Chattopadhyay, Sven Herrmann, Peter Orel, Kevan Donlon, Gregory Prigozhin, Glenn Morris, Michael Cooper, Beverly LaMarr, Andrew Malonis, Steven W. Allen, Marshall W. Bautz, Chris Leitz
We demonstrate so-called repetitive non-destructive readout (RNDR) for the first time on a single electron sensitive readout (SiSeRO) device. SiSeRO is a novel on-chip charge detector output stage for charge-coupled device image sensors, developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. This technology uses a p-MOSFET transistor with a depleted internal gate beneath the transistor channel. The transistor source-drain
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Initial results from multi-beam observations of pulsars and solar transient with the digital beamformer for the Gauribidanur pulsar system J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Kshitij S. Bane, Indrajit V. Barve, Gantyada Venkata Satya Gireesh, Chidambaram Kathiravan, Rajaram Ramesh
Recently a prototype for pulsar observations at low radio frequencies (RFs) (<100 MHz) using log-periodic dipole antennas (LPDAs) in the Gauribidanur Radio Observatory (≈77°E14°N) near Bangalore, India, was commissioned. The aforementioned system is currently being augmented (i) to directly digitize the RF signals from the individual antennas and (ii) with a digital beamformer to simultaneously observe
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Development of the focal-plane CMOS detector for the GEO-X mission J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Hiroshi Nakajima, Shotaro Nakamura, Koichi Hagino, Ayumi Kiuchi, Takuya Matsumoto, Tohya Yamagami, Tomokage Yoneyama, Junko S. Hiraga, Yuichiro Ezoe, Masaki Numazawa, Kumi Ishikawa, Hisashi Kitamura
We report a development status of a focal plane detector for the GEO-X (GEOspace X-ray imager) mission that will perform soft X-ray (≤2 keV) imaging spectroscopy of Earth’s magnetosphere from a micro satellite. The mission instrument consists of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) X-ray mirror and a focal plane detector. A sensor with fine positional resolution and moderate energy resolution in
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Development and performance test of a scientific CCD camera prototype for the Earth 2.0 mission J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Hui Wang, Hong-fei Zhang, Jian Wang, Qi Feng, Ying-fan Guo, Jun Zhang, Zhi-yue Wang, Zhe Geng, Jie Gao, Hao Liu, Jian Ge, Hui Zhang, Lin Wen, Yu-dong Li
To detect exoplanets and study their formation and evolution, several exoplanet space missions, such as Kepler, TESS, GAIA, and CHEOPS, have been successfully developed and fully operated in space. However, China has not yet had its own exoplanet space mission. The Earth 2.0 (ET) space mission is being developed in China aiming at detecting and characterizing exoplanets, especially extra-terrestrial
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Rules for optical metrology: Webb primary mirror case study J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 H. Philip Stahl
The Webb Space Telescope’s on-orbit performance was made possible by successful in-process optical testing and cryogenic requirement compliance certification, verification, and validation of the Webb optical components. This was accomplished by the hard work of dozens of optical metrologists, the development and qualification of multiple custom test setups, and several inventions, including 4D PhaseCam
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Large mission implementation lessons from history J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 H. Philip Stahl
Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s has recommended a Great Observatory Maturation Program (GOMaP) to invest in co-maturation of mission concepts and technologies to inform an analysis of alternatives study for an ∼6 m off-axis inscribed telescope. The purpose of this telescope is to sample atmospheric spectra of around 25 potentially habitable exoplanets using ultraviolet
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James Webb Space Telescope optical stability lessons learned for future great observatories J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Lee D. Feinberg, Michael W. McElwain, Charles W. Bowers, John D. Johnston, Gary E. Mosier, Randy A. Kimble, Joshua S. Levi, Paul Lightsey, J. Scott Knight, Marcel Bluth, Alden S. Jurling, Marie B. Levine, D. Scott Acton, Charles Atkinson, Allison Barto, Matthew D. Bergkoetter, Gregory R. Brady, Larkin Carey, Lester Cohen, Laura Coyle, Bruce H. Dean, Michael Eisenhower, Nicolas Flagey, George F. Hartig
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) launched on December 25, 2021, and its optical performance in orbit has been even better than predicted pre-flight. The static wavefront error (WFE) is less than half the value specified for the requirement of having diffraction-limited image quality at 2 microns in the NIRCam shortwave channel, enabling the observatory to deliver both sharper images and higher
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Achieving success in flagship missions: technical and programmatic insights from Ball Aerospace’s legacy J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Allison Barto, Paul Lightsey, Tim Schoeneweis, Gregory D. Wirth
With a long history of involvement in NASA flagship astrophysics missions, Ball Aerospace has made key contributions to Hubble, the new James Webb Space Telescope, and the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Here, we share lessons on both technical and programmatic topics gleaned from decades of productive experience in constructing system performance budgets, accelerating the initial design
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Prospects of measuring gamma-ray burst polarization with the Daksha mission J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Suman Bala, Sujay Mate, Advait Mehla, Parth Sastry, N. P. S. Mithun, Sourav Palit, Mehul Vijay Chanda, Divita Saraogi, C. S. Vaishnava, Gaurav Waratkar, Varun Bhalerao, Dipankar Bhattacharya, Shriharsh Tendulkar, Santosh Vadawale
The proposed Daksha mission comprises of a pair of highly sensitive space telescopes for detecting and characterizing high-energy transients, such as electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave events and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Along with spectral and timing analysis, Daksha can also undertake polarization studies of these transients, providing data crucial for understanding the source geometry
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Wavelet-based image decomposition method for NuSTAR stray light background studies J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Andrey Mukhin, Roman Krivonos, Alexey Vikhlinin, Brian W. Grefenstette, Kristin Madsen, Daniel Wik
The large side aperture of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) telescope for unfocused photons (so-called stray light) is a known source of rich astrophysical information. To support many studies based on the NuSTAR stray light data, we present a fully automatic method for determining detector area suitable for background analysis and free from any kind of focused x-ray flux. The method’s
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Line emission mapper cryogenic system design J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Elizabeth Osborne, Jeffrey R. Olson, Michael Jacoby, Isaac Hayden, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Simon R. Bandler, Xiaoyi Li, Edgar R. Canavan, Joseph S. Adams
The line emission mapper x-ray microcalorimeter instrument requires a 4 K cryogenic system to precool a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator enabling high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy. The cryogenic system described in this work provides the required structural and thermal environments using mature cooling and structural technologies. The system is comprised of a dewar design based on
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Assessing phase reconstruction accuracy for different nonlinear curvature wavefront sensor configurations J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Stanimir Letchev, Jonathan Crass, Justin R. Crepp
The nonlinear curvature wavefront sensor (nlCWFS) offers improved sensitivity for adaptive optics systems compared with existing WFSs, such as the Shack–Hartmann. The nominal nlCWFS design uses a series of imaging planes offset from the pupil along the optical propagation axis as inputs to a numerically iterative reconstruction algorithm. Research into the nlCWFS has assumed that the device uses four
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Line emission mapper microcalorimeter spectrometer J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Simon R. Bandler, Joseph S. Adams, Edward G. Amatucci, Edgar R. Canavan, James A. Chervenak, Renata S. Cumbee, Johannes P. D. Dercksen, Michael J. DiPirro, William B. Doriese, Megan E. Eckart, Manuel Gonzalez, Janice Houston, Brian Jackson, Amir E. Jahromi, Steven J. Kenyon, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Edmund Hodges-Kluck, Ralph Kraft, Xiaoyi Li, Maxim Markevitch, Dan McCammon, Jeffrey R. Olson, Elizabeth
The line emission mapper (LEM) is a probe-class mission concept that is designed to detect x-ray emission lines from hot ionized gas (T > 106 K) that will enable us to test galaxy evolution theories. It will permit us to study the effects of stellar and black-hole feedback and flows of baryonic matter into and out of galaxies. The key to being able to study the hot gases that are otherwise invisible
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Compact and efficient continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for line emission mapper J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Amir E. Jahromi, Peter J. Shirron
The continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR) described in this paper is a compact, reliable, and highly efficient magnetic cooling system designed for the line emission mapper (LEM), a future x-ray probe mission currently being proposed. Operating at two distinct temperatures of 350 mK (T1) and 40 mK (T0), the CADR offers continuous cooling while efficiently rejecting heat to a cryocooler
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Characterization of a hybrid array of single and multi-absorber transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters for the Line Emission Mapper J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Nicholas Wakeham, Joseph S. Adams, Simon R. Bandler, James A. Chervenak, Renata S. Cumbee, Fred M. Finkbeiner, Joshua Fuhrman, Samuel Hull, Richard L. Kelley, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Kazuhiro Sakai, Stephen J. Smith, Edward J. Wassell, Sang Yoon
The Line Emission Mapper (LEM) is a proposed x-ray probe mission to study the physics of galaxy formation through spectral and spatial measurements of x-rays in the energy band of 0.2 to 2 keV. The LEM Microcalorimeter Spectrometer instrument on LEM will have a hybrid transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter array made up of an inner array of single-pixels with one x-ray absorber connected to
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Development of space-flight room-temperature electronics for the Line Emission Mapper Microcalorimeter Spectrometer J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Kazuhiro Sakai, Joseph S. Adams, Simon R. Bandler, Si Chen, Manuel Gonzalez, Damien Prêle, Carl D. Reintsema, Adam J. Schoenwald, Stephen J. Smith, Terrence M. Smith, Nicholas A. Wakeham
We are developing space-flight room-temperature readout electronics for the Line Emission Mapper (LEM) Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (LMS) of the LEM mission. The LEM mission is an x-ray probe mission designed to study the physics of galaxy formation. The LMS is optimized for low-energy (0.2 to 2 keV) x-ray emission from extremely diffuse gas. The detector is a hybrid transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter
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Development of the microcalorimeter and anticoincidence detector for the Line Emission Mapper x-ray probe J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Stephen J. Smith, Joseph S. Adams, Simon R. Bandler, Rachel B. Borrelli, James A. Chervenak, Renata S. Cumbee, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Fred M. Finkbeiner, Joshua Furhman, Samuel V. Hull, Richard L. Kelley, Caroline A. Kilbourne, Noah A. Kurinsky, Jennette N. Mateo, Asha Rani, Kazuhiro Sakai, Nicholas A. Wakeham, Edward J. Wassell, Sang H. Yoon
The Line Emission Mapper (LEM) is an x-ray probe mission concept that is designed to provide unprecedented insight into the physics of galaxy formation, including stellar and black-hole feedback and flows of baryonic matter into and out of galaxies. LEM incorporates a light-weight x-ray optic with a large-format microcalorimeter array. The LEM detector utilizes a 14k pixel array of transition-edge
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Ground calibration of visible emission line coronagraph on board Aditya-L1 mission J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Raghavendra Prasad Budihal, Venkata Suresh Narra, Natarajan Venkatasubramanyam, Pawan Kumar Somasundaram, Umesh Kamath Padavu, Shalabh Mishra, Bhavana Hegde, Sasikumar Raja Kantepalli, Jagdev Singh
Visible emission line coronagraph (VELC) is the prime payload on board India’s first space solar observatory Aditya-L1. VELC is a unique payload with simultaneous observational capabilities in imaging, spectroscopy, and spectro polarimetry modes. VELC is capable of achieving high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution closer to the solar limb 1.05 R ⊙ compared to the existing space and ground-based
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Electro-optical characterization of a CMOS image sensor optimized for soft x-ray astronomy J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Charles Townsend-Rose, Thomas Buggey, James Ivory, Konstantin D. Stefanov, Lawrence Jones, Oliver Hetherington, Andrew D. Holland, Thibaut Prod’homme
CIS221-X is a prototype complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, optimized for soft x-ray astronomy and developed for the proposed ESA Transient High Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS) mission. The sensor features 40 μm pitch square pixels built on a 35 μm thick, high-resistivity epitaxial silicon that is fully depleted by reverse substrate bias. Backside illumination
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End-to-end numerical modeling of the Roman Space Telescope coronagraph J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 John E. Krist, John B. Steeves, Brandon D. Dube, A J Eldorado Riggs, Brian D. Kern, David S. Marx, Eric J. Cady, Hanying Zhou, Ilya Y. Poberezhskiy, Caleb W. Baker, James P. McGuire, Bijan Nemati, Gary M. Kuan, Bertrand Mennesson, John T. Trauger, Navtej S. Saini, Sergi Hildebrandt Rafels
The Roman Space Telescope will have the first advanced coronagraph in space, with deformable mirrors (DMs) for wavefront control (WFC), low-order wavefront sensing and maintenance, and a photon-counting detector. It is expected to be able to detect and characterize mature, giant exoplanets in reflected visible light. Over the past decade, the performance of the coronagraph in its flight environment
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Pyxis: a ground-based demonstrator for formation-flying optical interferometry J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Jonah T. Hansen, Samuel Wade, Michael J. Ireland, Tony D. Travouillon, Tiphaine Lagadec, Nicholas Herrald, Joice Mathew, Stephanie Monty, Adam D. Rains
In the past few years, there has been a resurgence in studies of space-based optical/infrared interferometry, particularly with the vision to use the technique to discover and characterize temperate Earth-like exoplanets around solar analogs. One of the key technological leaps needed to make such a mission feasible is demonstrating that formation flying precision at the level needed for interferometry
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Analytical performance model and error budget for the Roman coronagraph instrument J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Bijan Nemati, John Krist, Ilya Poberezhskiy, Brian Kern
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (“Roman”), under development by NASA, will investigate possible causes for the phenomenon of dark energy and detect and characterize extrasolar planets. The 2.4 m space telescope has two main instruments: a wide-field, infrared imager and a coronagraph. The coronagraph instrument (CGI) is a technology demonstrator designed to help bridge the gap between the current
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GEOspace X-ray imager (GEO-X) J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Yuichiro Ezoe, Ryu Funase, Harunori Nagata, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Hiroshi Nakajima, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Kumi Ishikawa, Masaki Numazawa, Yosuke Kawabata, Shintaro Nakajima, Ryota Fuse, Ralf C. Boden, Landon Kamps, Tomokage Yoneyama, Kouichi Hagino, Yosuke Matsumoto, Keisuke Hosokawa, Satoshi Kasahara, Junko Hiraga, Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Masaki Fujimoto, Munetaka Ueno, Atsushi Yamazaki, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Takefumi
GEOspace X-ray imager (GEO-X) is a small satellite mission aiming at visualization of the Earth’s magnetosphere by X-rays and revealing dynamic couplings between solar wind and the magnetosphere. In-situ spacecraft have revealed various phenomena in the magnetosphere. X-ray astronomy satellite observations recently discovered soft X-ray emissions originating from the magnetosphere. We are developing
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Vortex fiber nulling for exoplanet observations: implementation and first light J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Daniel Echeverri, Jerry Xuan, Nemanja Jovanovic, Garreth Ruane, Jacques-Robert Delorme, Dimitri Mawet, Bertrand Mennesson, Eugene Serabyn, J. Kent Wallace, Jason Wang, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Luke Finnerty, Yinzi Xin, Maxwell Millar-Blanchaer, Ashley Baker, Randall Bartos, Benjamin Calvin, Sylvain Cetre, Greg Doppmann, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Sofia Hillman, Katelyn Horstman, Chih-Chun Hsu, Joshua Liberman
Vortex fiber nulling (VFN) is a single-aperture interferometric technique for detecting and characterizing exoplanets separated from their host star by less than a diffracted beam width. VFN uses a vortex mask and single-mode fiber to selectively reject starlight while coupling off-axis planet light with a simple optical design that can be readily implemented on existing direct imaging instruments
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Automatic spectrograph control software for SDSS-V Local Volume Mapper J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Changgon Kim, José Sánchez-Gallego, Pavan Bilgi, Mingyeong Yang, Florian Briegel, Tae-Geun Ji, Nicholas P. Konidaris, Taeeun Kim, Hojae Ahn, Mingyu Jeon, Hyun Chul Park, Hye-In Lee, Cynthia S. Froning, Solange Ramirez, Niv Drory, Juna A. Kollmeier, Soojong Pak
Local Volume Mapper Spectrograph Control Package (LVMSCP) is the software that controls three spectrographs to acquire science spectral data cubes automatically. The software architecture design based on Python 3.9 follows a hierarchical structure of Actors, the unit that controls each piece of hardware. We used the software framework Codified Likeness Utility to implement each Actor. The Actors communicate
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Commissioning observations of HD 189733 with the PAlomar Radial Velocity Instrument J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Bryson L. Cale, Aurora Kesseli, Charles Beichman, Gautam Vasisht, Rose K. Gibson, Rebecca Oppenheimer, Jason Fucik, Dimitri Mawet, Christopher Paine, Kittrin Matthews, Thomas Lockhart, Samuel Halverson, Boqiang Shen, Mahmood Bagheri, Stephanie Leifer, Peter Plavchan, David Hover
The PAlomar Radial Velocity Instrument (PARVI) is a diffraction-limited, high-resolution spectrograph connected by single-mode fiber to the 200 inch Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory. Here, we present on-sky results for HD 189733 obtained during PARVI’s commissioning phase. We first describe the implementation of our spectral extraction and radial velocity (RV) generation codes. Through RV monitoring
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On-sky speckle nulling through a single-mode fiber with the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Yinzi Xin, Jerry W. Xuan, Dimitri Mawet, Jason Wang, Garreth Ruane, Daniel Echeverri, Nemanja Jovanovic, Clarissa Do Ó, Michael Fitzgerald, Katelyn Horstman, Chih-Chun Hsu, Joshua Liberman, Ronald A. López, Caprice L. Phillips, Bin B. Ren, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Ben Sappey
The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) is an instrument at the Keck II telescope that enables high-resolution spectroscopy of directly imaged exoplanets and substellar companions. KPIC uses single-mode fibers to couple the adaptive optics system to Keck’s near-infrared spectrometer (NIRSPEC). However, KPIC’s sensitivity at small separations is limited by the leakage of stellar light into the
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Large aperture optically contacted MgF2 retarders for calibration and modulation at DKIST J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 David M. Harrington
Modern astronomical polarimeters often require simultaneous operation of multiple instruments over broad wavelength ranges. The 4 m DKIST solar telescope will soon cover 0.38 to 4.6 μm with at least 12 independent narrow band polarimeters, all in quasi-simultaneous operation. Calibration can be efficiently performed over this entire bandpass using our elliptical retarder design, achieved with just
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Development, description, and validation of the operations manual for EIRSAT-1, a 2U CubeSat with a gamma-ray burst detector J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Rachel Dunwoody, Maeve Doyle, David Murphy, Gabriel Finneran, Derek O'Callaghan, Jack Reilly, Joseph Thompson, Sai Krishna Reddy Akarapu, Cuán de Barra, Laura Cotter, Aaron Empey, Joseph Fisher, Joseph Mangan, Caimin McKenna, Bas Stijnen, Lorraine Hanlon, David McKeown, William O’Connor, Alexey Uliyanov, Ronan Wall, Brian Shortt, Sheila McBreen
CubeSats provide opportunities for science and technology demonstration missions with low-cost solutions and short project timescales, in particular, for studying gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the multi-messenger era. A robust operations strategy for scientific CubeSat projects is key to optimizing the results obtained from the experimental instruments. The Educational Irish Research Satellite-1 (EIRSAT-1)
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Facility for the radiometric characterization of space-based visible-near infrared detectors J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Miriam E. Cisneros-González, David Bolsée, Nuno Pereira, Lionel Van Laeken, Lars Jacobs, Ann Carine Vandaele, Özgür Karatekin, Clément Lauzin, Séverine Robert
When developing new astronomical instruments, there is a need to perform the characterization of their individual components, especially the detectors, to ensure that their performances comply with the scientific objectives of the instrument. A visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) facility was developed for the absolute and relative radiometric characterization of space-based detectors at the Royal Belgian
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Elastic characterization of nanometer-thick polymeric film for astrophysics application with an experimental-numerical method J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Nicola Montinaro, Ugo Lo Cicero, Fabio D’Anca, Enrico Bozzo, Stéphane Paltani, Marco Barbera
The x-ray detectors on board astrophysics space missions require optical blocking filters that are highly transparent to x-rays. The filter design typically consists of a polymeric film that is a few tens of nanometers thick coated with aluminium. Due to the large size of the filter membrane (from a few tens to a few hundred square centimeters) and the extreme aspect ratio, together with severe loading
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Recovering the O VII absorption distributions from X-ray data J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Nichole Gray, Cameron T. Pratt, Joel N. Bregman
The absorption by gas toward background continuum sources informs us about the cosmic density of gas components as well as the hosts responsible for the absorption (galaxies, clusters, and cosmic filaments). Cosmic absorption line distributions are distorted near the detection threshold (S / N ≈ 3) due to true lines being scattered to a lower signal-to-noise (S/N) and false detections occurring at
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Development of a flat calibration unit for accurate flat fielding in the mid-infrared region J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Akira C. Naruse, Takafumi Kamizuka, Takashi Miyata, Shigeyuki Sako, Ryou Ohsawa, Kentaro Asano, Atsushi Nishimura, Itsuki Sakon, Kengo Tachibana, Hirokazu Iida
Time-domain astronomy is important in the field of modern astronomy, and monitoring observations in the mid-infrared region with 1% photometric accuracy to study the variables and transients is becoming essential. The non-uniformity of the sensitivity caused by the optical characteristics of instruments and differences in the response curves of individual detector pixels degrade photometric accuracy
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High-speed data processing onboard sunrise chromospheric infrared spectropolarimeter for the SUNRISE III balloon telescope J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Masahito Kubo, Yukio Katsukawa, David Hernández Expósito, Antonio Sánchez Gómez, María Balaguer Jimenéz, David Orozco Suárez, José M. Morales Fernández, Beatriz Aparicio del Moral, Antonio J. Moreno Mantas, Eduardo Bailón Martínez, Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta, Yusuke Kawabata, Carlos Quintero Noda, Takayoshi Oba, Ryohtaroh T. Ishikawa, Toshifumi Shimizu
The Sunrise Chromospheric Infrared spectroPolarimeter (SCIP) has been developed for the third flight of the Sunrise balloon-borne stratospheric solar observatory. The aim of the SCIP is to reveal the evolution of three-dimensional magnetic fields in the solar photosphere and chromosphere using spectropolarimetric measurements with a polarimetric precision of 0.03% (1σ). Multiple lines in the 770 and
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Polarization properties of X-ray tubes used for Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer calibration J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Ajay Ratheesh, John Rankin, Enrico Costa, Ettore Del Monte, Alessandro Di Marco, Sergio Fabiani, Fabio La Monaca, Fabio Muleri, Alda Rubini, Paolo Soffitta, Luca Baldini, Massimo Minuti, Michele Pinchera, Carmelo Sgrò
In this work, we measured the polarization properties of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray tubes, which were used during the calibration of the instrument onboard Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). X-ray tubes are used as a source of unpolarized X-rays to calibrate the response of the gas pixel detectors to unpolarized radiation. However, even though the characteristic fluorescent emission
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Impact of impurities in shielding material on simulations of instrument background in space J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. (IF 2.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Michael W. J. Hubbard, David Hall, Oliver Hetherington, Timothy Arnold, Andrew Holland
A major source of background for x-ray focal plane detectors in space instrumentation aboard missions, such as Extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array and Athena Wide Field Imager, is the space radiation environment. High-energy radiations from the environment interact with the spacecraft structure leading to large productions of secondary particles with energies that are detectable